Trail making test: Regression-based norms for the portuguese population

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 189-198

  Cavaco, Sara ^a,b,c   Gonçalves, Alexandra ^a,b   Pinto, Cláudia ^a,b   Almeida, Eduarda ^a,b   Gomes, Filomena ^a,b   Moreira, Inês ^a,b   Fernandes, Joana ^a,b   Teixeira Pinto, Armando ^d,e  

^a Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^d University of Porto   (Portugal)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cognition; Educational achievement; Executive functions; Neuropsychological tests; Standardization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879157950     PISSN: 08876177     EISSN: 18735843     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acs115     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Amieva, H., Sylviane, L., Auriacombe, S., Rainville, C., Orgogozo, J., Dartigues, J., et al. (1998). Analysis of error types in the Trail Making Test evidences an inhibitory deficit in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 280-285.
2. Arbuthnott, K., & Frank, J. (2000). Trail Making Test, Part B as a measure of executive control: validation using a set-switching paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 518-528.
3. Armitage, S. G. (1946). An analysis of certain psychological tests used for the evaluation of brain injury. Psychology Monographs, 60 (Whole No. 277)
4. Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General's Office.
5. Ashendorf, L., Jefferson, A. L., O'Connor, M. K., Chaisson, C., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2008). Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 129-137.
6. Atkinson, T. M., Ryan, J. P., Kryza, M., & Charette, L. M. (2011). Using versions of the Trail Making Test as alternate forms. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 1193-1206.
7. Axelrod, B. N., Aharon-Peretz, J., Tomer, R., & Fisher, T. (2000). Creating interpretation guidelines for the Hebrew Trail Making Test. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 186-188.
8. Bell-McGinty, S., Podell, K., Franzen, M., Baird, A. D., & Williams, M. J. (2002). Standard measures of executive function in predicting instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 828-834.
9. Cangoz, B., Karakoc, E., & Selekler, K. (2009). Trail Making Test: Normative data for Turkish elderly population by age, sex and education. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 283, 73-78.
10. Chapman, R. M., Mapstone, M., McCrary, J. W., Gardner, M. N., Porsteinsson, A., Sandoval, T. C., et al. (2011). Predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease using neuropsychological tests and multivariate methods. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 187-199.
11. Chen, P., Ratcliff, G., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. A., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2001). Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease: A prospective community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 853-858.
12. Corrigan, J. D., & Hinkeldey, N. S. (1987). Relationships between parts A and B of the Trail Making Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 402-409.
13. Dawson, J. D., Anderson, S. W., Uc, E. Y., Dastrup, E., & Rizzo, M. (2009). Predictors of driving safety in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 72, 521-527.
14. Demakis, G. J. (2004). Frontal Lobe Damage and Tests of Executive Processing: A Meta-Analysis of the Category Test, Stroop Test, and Trail-Making Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 441-450.
15. Drane, D. L., Yuspeh, R. L., Huthwaite, J. S., & Klingler, L. K. (2002). Demographic characteristics and normative observations for derived-Trail Making Test indices. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 15, 39-43.
16. Emerson, J. L., Johnson, A. M., Dawson, J. D., Uc, E. Y., Anderson, S. W., & Rizzo, M. (2012). Predictors of driving outcome in advancing age. Psychology Aging, 27, 550-559.
17. Ewers, M., Walsh, C., Trojanowski, J. Q., Shaw, L. M., Petersen, R. C., & Jack, C. R., Jr, et al. American Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). (2012). Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease dementia based upon biomarkers and neuropsychological test performance. Neurobiology of Aging, 33, 1203-1214.
18. Ferenci, P., Lockwood, A., Mullen, K., Tarter, R., Weissenborn, K., & Biel, A. T. (2002). Hepatic encephalopathy-definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology, 35, 716-721.
19. Ferman, T. J., Smith, G. E., Boeve, B. F., Graff-Radford, N. R., Lucas, J. A., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2006). Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 623-636.
20. Giovagnoli, A. R., Del Pesce, M., Mascheroni, S., Simoncelli, M., Laiacona, M., & Capitani, E. (1996). Trail Making Test: normative values from 287 normal adult controls. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 17, 305-309.
21. Gomar, J. J., Bobes-Bascaran, M. T., Conejero-Goldberg, C., Davies, P., & Goldberg, T. E., & Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2011). Utility of combinations of biomarkers, cognitive markers, and risk factors to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease in patients in the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 961-969.
22. Goul, W. R., & Brown, M. (1970). Effects of age and intelligence on Trail Making Test performance and validity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 30, 319-326.
23. Gouveia, P. A. R., Brucki, S. M. D., Malheiros, S. M. F., & Bueno, O. F. A. (2007). Disorders in planning and strategy application in frontal lobe lesion patients. Brain and Cognition, 63, 240-246.
24. Hanks, R. A., Millis, S. R., Ricker, J. H., Giacino, J. T., Nakese-Richardson, R., Frol, A. B., et al. (2008). The predictive validity of a brief inpatient neurop-sychologic battery for persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89, 950-957.
25. Heaton, R. K., Nelson, L. M., Thompson, D. S., Burks, J. S., & Franklin, G. M. (1985). Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 103-110.
26. Heidler-Gary, J., Gottesman, R., Newhart, M., Chang, S., Ken, L., & Hillis, A. E. (2007). Utility of behavioral versus cognitive measures in differentiating between subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 23, 184-193.
27. Heled, E., Hoofien, D., Margalit, D., Natovich, R., & Agranov, E. (2012). The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test as an evaluative tool for executive functions after severe traumatic brain injury: a comparative study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34, 151-159.
