Game on? Online friendship, cyberbullying, and psychosocial adjustment in Hong Kong Chinese children

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 159-185

  Leung, Angel Nga Man ^a   McBride Chang, Catherine ^b  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879941838     PISSN: 07367236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.2.159     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Barnett, J., & Coulson, M. (2010). Virtually real: A psychological perspective on massively multiplayer online games. Review of General Psychology, 14, 167-179.
2. Bennerstedt, U., Ivarsson, J., & Linderoth, J. (2012). How gamers manage aggression: Situating skills in collaborative computer games. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, 7, 43-61.
3. Bentler, P. (1992). EQS program manual. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.
4. Bernan, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32, 137-153.
5. Berndt, T. J., & Miller, K. A. (1993). The assessment and correlates of adolescents' friendships. Unpublished manuscript, Prudue University.
6. Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K.M.J., & Osterman, K. (1992). Direct & indirect aggression scales. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from http://www.vasa.abo.fi/svf/up/kaj.htm.
7. Blais, J. J., Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., & Connolly, J. (2008). Adolescents online: The importance of internet activity choices to salient relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 522-536.
8. Bond, L., Wolfe, S., Tollit, M., Butler, H., & Patton, G. (2007) A comparison of the gatehouse bullying scale and the peer relations questionnaire for students in secondary school. Journal of School Health, 77, 75-79.
9. Breakthrough Youth Research Archives. (2003). Youth Survey on Cyberrisk. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from http://www.breakthrough.org.hk/ir/researchlog.htm.
10. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen & J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11. Buhrmester, D. (1996). Need fulfilment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. In W.H. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W.W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 158-185). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Bukowski, W. M., Boivin, M., & Hoza, B. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre-and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, II, 471-484.
13. Bukowski, W. M., Sippola, L. K., & Boivin, M. (1995, March). Friendship protects "at risk" children from victimization by peers. In J. M. Price (Chair), The role of friendship in children's developmental risk and resilience: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Symposium conducted at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN.
14. Census and Statistics Department. (2009). Distribution of educational attainment of population aged 15 and over. Retrieved January, 11, 2011, from http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content-809/education.pdf.
15. Chan, E., &Vorderer, P. (2006). Massively multiplayer online games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games (pp. 77-113). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Cole, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2007). Social interactions in massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 575-583. (Pubitemid 47328672)
17. Colwell, J., Grady, C., & Rhaiti, S. (1995). Computer games, self-esteem, and gratification of needs in adolescents. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 195-206.
18. Colwell, J., & Kato, M. (2003). Investigation of the relationship between social isolation, self-esteem, aggression and computer game play in Japanese adolescents. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 149-158.
19. Commission on Youth. (2008). Executive Summary. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from http://www.coy.gov.hk/eng/report/it.htm
20. Cowie H. (2002) Not bystanding but standing by: Strategies for pupils to cope with bullying. New Era in Education, 83, 41-43.
21. Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Stockdale, L., & Day, R. D. (2011). Game on girls: Associations between co-playing video games and adolescent behavioral and family outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 160-165.
22. Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and socialpsychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
23. Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Vollink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters; experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 217-223. (Pubitemid 351555912)
24. Demir, M., & Urberg, K. A. (2004). Friendship and adjustment among adolescents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 68-82. (Pubitemid 38472310)
25. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. (Pubitemid 15080385)
26. Digital Communities. (2007). Key insights on youth in Shanghai, Hong Kong and the U.S. revealed in comparison study. Retrieved June 26, 2010, from http://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/237784
27. Durkin, K., & Aisbett, K. (1999). Computer games and Australian today. Sydney: Office of Film and Literature Classifications.
28. Durkin, K., & Barber, B. (2002). Not so doomed: Computer game play and positive adolescent development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23,373-392.
29. Feierabend, S., & Klingler, W. (2003). Kinder und Medien 2002. Media Perspektiven, 16, 278-300.
30. Ferguson, C. J., Coulson, A., & Barnett, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of pathological gaming prevalence and comorbidity with mental health, academic and social problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1573-1578.
31. Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., Garza, A., & Jerabeck, J. (2012). A longitudinal test of video game violence effects on dating violence, aggression and bullying: A 3-year longitudinal study of adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 141-146.
32. Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., & Wolak, J. (2005). Online victimization: What youth tell us. In S. W. Cooper, R. J. Estes, A. P. Giardino, N. D. Kellogg, & V. I. Vieth (Eds.), Medical, legal, and social science aspects of child sexual exploitation: A comprehensive review of pornography, prostitution, and Internet crimes (Vol. 1, pp.437-467). St. Louis, MO: GW Medical Publishing, Inc.
33. Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
34. Franek, M. (2004). Rise of the cyberbully demands new rules. Christian Science Monitor, 5, 9.
35. Gennaro, C. D., & Dutton, W. H. (2007). Reconfiguring friendships: Social relationshipsand the Internet. Information, Communiucation & Society, 10, 591-618.
36. Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P. J., Linder, J. R., & Walsh, D. A. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22. (Pubitemid 38228502)
37. Goldstein, J. (2003). People@play: Electronic games. In H. van Oostendorp (Ed.), Cognition in a digital world (pp. 25-45). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
38. Gowers, S. (2005). Development in adolescence. Psychiatry, 4, 6-9.
39. Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (1998). Self-blame and peer victimization in middleschool: An attributional analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34, 587-599.
40. Griffiths, M. D. (2000). Video game violence and aggression: Comments on "Video fame playing and its relations with aggressive and prosocial behavior" by O. Wiegman and E.G.M. van Schie. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 147-149 (Part 1).
