Nicotine delivery to rats via lung alveolar region-targeted aerosol technology produces blood pharmacokinetics resembling human smoking

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

Volumn 15, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1248-1258

  Shao, Xuesi M ^a   Xu, Bin ^b,d   Liang, Jing ^a   Xie, Xinmin ^c   Zhu, Yifang ^b   Feldman, Jack L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c AfaSci Research Laboratory   (United States)

^d TONGJI UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COTININE; NICOTINE;

ABSORPTION; ACIDIFICATION; AEROSOL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTERIAL BLOOD; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPOSURE; HUMAN; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; LC 50; LUNG ALVEOLUS; LUNG CIRCULATION; MALE; NEBULIZER; NICOTINE BLOOD LEVEL; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SMOKING; SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TOXIC INHALATION; VENOUS BLOOD;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; AEROSOLS; ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; LETHAL DOSE 50; MALE; NICOTINE; PULMONARY ALVEOLI; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SMOKING;

EID: 84879380201     PISSN: 14622203     EISSN: 1469994X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts261     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Armitage, A. K., & Turner, D. M. (1970). Absorption of nicotine in cigarette and cigar smoke through the oral mucosa. Nature, 226, 1231-1232. doi:10.1038/2261231a0
2. Ashley, D. L., Pankow, J. F., Tavakoli, A. D., & Watson, C. H. (2009). Approaches, challenges, and experience in assessing free nicotine. In J. E. Henningfield (Ed.), Nicotine psychopharmacology (pp. 437-456). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
3. Balfour, D. J. (2004). The neurobiology of tobacco dependence: A preclinical perspective on the role of the dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens [corrected]. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 899-912. doi:10.1080/14622200 412331324965
4. Benowitz, N. L., Porchet, H., Sheiner, L., & Jacob, P., 3rd. (1988). Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: Comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44, 23-28. doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.107
5. Bergstrom, M., Nordberg, A., Lunell, E., Antoni, G., & Langstrom, B. (1995). Regional deposition of inhaled 11C-nicotine vapor in the human airway as visualized by positron emission tomography. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 57, 309-317.
6. Beven, J. L. (1976). Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke. I. A versatile exposure system for inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke. Toxicology, 6, 189-196. doi:10.1016/0300-483X(76)90020-2
7. Borgerding, M., & Klus, H. (2005). Analysis of complex mixtures--cigarette smoke. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 57(Suppl. 1), 43-73. doi:10.1016/j. etp.2005.05.010
8. Brent, R. L. (2004). Utilization of animal studies to determine the effects and human risks of environmental toxicants (drugs, chemicals, and physical agents). Pediatrics, 113(4 Suppl.), 984-995. doi:10.1002/bdrb.20020
9. Bruce, R. D. (1985). An up-and-down procedure for acute toxicity testing. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 5, 151-157. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(85)90059-4
10. Bullen, C., McRobbie, H., Thornley, S., Glover, M., Lin, R., & Laugesen, M. (2010). Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial. Tobacco Control, 19, 98-103. doi:10.1136/ tc.2009.031567
11. Burch, S. G., Erbland, M. L., Gann, L. P., & Hiller, F. C. (1989). Plasma nicotine levels after inhalation of aerosolized nicotine. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 140, 955-957. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2802381
12. Burch, S. G., Gann, L. P., Olsen, K. M., Anderson, P. J., Hiller, F. C., & Erbland, M. L. (1993). Effect of Ph on nicotine absorption and side-effects produced by aerosolized nicotine. Journal of Aerosol Medicine, 6, 45-52. Retrieved from http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/jam/6/1
13. Chambers, O. (2003). The reference cigarette. Lexington: Reference Cigarette Program, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky.
14. Chowdhury, P., Rayford, P. L., & Chang, L. W. (1992). Induction of pancreatic acinar pathology via inhalation of nicotine. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 201, 159-164. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1409731?dopt=Citation
15. Cobb, N. K., Byron, M. J., Abrams, D. B., & Shields, P. G. (2010). Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: The rise of the "e-cigarette". American Journal of Public Health, 100, 2340-2342. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.199281
16. Corrigall, W. A., & Coen, K. M. (1989). Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule. Psychopharmacology, 99, 473-478. doi:10.1007/BF00589894
17. Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2001). Cellular mechanisms of nicotine addiction. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 70, 439-446. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00652-9
18. De Biasi, M., & Dani, J. A. (2011). Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34, 105-130. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113734
19. DeNoble, V. J., & Mele, P. C. (2006). Intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats: Effects of mecamylamine, hexamethonium and naloxone. Psychopharmacology, 184, 266-272. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0054-z
20. EPA. (1998). Health effects test guidelines: Acute inhalation toxicity. The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