28. Hester, R. L., Kinsella, G. J., Ong, B., & McGregor, J. (2005). Demographic influences on baseline and derived scores from the Trail Making Test in healthy older Australian adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 45-54.
29. Horton, A. M., & Roberts, C. (2001). Derived trail making test indices in a sample of substance abusers: demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 111, 123-132.
30. Instituto Nacional de Estat́istica. (2001). Censos 2011-Resultados Provisórios. Lisboa: INE, I.P.
31. Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., & Tangalos, E. G. (1996). Neuropsychological tests' norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT-R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT, and JLO. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 262-278.
32. Johnson, J. K., Lui, L. Y., & Yaffe, K. (2007). Executive function, more than global cognition, predicts functional decline and mortality in elderly women. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 62A, 1134-1141.
33. Kaleita, T. A., Wellisch, D. K., Cloughesy, T. F., Ford, J. M., Freeman, D., Belin, T. R., & Goldman, J. (2004). Prediction of neurocognitive outcome in adult brain tumor patients. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 67, 245-253.
34. Kennedy, K. J. (1981). Age effects on Trail Making Test performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 52, 671-675.
35. Lamberty, G. J. P., Chatel, S. H., Bieliauskas, D. M., & Linas, A. (1994). Derived Trail Making Test indices: A preliminary report. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 7, 230-234.
36. Lange, R. T., Iverson, G. L., Zakrzewski, M. J., Ethel-King, P. E., & Franzen, M. D. (2005). Interpreting the trail making test following traumatic brain injury: comparison of traditional time scores and derived indices. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 897-906.
37. Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Meyers, J. E. (2008). Sensitivity to brain dysfunction of the Halstead-Reitan vs. an ability-focused neuropsychological battery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 813-825.
38. Lemiere, J., Decruyenaere, M., Evers-Kiebooms, H., Vandenbussche, E., & Dom, R. (2004). Cognitive changes in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and asymptomatic carriers of the HD mutation: A longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Neurology, 251, 935-942.
39. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Lucas, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Ferman, T. J., Willis, F. B., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2005). Mayo's Oder African Americans Normative Studies: norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, Wrat-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 243-269.
41. McDonald, C. R., Delis, D. C., Norman, M. A., Tecoma, E. S., & Iragui-Madozi, V. I. (2005). Is impairment in set-shifting specific to frontal-lobe dysfunction? Evidence from patients with frontal-lobe or temporal-lobe epilepsy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 477-481.
42. Mitchell, M., & Miller, S. (2008). Prediction of functional status in older adults: The ecological validity of four Delis-Kaplan executive function system tests. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 683-690.
43. Mitrushina, M. N., Boone, K. B., & D'Elia, I. F. (1999). Handbook Of Normative Data For Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. O'Rourke, J. J., Beglinger, L. J., Smith, M. M., Mills, J., Moser, D. J., Rowe, K. C., et al. (2011). The Trail Making Test in prodromal Huntington disease: contributions of disease progression to test performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 567-579.
45. Pena-Casanova, J., Quinones-Ubeda, S., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Molinuevo, J. L., et al. (2009). Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for verbal span, visuospatial span, letter and number sequencing, trail making test, and symbol digit modalities test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 321-341.
46. Potter, G. G., Wagner, H. R., Burke, J. R., Plassman, B. L., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Steffens, D. C. (in press). Neuropsychological predictors of dementia in late-life major depressive disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. http://journals.lww.com/ajgponline/Abstract/ publishahead/Neuropsychological-Predictors-of-Dementia-in.99556.aspx.
47. Rabin, L. A., Barr, W. B., & Burton, L. A. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 33-65.
48. Reitan, R. M. (1958). The validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276.
49. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
50. Salthouse, T. A., Toth, J., Daniels, K., Parks, C., Pak, R., Wolbrette, M., et al. (2000). Effects of aging on efficiency of task switching in a variant of the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychology, 14, 101-111.
51. Sanchez-Cubillo, I., Perianez, J. A., Adrover-Roig, D., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J. M., Rios-Lago, M., Tirapu, J., et al. (2009). Construct validity of the Trail Making Test: Role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition/interference control, and visuomotor abilities. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 438-450.
52. Seo, E. H., Lee, D. Y., Kim, K. W., Lee, J. H., Jhoo, J. H., Youn, J. C., et al. (2006). A normative study of the Trail Making Test in Korean elders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 844-852.
53. Steinberg, B. A., Bieliauskas, L. A., Smith, G. E., & Ivnik, R. J. (2005). Mayo's older Americans normative studies: age-and IQ-adjusted norms for the Trail Making Test, the stroop test, and MAE controlled oral word association test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 329-377.
54. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Stuss, D., Bisschop, M., Alexander, M., Levine, B., & Katz, D. (2001). The Trail Making Test: A study in focal lesion patients. Psychological Assessment, 13, 230-239.
56. Tombaugh, T. N. (2004). Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 203-214.
57. Vazzana, R., Bandinelli, S., Lauretani, F., Volpato, S., Lauretani, F., Di Iorio, A., et al. (2010). Trail Making Test predicts physical impairment and mortality in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 719-723.
58. Wiberg, B., Kilander, L., Sundstro, J., Byberg, L., & Lind, L. (2012). The relationship between executive dysfunction and post-stroke mortality: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open, 2, pii: e000458.
59. Zalonis, I., Kararizou, E., Triantafyllou, N. I., Kapaki, E., Papageorgiou, S., Sgouropoulos, P., et al. (2008). A Normative Study of the Trail Making Test A and B in Greek Adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 842-850.