메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 52, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 497-506

Higher susceptibility of spontaneous and NNK-induced lung neoplasms in connexin 43 deficient CD1×AJ F1 mice: Paradoxical expression of connexin 43 during lung carcinogenesis

Author keywords

Beta catenin; Connexin 43; Lung cancer; Tobacco specific nitrosamine

Indexed keywords

4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANOL; BETA CATENIN; CONNEXIN 43;

EID: 84879459815     PISSN: 08991987     EISSN: 10982744     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mc.21884     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (56)
  • 2
    • 33646568784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world
    • Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2137- 2150.
    • (2006) J Clin Oncol , vol.24 , pp. 2137-2150
    • Kamangar, F.1    Dores, G.M.2    Anderson, W.F.3
  • 3
    • 0030028301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gap junction communication channel
    • Kumar NM, Gilula NB. The gap junction communication channel. Cell 1996; 84: 381- 388.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.84 , pp. 381-388
    • Kumar, N.M.1    Gilula, N.B.2
  • 4
    • 0035985057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional diversity of connexin genes in the mouse and human genome
    • Willecke K, Eiberger J, Degen J, et al. Structural and functional diversity of connexin genes in the mouse and human genome. Biol Chem 2002; 383: 725- 737.
    • (2002) Biol Chem , vol.383 , pp. 725-737
    • Willecke, K.1    Eiberger, J.2    Degen, J.3
  • 5
    • 0014021760 scopus 로고
    • Intercellular communication and the control of tissue growth: Lack of communication between cancer cells
    • Loewenstein WR, Kanno Y. Intercellular communication and the control of tissue growth: Lack of communication between cancer cells. Nature 1966; 209: 1248- 1249.
    • (1966) Nature , vol.209 , pp. 1248-1249
    • Loewenstein, W.R.1    Kanno, Y.2
  • 6
    • 28944441155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defective gap junctional intercellular communication in the carcinogenic process
    • Mesnil M, Crespin S, Avanzo JL, Zaidan-Dagli ML. Defective gap junctional intercellular communication in the carcinogenic process. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1719: 125- 145.
    • (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1719 , pp. 125-145
    • Mesnil, M.1    Crespin, S.2    Avanzo, J.L.3    Zaidan-Dagli, M.L.4
  • 9
    • 36249001676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connexins and gap junctions in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression
    • McLachlan E, Shao Q, Laird DW. Connexins and gap junctions in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. J Membr Biol 2007; 218: 107- 121.
    • (2007) J Membr Biol , vol.218 , pp. 107-121
    • McLachlan, E.1    Shao, Q.2    Laird, D.W.3
  • 10
    • 36349006396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological significance of intracytoplasmic connexin proteins: Implication in tumor progression
    • Omori Y, Li Q, Nishikawa Y, et al. Pathological significance of intracytoplasmic connexin proteins: Implication in tumor progression. J Membr Biol 2007; 218: 73- 77.
    • (2007) J Membr Biol , vol.218 , pp. 73-77
    • Omori, Y.1    Li, Q.2    Nishikawa, Y.3
  • 11
    • 77952929243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications and challenges of connexin connections to cancer
    • Naus CC, Laird DW. Implications and challenges of connexin connections to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10: 435- 441.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 435-441
    • Naus, C.C.1    Laird, D.W.2
  • 12
    • 6444220002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased susceptibility to urethane-induced lung tumors in mice with decreased expression of connexin43
    • Avanzo JL, Mesnil M, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, et al. Increased susceptibility to urethane-induced lung tumors in mice with decreased expression of connexin43. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25: 1973- 1982.
    • (2004) Carcinogenesis , vol.25 , pp. 1973-1982
    • Avanzo, J.L.1    Mesnil, M.2    Hernandez-Blazquez, F.J.3
  • 13
    • 34249043838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of a single allele of Cx43 is associated with a reduction in the gap junctional intercellular communication and increased cell proliferation of mouse lung pneumocytes type II
    • Avanzo JL, Mennecier G, Mesnil M, et al. Deletion of a single allele of Cx43 is associated with a reduction in the gap junctional intercellular communication and increased cell proliferation of mouse lung pneumocytes type II. Cell Prolif 2007; 40: 411- 421.
