Measuring the socio-economic legacies of mega-events: Concepts, propositions and indicators

International Journal of Tourism Research

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 388-402

  Li, Shina ^a   Mccabe, Scott ^b  

^a LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Concept and indicators; Mega event; Socio economic legacies; Tourism legacies

Indexed keywords

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DECISION MAKING; MEASUREMENT METHOD; SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATOR; TOURISM;

EID: 84879840673     PISSN: 10992340     EISSN: 15221970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jtr.1885     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. ACT Auditor General. 2002. ACT Auditor General's Office Performance Audit Report V8 Car Races in Canberra - Costs and Benefits. Canberra: ACT.
2. Barget E, Gouguet J. 2007. The total economic value of sporting events theory and practice. Journal of Sports Economics 8(2): 165-182.
3. Beard M. 2009. £230 million 'is not enough' to convert venues after games. London Evening Standard. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23625342-230-million-is-not-enough-to-convert-venues-after-games.do.
4. Besculides A, Lee ME, McCormic PJ. 2002. Residents' perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 29(2): 303-319.
5. Blake A. 2000. The economic impact of tourism in Spain. TTRI Discussion Paper no. 2000/2, TTRI, Nottingham.
6. Blake A. 2005. The economic impact of the Olympics. TTRI Discussion Paper no. 2005/5, TTRI, Nottingham.
7. Brenke K, Wagner G. 2006. The soccer World Cup in Germany: a major sporting and cultural event - but without notable business cycle effects. DIW Berlin Weekly Report 2(3): 23-31.
8. Brown A, Massey J. 2001. Literature review: The impact of major sporting events. University of Technology Sydney. http://utsescholarship.lib.uts.edu.au/dspace/handle/2100/924.
9. Cantle T. 2001. Community cohesion - A report of the independent review team. Home Office: London.
10. Cashman R. 2006. The Bitter-Sweet Awakening: The Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Walla Walla, Press Sydney.
11. Chalip L, Green B, Hill B. 2003. Effects of sport event media on destination image and intention to visit. Journal of Sport Management 17: 214-234.
12. City of Cape Town. 2009. Green goal progress report. Cape Town government. http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/GreenGoal/Documents/GREEN%20GOAL%20PROGRESS%20REPORT_EMAIL.pdf.
13. Collins A, Jones C, Munday M. 2009. Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: two options? Tourism Management 30: 828-837.
14. Cornelissen S. 2004. It's Africa's turn!...SA bids for the 2006 and 2010 FIFA finals. Third World Quarterly 25(7): 1293-1309.
15. Deccio C, Baloglu S. 2002. Nonhost community resident reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: the spillover impacts. Journal of Travel Research 41: 46-56.
16. Denham J. 2001. Building Cohesive Communities: A Report of the Ministerial Group on Public Order and Community Cohesion. Home Office: London.
17. Department for Communities and Local Government and Commission on Integration and Cohesion. 2007. What Works in Community Cohesion. London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
18. Dwyer L, Forsyth P. 2009. Public sector support for special events. Eastern Economic Journal 35: 481-499.
19. Dwyer L, Forsyth P, Dwyer W. 2010. Economic evaluation of special events. In Tourism Economics and Policy, Dwyer L, Forsyth P, Dwyer W (eds). Channel View Publication: Bristol; 405-453.
20. Dwyer L, Mellor R, Mistilis N, Mules T. 2000. A framework for assessing "tangible" and "intangible" impacts of events and conventions. Event Management 6(3): 175-189.
21. Echtner CM, Ritchie JRB. 1993. The measurement of destination image: an empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research 31(4): 3-13.
22. Faulkner B. 1993. Evaluating the tourism impacts of hallmark events. Bureau of Tourism Research Occasional Paper No 16. Canberra, BTR.