21. EPA. (2002). Health effects test guidelines: Acute oral toxicity. The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
22. Epping-Jordan, M. P., Watkins, S. S., Koob, G. F., & Markou, A. (1998). Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature, 393, 76-79. doi:10.1038/30001
23. Etter, J. F., & Bullen, C. (2011). Electronic cigarette: Users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 106, 2017-2028. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x
24. File, S. E., Cheeta, S., & Kenny, P. J. (2000). Neurobiological mechanisms by which nicotine mediates different types of anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 393, 231-236. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00889-4
25. Fu, Y., Matta, S. G., Brower, V. G., & Sharp, B. M. (2001). Norepinephrine secretion in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats during unlimited access to self-administered nicotine: An in vivo microdialysis study. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 8979-8989. doi:21/22/8979
26. Fu, Y., Matta, S. G., Gao, W., Brower, V. G., & Sharp, B. M. (2000). Systemic nicotine stimulates dopamine release in nucleus accumbens: Re-evaluation of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 294, 458-465. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10900219
27. George, O., Grieder, T. E., Cole, M., & Koob, G. F. (2010). Exposure to chronic intermittent nicotine vapor induces nicotine dependence. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 96, 104-107. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.04.013
28. Gowadia, N., Oldham, M. J., & Dunn-Rankin, D. (2009). Particle size distribution of nicotine in mainstream smoke from 2R4F, Marlboro Medium, and Quest1 cigarettes under different puffing regimens. Inhalation Toxicology, 21, 435-446. doi:10.1080/08958370802512535
29. Henningfield, J. E., & Keenan, R. M. (1993). Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 743-750. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.61.5.743
30. Henningfield, J. E., Stapleton, J. M., Benowitz, N. L., Grayson, R. F., & London, E. D. (1993). Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than in venous blood after cigarette smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33, 23-29. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90030-T
31. Herman, A. I., & Sofuoglu, M. (2010). Cognitive effects of nicotine: Genetic moderators. Addiction Biology, 15, 250-265. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00213.x
32. Hicks, C. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (1947). Toxicities of the optical isomers of nicotine and nornicotine. The Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, 25, 83-86. doi:10.1038/icb.1947.12
33. Hinds, W. C. (1978). Size characteristics of cigarette smoke. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 39, 48-54. doi:10.1080/0002889778507712
34. Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol technology: Properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
35. Hukkanen, J., Jacob, P., 3rd, & Benowitz, N. L. (2005). Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacological Reviews, 57, 79-115. doi:10.1124/pr.57.1.3
36. Levin, E. D., McClernon, F. J., & Rezvani, A. H. (2006). Nicotinic effects on cognitive function: Behavioral characterization, pharmacological specification, and anatomic localization. Psychopharmacology, 184, 523-539. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0164-7
37. Littleton, J. M., & Umney, N. D. (1977). The chronic administration of L-nicotine by aerosol to rats [proceedings]. The Journal of Physiology, 266, 11P-12P. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=853385
38. Lunell, E., Bergstrom, M., Antoni, G., Langstrom, B., & Nordberg, A. (1996). Nicotine deposition and body distribution from a nicotine inhaler and a cigarette studied with positron emission tomography. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 59, 593-594. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90188-5
39. Lunell, E., Molander, L., Ekberg, K., & Wahren, J. (2000). Site of nicotine absorption from a vapour inhaler--comparison with cigarette smoking. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 55, 737-741. doi:10.1007/s002280050007
40. Marubio, L. M., del Mar Arroyo-Jimenez, M., Cordero-Erausquin, M., Lena, C., Le Novere, N., de Kerchove d'Exaerde, A., . . . Changeux, J. P. (1999). Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits. Nature, 398, 805-810. doi:10.1038/19756
41. Matta, S. G., Balfour, D. J., Benowitz, N. L., Boyd, R. T., Buccafusco, J. J., Caggiula, A. R., Zirger, J. M. (2007). Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology, 190, 269-319. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0
42. Meng, Y., Lichtman, A. H., Bridgen, D. T., & Martin, B. R. (1997). Inhalation studies with drugs of abuse. In R. S. Rapaka, N. Chiang, & B. R. Martin (Eds.), Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmaceutics of drugs of abuse. NIDA Research Monograph, #173 (pp. 201-224). NIDA/NIH. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
43. Moir, D., Rickert, W. S., Levasseur, G., Larose, Y., Maertens, R., White, P., & Desjardins, S. (2008). A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21, 494-502. doi:10.1021/tx700275p
44. NIH/NIDA. (2008). Tobacco and nicotine research: An update from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute of Health. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
45. Niven, R. W., & Hickey, A. J. (2007). Atomization and nebulizers. In A. J. Hickey (Ed.), Inhalation aerosols (2nd ed., pp. 253-280). New York, London: Informa Healthcare.
46. OECD. (2009). OECD Guidance Document on Acute Inhalation Toxicity Testing Vol. Series on Testing and Assessment, #39 (pp. 1-71). Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf?cote=ENV/JM/MONO(2009)28&doclanguage=en