41. Griffiths, M. (2010). Online video gaming: What should educational psychologists know? Educational Psychology in Practice, 26, 35-40.
42. Grodal, T. K. (2005). Frozen Flows in von Trier's Oeuvre. In T. K. Grodal & I. T. Laursen (Eds.), Visual authorship: Creativity and intentionality in media (pp. 129-168). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
43. Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 87-97.
44. Hawker, D.S.J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychological maladjustment: A meta-analysis review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441-445.
45. Hercberg, S. (2010). Comparison between web-based and paper versions of a selfadministered anthropometric questionnaire. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 287-296.
46. Ho, S.M.Y., & Lee, T.M.C. (2001). Computer usage and its relationship with adolescent lifestyle in Hong Kong. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 258-266. (Pubitemid 32913128)
47. Hodges, E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94-101.
48. Holder, M. D., Coleman, B., & Sehn, Z. L. (2009). The contribution of active and passive leisure to children's well-being. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 378-386.
49. Huebner, E. S., Laughlin, J. E., Ash C., & Gilman, R. (1998). Further validation of the multidimensional students' life satisfaction scale. Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 118-134.
50. Katzer, C., Fetchenhauer, D., & Belschak, F. (2009). Cyberbullying in Internet-Chatrooms - Wer sind die Tater? [Internet chatrooms: A new playground for bullies. A comparison of bullying behavior in school and in chatrooms from the perpetrators' perspective.] Zeitschrift fur Entwicklungspsychologie und Padagogische Psychologie, 41, 33-44.
51. Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366-380.
52. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
53. Kongsved, S. M., Basnov, M., Holm-Christensen, K., & Hjollund, N. H. (2007). Response rate and completeness of questionnaires: A randomized study of internet versus paper-and-pencil versions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 9, e25.
54. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53, 1017-1031. (Pubitemid 128461524)
55. Kraut, R., Scherlis, W., Mukhopadhyay, T., Manning, J., & Kiesler, S. (1996). The HomeNet field trial of residential Internet services. Communications of the ACM, 39, 55-63. (Pubitemid 126428089)
56. Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J., & Coleman, C. C. (1997). Classroom peer acceptance, friendship, and victimization: Distinct relational systems that contribute uniquely to children's school adjustment. Child Development, 68, 1181-1197. (Pubitemid 127454394)
57. Leung, N. M. (2010). Online Game Playing and Early Adolescents' Online Friendship and Cyber-victimization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
58. Li, Q. (2007). New Bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers-in Human Behavior, 23, 1777-1791. (Pubitemid 46201669)
59. Markey, P. M., & Markey, C. N. (2010). Vulnerability to violent video games: A review and integration of personality research. Review of General Psychology, 14, 82-91.
60. Mason, K. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 323-348.
61. McKenna, K.Y.A., Green, A., & Gleason, M. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What's the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 9-31. (Pubitemid 34268216)
62. Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyber- Psychology and Behavior, 12, 387-393.
63. Nie, N. H. (2001). Sociability, interpersonal relations and the Internet: Reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 420-435.
64. Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2006). Parental mediation of children's videogame playing: A comparison of the reports by parents and children. Learning, Media and Technology, 31, 181-202. (Pubitemid 43982868)
65. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148-169.
66. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80, 614-621.
67. Raney, A. A., Smith, J. K., & Baker, K. (2006). Adolescents and the appeal pf video games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives, responses and consequences (pp. 77-88). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
68. Rigby, K., & Cox, I. K. (1996). The contributions of bullying and low self-esteem to acts of delinquency among Australian teenagers. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 609-612. (Pubitemid 126164568)
69. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. Ross, D. M. (1996). Childhood bullying and teasing: What school personnel, other professionals, and parents can do. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
71. Sailsch, M., Oppl, C., & Kristen, A. (2006). What attracts children? In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives, responses and consequences (pp. 147-163). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
72. Schwartz, D., Chang, L., & Farver, J. M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children's peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 37, 520-532.
73. Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147-154.
74. Smith, P. K. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. New York: Routledge.
75. Smith, P. K., Shu, S., & Madsen, K. (2001). Characteristics of victims of school bullying: Developmental changes in coping strategies and skills. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school (pp. 332-351). New York: Guilford.
76. Topçu, C., Erdur-Baker, O., & Çapa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology and Behaviour, 11, 643-648.
77. Trepte, S., Reinecke, L., & Juechems, K. (2012). The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 832-839.
78. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents' and adolescents' online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43, 267-277.
79. Vandeventer, S. S. (1998). Expert behavior among outstanding videogame-playing children. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 58(11-A), May.
80. von Salisch, M., Vogelgesang, J., Kristen, A., & Oppl, C. (2011). Preference for violent electronic games and aggressive behavior among children: The beginning of the downward spiral? Media Psychology, 14, 233-258.
81. Vorderer, P., Steen, F. F., & Chan, E. (2006). Motivation. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 3-18). Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
82. Willard, W. (2007). Educator's Guide to Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from http://www.csriu.org/cyberbully/docs/ cbcteducator.pdf
83. Ybarra, M., & Mitchell, K. (2004a). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308-1316. (Pubitemid 39255831)
84. Ybarra, M., & Mitchell, K. (2004b). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 319-336. (Pubitemid 38801715)
85. Zhong, Z. -J. (2011). The effects of collective MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role-playing games) play on gamers' online and offline social capital. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2352-2363.