    • (2007) Cell Prolif , vol.40 , pp. 411-421
    • Avanzo, J.L.1    Mennecier, G.2    Mesnil, M.3
  • 14
    • 19844373387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of lung cancer: Looking to the future
    • Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer: Looking to the future. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3175- 3185.
    • (2005) J Clin Oncol , vol.23 , pp. 3175-3185
    • Alberg, A.J.1    Brock, M.V.2    Samet, J.M.3
  • 15
    • 19644383363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of research in international tobacco control
    • Warner KE. The role of research in international tobacco control. Am J Public Health 2005; 95: 976- 984.
    • (2005) Am J Public Health , vol.95 , pp. 976-984
    • Warner, K.E.1
  • 16
    • 0142228320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer
    • Hecht SS. Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 733- 744.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 733-744
    • Hecht, S.S.1
  • 17
    • 0031831381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines
    • Hecht SS. Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11: 559- 603.
    • (1998) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.11 , pp. 559-603
    • Hecht, S.S.1
  • 18
    • 0028177696 scopus 로고
    • Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and Areca-derived N-nitrosamines: Chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity, and relevance to humans
    • Hoffmann D, Brunnemann KD, Prokopczyk B, Djordjevic MV. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and Areca-derived N-nitrosamines: Chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity, and relevance to humans. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994; 41: 1- 52.
    • (1994) J Toxicol Environ Health , vol.41 , pp. 1-52
    • Hoffmann, D.1    Brunnemann, K.D.2    Prokopczyk, B.3    Djordjevic, M.V.4
  • 19
    • 0031867196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and nitrosamine metabolism in the human esophagus
    • Smith TJ, Liao A, Wang LD, et al. Characterization of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and nitrosamine metabolism in the human esophagus. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 667- 672.
    • (1998) Carcinogenesis , vol.19 , pp. 667-672
    • Smith, T.J.1    Liao, A.2    Wang, L.D.3
  • 20
    • 0242417425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-ras gene sequence effects on the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-DNA adducts
    • Ziegel R, Shallop A, Jones R, Tretyakova N. K-ras gene sequence effects on the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-DNA adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16: 541- 550.
    • (2003) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.16 , pp. 541-550
    • Ziegel, R.1    Shallop, A.2    Jones, R.3    Tretyakova, N.4
  • 21
    • 0028907907 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac malformation in neonatal mice lacking connexin43
    • Reaume AG, de Sousa PA, Kulkarni S, et al. Cardiac malformation in neonatal mice lacking connexin43. Science 1995; 267: 1831- 1834.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1831-1834
    • Reaume, A.G.1    de Sousa, P.A.2    Kulkarni, S.3
  • 22
    • 11144355464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of proliferative pulmonary lesions of the mouse: Recommendations of the mouse models of human cancers consortium
    • Nikitin AY, Alcaraz A, Anver MR, et al. Classification of proliferative pulmonary lesions of the mouse: Recommendations of the mouse models of human cancers consortium. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 2307- 2316.
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 2307-2316
    • Nikitin, A.Y.1    Alcaraz, A.2    Anver, M.R.3
  • 23
    • 0035710746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method
    • Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001; 25: 402- 408.
    • (2001) Methods , vol.25 , pp. 402-408
    • Livak, K.J.1    Schmittgen, T.D.2
  • 24
    • 33750447653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered expression of connexins in urethane-induced mouse lung adenomas
    • Avanzo JL, Mesnil M, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, et al. Altered expression of connexins in urethane-induced mouse lung adenomas. Life Sci 2006; 79: 2202- 2208.