47. Pankow, J. F. (2001). A consideration of the role of gas/particle partitioning in the deposition of nicotine and other tobacco smoke compounds in the respiratory tract. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 14, 1465-1481. doi:10.1021/tx0100901
48. Pankow, J. F., Tavakoli, A. D., Luo, W., & Isabelle, L. M. (2003). Percent free base nicotine in the tobacco smoke particulate matter of selected commercial and reference cigarettes. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 16, 1014-1018. doi:10.1021/tx0340596
49. Patton, J. S., & Byron, P. R. (2007). Inhaling medicines: Delivering drugs to the body through the lungs. Nature Reviews, 6, 67-74. doi:10.1038/nrd2153
50. Pauluhn, J. (2003). Issues of dosimetry in inhalation toxicity. Toxicology Letters, 140-141, 229-238. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00077-8
51. Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Westman, E. C., & Coleman, R. E. (1999). Arterial nicotine kinetics during cigarette smoking and intravenous nicotine administration: Implications for addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 56, 99-107. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00025-3
52. Rose, J. E., Mukhin, A. G., Lokitz, S. J., Turkington, T. G., Herskovic, J., Behm, F. M., Garg, P. K. (2010). Kinetics of brain nicotine accumulation in dependent and nondependent smokers assessed with PET and cigarettes containing 11C-nicotine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 5190-5195. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909184107
53. Rose, J. E., Turner, J. E., Murugesan, T., Behm, F. M., & Laugesen, M. (2010). Pulmonary delivery of nicotine pyruvate: Sensory and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 385-394. doi:10.1037/a0020834
54. Rothwell, P. E., Gewirtz, J. C., & Thomas, M. J. (2010). Episodic withdrawal promotes psychomotor sensitization to morphine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 2579-2589. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.134
55. Sarter, M., Parikh, V., & Howe, W. M. (2009). nAChR agonistinduced cognition enhancement: Integration of cognitive and neuronal mechanisms. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78, 658-667. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.019
56. Schievelbein, H., Eberhardt, R., Loschenkohl, K., Rahlfs, V., & Bedall, F. K. (1973). Absorption of nicotine through the oral mucosa. I. Measurement of nicotine concentration in the blood after application of nicotine and total particulate matter. Agents and Actions, 3, 254-258. doi:10.1007/BF01968551
57. Schneider, N. G., Olmstead, R. E., Franzon, M. A., & Lunell, E. (2001). The nicotine inhaler: Clinical pharmacokinetics and comparison with other nicotine treatments. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 40, 661-684. doi:10.2165/00003088-200140090-00003
58. Seeman, J. I. (2007). Possible role of ammonia on the deposition, retention, and absorption of nicotine in humans while smoking. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 20, 326-343. doi:10.1021/tx600290v
59. Seeman, J. I., & Carchman, R. A. (2008). The possible role of ammonia toxicity on the exposure, deposition, retention, and the bioavailability of nicotine during smoking. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 1863-1881. doi:10.1016/j. fct.2008.02.021
60. Semenova, S., Contet, C., Roberts, A. J., & Markou, A. (2012). Mice lacking the beta4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor show memory deficits, altered anxiety-and depression-like behavior, and diminished nicotine-induced analgesia. Nicotine and Tobacco Research [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts107
61. Sharp, B. M., & Matta, S. G. (1993). Detection by in vivo microdialysis of nicotine-induced norepinephrine secretion from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of freely moving rats: Dose-dependency and desensitization. Endocrinology, 133, 11-19. doi:10.1210/en.133.1.11
62. Siegel, M. B., Tanwar, K. L., & Wood, K. S. (2011). Electronic cigarettes as a smoking-cessation: Tool results from an online survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, 472-475. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.006
63. Simis, K., Lei, M., Lu, A. T., Sharma, K. C., Hale, R. L., Timmons, R., & Cassella, J. (2008). Nicotine aerosol generation from thermally reversible zinc halide complexes using the Staccato system. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 34, 936-942. doi:10.1080/03639040802149061
64. Skjei, K. L., & Markou, A. (2003). Effects of repeated withdrawal episodes, nicotine dose, and duration of nicotine exposure on the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology, 168, 280-292. doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1414-1
65. Strohl, K. P., Thomas, A. J., St Jean, P., Schlenker, E. H., Koletsky, R. J., & Schork, N. J. (1997). Ventilation and metabolism among rat strains. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82, 317-323. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9029232
66. Theeuwes, F., & Yum, S. I. (1976). Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 4, 343-353. doi:10.1007/BF02584524
67. van den Heuvel, M. J., Clark, D. G., Fielder, R. J., Koundakjian, P. P., Oliver, G. J., Pelling, D., Walker, A. P. (1990). The international validation of a fixed-dose procedure as an alternative to the classical LD50 test. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 28, 469-482. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(90)90117-6
68. Waldum, H. L., Nilsen, O. G., Nilsen, T., Rorvik, H., Syversen, V., Sanvik, A. K., Brenna, E. (1996). Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine. Life Sciences, 58, 1339-1346. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00100-2