Linking restless legs syndrome with Parkinson's disease: clinical, imaging and genetic evidence

Translational Neurodegeneration

Volumn 1, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Peeraully, Tasneem ^a   Tan, Eng King ^a  

^a SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Dopaminergic dysfunction.; Parkinson's disease; Pathophysiology; Restless legs syndrome

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FERRITIN; IRON; IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 1; LEVOTHYROXINE; MESSENGER RNA; PARKIN; PRAMIPEXOLE; TRANSFERRIN; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMT GENE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DYSKINESIA; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; GENE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKIN GENE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; THERAPY EFFECT; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR GENE;

EID: 84879499870     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20479158     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-6     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Tan EK. Restless legs and Parkinson's disease: is there an etiologic link?. J Neurol 2006, 253(Suppl 7):VII33-37.
2. Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease. A half century of progress. Neurol 2001, 57(Suppl 3):S1-3.
3. Ostrem JL, Galifianakis NB. Overview of common movement disorders. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2010, 16:13-48.
4. Tan EK, Khajavi M, Thornby JI, Nagamitsu S, Jankovic J, Ashizawa T. Variability and validity of polymorphism association studies in Parkinson's disease. Neurol 2000, 55:533-538.
5. Tan EK, Jankovic J. Genetic testing in Parkinson's disease: promises and pitfalls. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1232-7. 10.1001/archneur.63.9.1232, 16966499.
6. Maria B, Sophia S, Michalis M, Charalampos L, Andreas P, et al. Sleep breathing disorders in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Respir Med 2003, 97:1151-7. 10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00188-4, 14561023.
7. Yong M-H, Fook-Chong S, Pavanni R, Lim L-L, Tan E-K. Case Control Polysomnographic Studies of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2011, 6(7):e22511. doi:doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022511, 10.1371/journal.pone.0022511, 3142152, 21799880.
8. Wetter TC, Brunner H, Högl B, Yassouridis A, Trenkwalder C, Friess E. Increased alpha activity in REM sleep in de novo patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2001, 16:928-33. 10.1002/mds.1163, 11746625.
9. Aldrich MS. Parkinsonism. Principles and practice of sleep medicine 2000, 1051-1057. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W, 3.
10. Wetter TH, Collado-Seidel V, Pollmächer T, Yassouridis A, Trenkwalder C. Sleep and periodic leg movement patterns in drug-free patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Sleep 2000, 23:361-36.
11. Ekbom KA. Restless legs. Acta Med Scand 1945, 158(suppl):1-124.
12. Rothdach AJ, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J, Keil U, Berger K. Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: the MEMO Memory and Morbidity in Augsburg Elderly. Neurol 2000, 54:1064-8.
13. Allen RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST General Population Study. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:1286-92. 10.1001/archinte.165.11.1286, 15956009.
14. Tan EK, Koh KK, Seah A, See SJ, Lim E, Wong MC. Restless Legs Syndrome in an Asian population: a study in Singapore. Mov Disord 2001, 16:577-9. 10.1002/mds.1102, 11391765.
15. Wetter TC, Pollmacher T. Restless legs and periodic leg movements in sleep syndromes. J Neurol 1997, 244(suppl):S37-S45.
16. Walters AS. Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Mov Disord 1995, 10:634-42. 10.1002/mds.870100517, 8552117.
17. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Montplaisi J. Restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health; International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003, 4:101-19. 10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00010-8, 14592341.
18. Ondo WG, Jankovic J. Restless Legs Syndrome: clinico-radiologic correlates. Neurol 1996, 47:1435-41.
19. Tan EK, Ondo W. Restless legs syndrome: clinical features and treatment. Am J Med Sci 2000, 319:397-403. 10.1097/00000441-200006000-00010, 10875297.
20. Tan EK, Ondo WG. Motor restlessness. Int J Clin Pract 2001, 55:320-2.
21. O'Keeffe ST, Noel J, Lavan JN. Restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Postgrad Med J 1993, 69:701-3. 10.1136/pgmj.69.815.701, 2399773, 8255834.
22. Chokroverty S, Jankovic J. Restless legs syndrome: a disease in search of an identity. Neurol 1999, 52:907-10.
23. Young JE, Vilariño-Güell C, Lin SC, Wszolek ZK, Farrer MJ. Clinical and genetic description of a family with a high prevalence of autosomal dominant restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2009, 84:134-8. 10.4065/84.2.134, 2664577, 19181647.