    • (2006) Life Sci , vol.79 , pp. 2202-2208
    • Avanzo, J.L.1    Mesnil, M.2    Hernandez-Blazquez, F.J.3
  • 25
    • 41049091166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K2 suppresses malignancy of HuH7 hepatoma cells via inhibition of connexin 43
    • Kaneda M, Zhang D, Bhattacharjee R, Nakahama K, Arii S, Morita I. Vitamin K2 suppresses malignancy of HuH7 hepatoma cells via inhibition of connexin 43. Cancer Lett 2008; 263: 53- 60.
    • (2008) Cancer Lett , vol.263 , pp. 53-60
    • Kaneda, M.1    Zhang, D.2    Bhattacharjee, R.3    Nakahama, K.4    Arii, S.5    Morita, I.6
  • 26
    • 34249289699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connexin 43 expression promotes malignancy of HuH7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the inhibition of cell-cell communication
    • Zhang D, Kaneda M, Nakahama K, Arii S, Morita I. Connexin 43 expression promotes malignancy of HuH7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the inhibition of cell-cell communication. Cancer Lett 2007; 252: 208- 215.
    • (2007) Cancer Lett , vol.252 , pp. 208-215
    • Zhang, D.1    Kaneda, M.2    Nakahama, K.3    Arii, S.4    Morita, I.5
  • 28
    • 0024350057 scopus 로고
    • Rapid single-dose model for lung tumor induction in A/J mice by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and the effect of diet
    • Hecht SS, Morse MA, Amin S, et al. Rapid single-dose model for lung tumor induction in A/J mice by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and the effect of diet. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 1901- 1904.
    • (1989) Carcinogenesis , vol.10 , pp. 1901-1904
    • Hecht, S.S.1    Morse, M.A.2    Amin, S.3
  • 29
    • 0028939358 scopus 로고
    • Negative growth control of HeLa cells by connexin genes: Connexin species specificity
    • Mesnil M, Krutovskikh V, Piccoli C, et al. Negative growth control of HeLa cells by connexin genes: Connexin species specificity. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 629- 639.
    • (1995) Cancer Res , vol.55 , pp. 629-639
    • Mesnil, M.1    Krutovskikh, V.2    Piccoli, C.3
  • 30
    • 1642633544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of skin papillomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas in mice in which the connexin 43 gene is heterologously deleted
    • Yamakage K, Omori Y, Zaidan-Dagli ML, Cros MP, Yamasaki H. Induction of skin papillomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas in mice in which the connexin 43 gene is heterologously deleted. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114: 289- 294.
    • (2000) J Invest Dermatol , vol.114 , pp. 289-294
    • Yamakage, K.1    Omori, Y.2    Zaidan-Dagli, M.L.3    Cros, M.P.4    Yamasaki, H.5
  • 31
    • 5644249331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gap junction protein connexin32 is a mouse lung tumor suppressor
    • King TJ, Lampe PD. The gap junction protein connexin32 is a mouse lung tumor suppressor. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 7191- 7196.
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 7191-7196
    • King, T.J.1    Lampe, P.D.2
  • 32
    • 2442583503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice deficient for the gap junction protein Connexin32 exhibit increased radiation-induced tumorigenesis associated with elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/Erk1, p42/Erk2) activation
    • King TJ, Lampe PD. Mice deficient for the gap junction protein Connexin32 exhibit increased radiation-induced tumorigenesis associated with elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/Erk1, p42/Erk2) activation. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25: 669- 680.
    • (2004) Carcinogenesis , vol.25 , pp. 669-680
    • King, T.J.1    Lampe, P.D.2
  • 33
    • 15444371739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential activation of the connexin 43 promoter by dimers of activator protein-1 transcription factors in myometrial cells
    • Mitchell JA, Lye SJ. Differential activation of the connexin 43 promoter by dimers of activator protein-1 transcription factors in myometrial cells. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 2048- 2054.