23. Fleischer A, Felsenstein D. 2002. Cost-benefit analysis using economic surpluses: a case study of a televised event. Journal of Cultural Economics 26(2): 139-156 May.
24. Fredline L, Faulkner B. 2002. Residents' Reactions to the staging of major motorsport events within their communities: a cluster analysis. Event Management 7(2): 103-114.
25. Fredline L, Jago L, Deery M. 2003. The development of a generic scale to measure the social impacts of events. Events Management 8(1): 23-37.
26. French S, Disher M. 1997. Atlanta and the Olympics: a one-year retrospective. Journal of the American Planning Association 63(3): 379-392.
27. Frey M, Iraldo F, Melis M. 2008. The impact of wide-scale sports events on local development: An assessment of the XXth Torino Olympics through the sustainability report. Working Paper Series, n. 10, Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1117967.
28. Gallarza MG, Saura IG, Calderon-Garcia H. 2002. Destination image: towards a conceptual framework. Annals of Tourism Research 29(1): 56-78.
29. Getz D, Fairley S. 2003. Media management at sport events for destination promotion: case studies and concepts. Event Management 8(3): 127-139.
30. Greene S. 2003. Staged cities: mega-events, slum clearance, and global capital. Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal 6: 161-188.
31. Gursoy D, Kendall K. 2006. Hosting mega events modelling locals' support. Annals of Tourism Research 33(3): 603-623.
32. Gursoy D, Kim K, Uysal M. 2004. Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: an extension and validation. Tourism Management 25: 171-181.
33. Hall C. 2004. The definition and analysis of hallmark tourist events. GeoJournal 19(3): 263-268.
34. Hiller H, 1990. The urban transformation of a landmark event: the 1988 Calgary winter Olympics. Urban Affairs Quarterly 26 118-137.
35. Hiller H. 2000. Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the cape town 2004 Olympic bid. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24(2): 439-458.
36. Hudson S, Getz D, Miller G. 2001. The sponsorship of major events by destinations: evaluating the impact on the decision-making process of the consumer. In Global Marketing Issues at the Turn of the Millennium, Proceedings of The Tenth Biennial World Marketing Congress, Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. X, Spotts H, Meadow H, Smith S (eds). Cardiff, Wales (on CD ROM).
37. International Olympic Committee. 2003. The legacy of the Olympic Games: 1984-2000. Joint Symposium, International Olympic Committee Olympic Studies Centre & Olympic Studies Centre, November 2002.
38. International Olympic Committee. 2007. Olympic charter, Lausanne: the International Olympic Committee.
39. Jeffrey A, Michaelson D, Stacks D. 2006. Exploring the link between volume of media coverage and business outcomes, Institute for Public Relations. www.instituteforpr.org.
40. Jones C. 2001. Mega-events and host-region impacts: determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup. International Journal of Tourism Research 3(3): 241-251.
41. Jones C. 2002. The stadium and economic development: Cardiff and the Millennium Stadium. European Planning Studies 10(7): 819 - 829.
42. Kasimati E. 2003. Economic aspects of the summer Olympics: A review of related research. International Journal of Tourism Research 5(6): 433-444.
43. Kearney AT. 2005. Building a legacy: Sports mega-events should last a lifetime. MEC for Sport and Recreation. http://www.kzndsr.gov.za/Portals/0/GIS/BuildingaLegacy%5B1%5D.pdf.
44. Késenne S. 2005. Do we need an Economic Impact study or a Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Sports Event? Working Papers 2005018, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Economics.
45. Kim H, Gursoy D, Lee S. 2006. The impact of the 2002 World Cup on south Korea: comparisons of pre- and post-games. Tourism Management 27: 86-96.
46. Lee C, Lee Y, Lee B. 2005. Korea's destination image formed by the 2002 World Cup. Annals of Tourism Research 32(4): 839-858.
47. Li S, Blake A. 2009. Estimating Olympic related investment and expenditure. International Journal of Tourism Research 11(4): 337-356.