24. Coleman RM, Pollak CP, Weitzman ED. Periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus): relation to sleep disorders. Ann Neurol 1980, 8:416-21. 10.1002/ana.410080413, 7436384.
25. Ehrenberg BL. Sleep pathologies associated with nocturnal movements. Movement Disorders in Neurology and Psychiatry 1992, 634-648. Boston: Blackwell scientific, Joseph AB, Young RR.
26. Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, et al. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: A study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard of criteria. Mov Disord 1997, 1:61-65.
27. Pollmacher T, Schulz H. Periodic leg movements (PLM): their relationship to sleep stages. Sleep 1993, 16:572-577.
28. Evers S, Stogbauer F. Genetic association of Huntington's disease and restless legs syndrome? A family report. Mov Disord 2003, 18:225-7.
29. Ondo WG, Lai D. Association between restless legs syndrome and essential tremor. Mov Disord 2006, 21:515-8. 10.1002/mds.20746, 16250022.
30. Lesperance P, Djerroud N, Diaz Anzaldua A, Rouleau GA, Chouinard S, Richer F, . Montreal Tourette Study Group Restless legs in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 2004, 19:1084-7. 10.1002/mds.20100, 15372602, Montreal Tourette Study Group.
31. Tan EK, Ho SC, Eng P, Loh LM, Koh L, Lum SY, Teoh ML, Yih Y, Khoo D. Restless legs symptoms in thyroid disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004, 10:149-51. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2003.11.003, 15036169.
32. Tan EK, Ho SC, Koh L, Pavanni R. An urge to move with L-thyroxine: clinical, biochemical, and polysomnographic correlation. Mov Disord 2004, 19:1365-7. 10.1002/mds.20219, 15378680.
33. Jellinger KA. Post mortem studies in Parkinson's disease-is it possible to detect brain areas for specific symptoms?. J Neural Transm Suppl 1999, 56:1-29.
34. Connor JR, Wang XS, Allen RP, Beard JL, Wiesinger JA, Felt BT, Earley CJ. Altered dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless leg syndrome. Brain 2009, 132:2403-12. 10.1093/brain/awp125, 2732265, 19467991.
35. Ondo WG, He Y, Rajasekaran S, Le WD. Clinical correlates of 6-hydroxydopamine injections into A11 dopaminergic neurons in rats: a possible model for restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2000, 15:154-8. 10.1002/1531-8257(200001)15:1<154::AID-MDS1025>3.0.CO;2-Q, 10634257.
36. Boyer P, Ondo W, Allen R. Neuropathologic evaluation of the central nervous system in restless legs syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Soc Neurosci 2060, 2000:2.
37. Pittock SJ, Parrett T, Adler CH, Parisi JE, Dickson DW, Ahlskog JE. Neuropathology of primary restless leg syndrome: absence of specific tau- and alpha-synuclein pathology. Mov Disord 2004, 19:695-9. 10.1002/mds.20042, 15197711.
38. Adel S, Djarmati A, Kabakci K, et al. Co-occurrence of restless legs syndrome and Parkin mutations in two families. Mov Disord 2006, 21:258-63. 10.1002/mds.20690, 16161156.
39. Limousin N, Konofal E, Karroum E, Lohmann E, Theodorou I, Dürr A, Arnulf I. Restless legs syndrome, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and hypersomnia in patients with two parkin mutations. Mov Disord 2009, 24:1970-6. 10.1002/mds.22711, 19672985.
40. Tan EK, Yew K, Chua E, et al. PINK1 mutations in sporadic early-onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006, 21:789-793. 10.1002/mds.20810, 16482571.
41. Lyons MK. Deep brain stimulation: current and future clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 2011, 86:662-72. 10.4065/mcp.2011.0045, 3127561, 21646303.
42. Mylius V, Möller JC, Strauch K, Oertel WH, Stiasny-Kolster K. No significance of the COMT val158met polymorphism in restless legs syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2010, 473(2):151-4. 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.042, 20184941.
43. Nomura T, Inoue Y, Miyake M, Yasui K, Nakashima K. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in Japanese. patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006, 21:380-4. 10.1002/mds.20734, 16211604.
44. Ondo WG, Vuong KD, Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between Parkinson disease and restless legs syndrome. Arch Neurol 2002, 59:421-4. 10.1001/archneur.59.3.421, 11890847.
45. Krishnan PR, Bhatia M, Behari M. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: a case controlled study. Mov Disord 2002, 18:181-5.
46. Peralta CM, Frauscher B, Seppi K, Wolf E, Wenning GK, Högl B, Poewe W. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009, 24:2076-80. 10.1002/mds.22694, 19691124.
47. Guerreiro TM, Nishikawa DR, Ferreira LC, Melo HA, Prado RC. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: clinical characteristics and biochemical correlations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2010, 68:869-72. 10.1590/S0004-282X2010000600007, 21243243.
48. Lee JE, Shin HW, Kim KS, Sohn YH. Factors contributing to the development of restless legs syndrome in patients with Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2009, 24:579-82. 10.1002/mds.22410, 19097179.