    • (2005) Endocrinology , vol.146 , pp. 2048-2054
    • Mitchell, J.A.1    Lye, S.J.2
  • 35
    • 46349084466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • bZIP-Type transcription factors CREB and OASIS bind and stimulate the promoter of the mammalian transcription factor GCMa/Gcm1 in trophoblast cells
    • Schubert SW, Abendroth A, Kilian K, et al. bZIP-Type transcription factors CREB and OASIS bind and stimulate the promoter of the mammalian transcription factor GCMa/Gcm1 in trophoblast cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36: 3834- 3846.
    • (2008) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.36 , pp. 3834-3846
    • Schubert, S.W.1    Abendroth, A.2    Kilian, K.3
  • 36
    • 44449157596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Msx1 and Msx2 are functional interacting partners of T-box factors in the regulation of Connexin43
    • Boogerd KJ, Wong LY, Christoffels VM, et al. Msx1 and Msx2 are functional interacting partners of T-box factors in the regulation of Connexin43. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 78: 485- 493.
    • (2008) Cardiovasc Res , vol.78 , pp. 485-493
    • Boogerd, K.J.1    Wong, L.Y.2    Christoffels, V.M.3
  • 37
    • 0141566688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The correlation between aberrant connexin 43 mRNA expression induced by promoter methylation and nodal micrometastasis in non-small cell lung cancer
    • Chen JT, Cheng YW, Chou MC, et al. The correlation between aberrant connexin 43 mRNA expression induced by promoter methylation and nodal micrometastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 4200- 4204.
    • (2003) Clin Cancer Res , vol.9 , pp. 4200-4204
    • Chen, J.T.1    Cheng, Y.W.2    Chou, M.C.3
  • 38
    • 0031849995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of connexin43 as a functional target for Wnt signalling
    • van der Heyden MA, Rook MB, Hermans MM, et al. Identification of connexin43 as a functional target for Wnt signalling. J Cell Sci 1998; 111: 1741- 1749.
    • (1998) J Cell Sci , vol.111 , pp. 1741-1749
    • van der Heyden, M.A.1    Rook, M.B.2    Hermans, M.M.3
  • 40
    • 79953026583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aberrant Wnt1/beta-catenin expression is an independent poor prognostic marker of non-small cell lung cancer after surgery
    • Xu X, Sun PL, Li JZ, Jheon S, Lee CT, Chung JH. Aberrant Wnt1/beta-catenin expression is an independent poor prognostic marker of non-small cell lung cancer after surgery. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6: 716- 724.
    • (2011) J Thorac Oncol , vol.6 , pp. 716-724
    • Xu, X.1    Sun, P.L.2    Li, J.Z.3    Jheon, S.4    Lee, C.T.5    Chung, J.H.6
  • 42
    • 35648949978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-catenin signaling in biological control and cancer
    • Gavert N, Ben-Ze'ev A. Beta-catenin signaling in biological control and cancer. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102: 820- 828.
    • (2007) J Cell Biochem , vol.102 , pp. 820-828
    • Gavert, N.1    Ben-Ze'ev, A.2
  • 43
    • 42949151882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aberrant expression and localization of connexin43 and connexin30 in a rat glioma cell line
    • Mennecier G, Derangeon M, Coronas V, Herve JC, Mesnil M. Aberrant expression and localization of connexin43 and connexin30 in a rat glioma cell line. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47: 391- 401.
    • (2008) Mol Carcinog , vol.47 , pp. 391-401
    • Mennecier, G.1    Derangeon, M.2    Coronas, V.3    Herve, J.C.4    Mesnil, M.5
  • 44
    • 0029739466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization and function of the connexin 43 gap-junction protein in normal and various oncogene-expressing rat liver epithelial cells
    • de Feijter AW, Matesic DF, Ruch RJ, Guan X, Chang CC, Trosko JE. Localization and function of the connexin 43 gap-junction protein in normal and various oncogene-expressing rat liver epithelial cells. Mol Carcinog 1996; 16: 203- 212.