48. Li SN, Blake A, Cooper C. 2011. Modelling the economic impact of international tourism on the Chinese economy: a CGE analysis of the Beijing 2008 Olympics. Tourism Economics 17(2): 279-303.
49. Likely F, Rockland D, Weiner M. 2006. Perspectives on the ROI of media relations publicity efforts, Institute for Public Relations. www.instituteforpr.org.
50. Madden A. 2006. Economic and fiscal impacts of mega sporting events: a general equilibrium assessment. Public Finance and Management 6(3): 346-394.
51. Matheson V. 2002. Upon further review: an examination of sporting event economic impact studies. The Sport Journal 5(1): 1-4.
52. McWilliams EG, Crompton JL. 1997. An expanded framework for measuring the effectiveness of destination advertising. Tourism Management 18(3): 127-137.
53. Mihalik B. 2000. Host population perception of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics: support, benefits, and liabilities. Tourism Analysis 5: 49-53.
54. Minnaert L. 2012. An Olympic legacy for all? the non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996-Beijing 2008). Tourism Management 33(2): 361-370.
55. Nauright J. 2004. Global games: culture, political economy and sport in the globalised world of the 21st century. Third World Quarterly 25(7): 1325-1336.
56. New South Wales Treasury. 1997, Economic Impact of the Sydney Olympic Games. Research & Information Paper, Office of Financial Management: New South Wales.
57. Ohmann S, Jones I, Wilkes K. 2007. The perceived social impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup on Munich residents. Bournemouth University Research. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk.
58. Ong R. 2004. New Beijing, great Olympics: Beijing and its unfolding Olympic legacy. Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 4(2): 35-49.
59. Pillay U, Bass O. 2008. Mega-events as a response to poverty reduction: the 2010 FIFA World Cup and its urban development implications. Urban Forum 19: 329-346.
60. Pratt S, McCabe S, Cortes-Jimenez I, Blake A. 2010. Measuring the effectiveness of destination marketing campaigns: comparative analysis of conversion studies. Journal of Travel Research 49(2): 179-190.
61. Preuss H. 2007a. FIFA World Cup 2006 and its legacy on tourism. In Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2007. Conrady R, Buck M (eds). Springer: Berlin; 82-102.
62. Preuss H. 2007b. The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism 12(3-4) 207-227.
63. Richards G, Wilson J. 2004. The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies 41(10): 1931-1951.
64. Ritchie J, Smith B. 1991. The impact of a mega-event on host region awareness: a longitudinal study. Journal of Travel Research 30(1): 3-10.
65. Roche M. 2000. Mega-Events and Modernity: Olympics and Exports in the Growth of Global Culture. Routledge: London.
66. Shaffer M, Greer A, Mauboules C. 2003. Olympic costs and benefits. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Publication: Vancouver; February.
67. Smith A. 2001. Sporting a new image? Sport-based regeneration strategies as a means of enhancing the image of the city tourist destination. In Sport in the City - Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration, Gratton C, Henry I (eds). New York: Routledge; 127-148.
68. Smith A. 2006. Assessing the contribution of flagship projects to city image change: a quasi-experimental technique. International Journal of Tourism Research 8(6): 391-404.
69. Smith A, Fox T. 2007. From "event-led" to "event-themed" regeneration: the 2002 commonwealth games legacy program. Urban Studies 44(5/6): 1125-1143.
70. Spurr R. 1999. Tourism. In Staging the Olympic: The Event and its Impact, Cashman R, Hughes A (eds). Sydney: UNSW Press.
71. VisitBritain. 2009. Maximising the tourism benefits of the London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic Games: The story so far. VisitBritain 2012 Breifing, November 2009.
72. Xu X. 2006. Modernizing China in the Olympic spotlight: China's national identity and the 2008 Beijing Olympiad. The Sociological Review 54: 90-107.
73. Zeng K, Luo X. 2008. China's inbound tourist revenue and Beijing Olympic games 2008. China & World Economy 16(4): 110-126.