49. Calzetti S, Negrotti A, Bonavina G, Angelini M, Marchesi E. Absence of co-morbidity of Parkinson disease and restless legs syndrome: a case-control study in patients attending a movement disorders clinic. Neurol Sci 2009, 30:119-22. 10.1007/s10072-009-0037-7, 19277834.
50. Verbaan D, van Rooden SM, van Hilten JJ, Rijsman RM. Prevalence and clinical profile of restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010, 25:2142-7. 10.1002/mds.23241, 20737549.
51. Tan EK, Lum SY, Wong MC. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2002, 196:33-6. 10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00020-5, 11959153.
52. Loo HV, Tan EK. Case-control study of restless legs syndrome and quality of sleep in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2008, 266:145-9. 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.033, 17942122.
53. Michaud M, Soucy JP, Chabli A, Lavigne G, Montplaisir J. SPECT imaging of striatal pre-and postsynaptic dopaminergic status in restless legs syndrome with periodic leg movements in sleep. J Neurol 2002, 249:164-170. 10.1007/PL00007859, 11985381.
54. Turjanski N, Lees AJ, Brooks DJ. Striatal dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome: 18 F-dopa and 11 C-raclopride PET studies. Neurol 1999, 52:932-7.
55. Eisensehr I, Wetter TC, Linke R, et al. Normal IPT and IBZM SPECT in drug-naive and levodopa-treated idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurol 2001, 57:1307-9.
56. Ruottinen HM, Partinen M, Hublin C, et al. An FDOPA PET study in patients with periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome. Neurol 2000, 54:502-4.
57. Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Hening WA, et al. Positron emission tomographic studies in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999, 14:141-5. 10.1002/1531-8257(199901)14:1<141::AID-MDS1024>3.0.CO;2-B, 9918358.
58. Ryu JH, Lee MS, Baik JS. Sonographic abnormalities in idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) and RLS in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011, 17:201-3. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.11.014, 21183393.
59. Kwon DY, Seo WK, Yoon HK, Park MH, Koh SB, Park KW. Transcranial brain sonography in Parkinson's disease with restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2010, 25:1373-8. 10.1002/mds.23066, 20544813.
60. Kedia S, Moro E, Tagliati M, Lang AE, Kumar R. Emergence of restless legs syndrome during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurol 2004, 63:2410-2.
61. Chahine LM, Ahmed A, Sun Z. Effects of STN DBS for Parkinson's disease on restless legs syndrome and other sleep-related measures. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011, 17:208-11. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.11.017, 21216651.
62. Walters AS, Hening W, Rubinstein M, Chokroverty S. A clinical and polysomnographic comparison of neuroleptic induced akathisia and the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1991, 14:339-45.
63. Comella CL, Goetz CG. Akathisia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003, 9:545-9.
64. Riley DE, Lang AE. The spectrum of levodopa-related fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurol 1993, 43:1459-64.
65. Oshiro S, Morioka MS, Kikuchi M. Dysregulation of iron metabolism in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011, 2011(378278):8. doi:10.1155/2011/378278.
66. Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Malecki EA, Epstein DK, Allen RP. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurol 2000, 54:1698-1700.
67. O'Keeffe ST, Galvin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing 1994, 23:200-203. 10.1093/ageing/23.3.200, 8085504.
68. Krieger J, Schroeder C. Iron, brain and restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2001, 5:277-286. 10.1053/smrv.2001.0156, 12530992.
69. Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, Earley CJ, Allen RP. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1998, 21:371-377.
70. Earley CJ, Allen RP, Beard JL, Connor JR. Insight into the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2000, 62:623-628. 10.1002/1097-4547(20001201)62:5<623::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-H, 11104500.
71. Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl F, Song HK, Earley CJ. MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurol 2001, 56:263-5.
72. Schmidauer C, Sojer M, Seppi K, et al. Transcranial ultrasound shows nigral hypoechogenicity in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 2005, 58:630-4. 10.1002/ana.20572, 16037973.
73. Connor JR, Wang XS, Patton SM, Menzies SL, Troncoso JC, Earley CJ, Allen RP. Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome. Neurol 2004, 62:1563-7.
74. Sun YM, Hoang T, Neubauer JA, Walters AS. Opioids protect against substantia nigra cell degeneration under conditions of iron deprivation: a mechanism of possible relevance to the Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2011, 304:93-101. 10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.003, 21376342.