    • (1996) Mol Carcinog , vol.16 , pp. 203-212
    • de Feijter, A.W.1    Matesic, D.F.2    Ruch, R.J.3    Guan, X.4    Chang, C.C.5    Trosko, J.E.6
  • 45
    • 62549151288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downregulation of Wnt2 and beta-catenin by siRNA suppresses malignant glioma cell growth
    • Pu P, Zhang Z, Kang C, et al. Downregulation of Wnt2 and beta-catenin by siRNA suppresses malignant glioma cell growth. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16: 351- 361.
    • (2009) Cancer Gene Ther , vol.16 , pp. 351-361
    • Pu, P.1    Zhang, Z.2    Kang, C.3
  • 47
    • 33845669074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connexin expression in mouse lung tumor
    • Udaka N, Miyagi Y, Ito T. Connexin expression in mouse lung tumor. Cancer Lett 2007; 246: 224- 229.
    • (2007) Cancer Lett , vol.246 , pp. 224-229
    • Udaka, N.1    Miyagi, Y.2    Ito, T.3
  • 48
    • 0034614637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hallmarks of cancer
    • Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000; 100: 57- 70.
    • (2000) Cell , vol.100 , pp. 57-70
    • Hanahan, D.1    Weinberg, R.A.2
  • 49
    • 31544476877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic disruption of gap junctional intercellular communication enhances early but not late stage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat
    • Hokaiwado N, Asamoto M, Ogawa K, Shirai T. Transgenic disruption of gap junctional intercellular communication enhances early but not late stage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 33: 695- 701.
    • (2005) Toxicol Pathol , vol.33 , pp. 695-701
    • Hokaiwado, N.1    Asamoto, M.2    Ogawa, K.3    Shirai, T.4
  • 50
    • 0036107888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of beta-catenin/T-cell factor-regulated genes in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas
    • Zhai Y, Wu R, Schwartz DR, et al. Role of beta-catenin/T-cell factor-regulated genes in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 1229- 1238.
    • (2002) Am J Pathol , vol.160 , pp. 1229-1238
    • Zhai, Y.1    Wu, R.2    Schwartz, D.R.3
  • 51
    • 0345701926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communication between malignant glioma cells and vascular endothelial cells through gap junctions
    • Zhang W, DeMattia JA, Song H, Couldwell WT. Communication between malignant glioma cells and vascular endothelial cells through gap junctions. J Neurosurg 2003; 98: 846- 853.
    • (2003) J Neurosurg , vol.98 , pp. 846-853
    • Zhang, W.1    DeMattia, J.A.2    Song, H.3    Couldwell, W.T.4
  • 52
    • 48649102225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connexin-43 upregulation in micrometastases and tumor vasculature and its role in tumor cell attachment to pulmonary endothelium
    • Elzarrad MK, Haroon A, Willecke K, Dobrowolski R, Gillespie MN, Al-Mehdi AB. Connexin-43 upregulation in micrometastases and tumor vasculature and its role in tumor cell attachment to pulmonary endothelium. BMC Med 2008; 6: 20.
    • (2008) BMC Med , vol.6 , pp. 20
    • Elzarrad, M.K.1    Haroon, A.2    Willecke, K.3    Dobrowolski, R.4    Gillespie, M.N.5    Al-Mehdi, A.B.6
  • 53
    • 2942538264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissecting the metastatic cascade
    • Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH. Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 448- 456.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.4 , pp. 448-456
    • Pantel, K.1    Brakenhoff, R.H.2
  • 54
    • 0036203586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap junctions tumour progression
    • Naus CC. Gap junctions tumour progression. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 136- 141.
    • (2002) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.80 , pp. 136-141
    • Naus, C.C.1
  • 56
    • 36248984274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of gap junctions and connexins in non-neoplastic pathological processes in which cell proliferation is involved
    • Dagli ML, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ. Roles of gap junctions and connexins in non-neoplastic pathological processes in which cell proliferation is involved. J Membr Biol 2007; 218: 79- 91.
    • (2007) J Membr Biol , vol.218 , pp. 79-91
    • Dagli, M.L.1    Hernandez-Blazquez, F.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.