Interpreting the Trail Making Test following traumatic brain injury: Comparison of traditional time scores and derived indices

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 27, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 897-906

  Lange, Rael T ^a   Iverson, Grant L ^b   Zakrzewski, Martin J ^a   Ethel King, Patrick E ^c   Franzen, Michael D ^a  

^a Riverview Hospital   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c Allegheny General Hospital ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BRAIN INJURIES; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TRAIL MAKING TEST; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES;

EID: 25444467239     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1380339049091290     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Amieva, H., Lafont, S., Auriacombe, S., Rainville, C., Orgogozo, J.M., Dartigues, J.F., & Fabrigoule, C. (1998). Analysis of error types in the Trail Making Test evidences an inhibitory deficit in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 280-285.
2. Arbuthnott, K., & Frank, J. (2000). Trail Making Test part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 518-522.
3. Axelrod, B.A., Aharon-Peretz, J., Tomar, R., & Fisher, T. (2000). Creating Interpretation Guidelines for the Hebrew Trail Making Test. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 186-188.
4. Basso, M.R., & Bornstein, R.A. (2003). Effects of past noninjection drug abuse upon executive function and working memory in HIV. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 893-903.
5. Bornstein, R.A. (1985). Normative data on selected neuropsychological measures from a nonclinical sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41, 651-659.
6. Cicerone, K.D., & Azulay, J. (2002). Diagnostic utility of attention measures in Postconcussion Syndrome. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 280-289.
7. Corrigan, J.D., & Hinkeldey, N.S. (1987). Relationships between parts A and B of the Trail Making Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 402-409.
8. Dikmen, S., McLean, A., Temkin, N.R., & Wyler, A. (1986). Neuropsychological outcome at one-month postinjury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 67, 507-513.
9. Dikmen, S.S., Machamer, I.E., Winn, R., & Temkin, N.R. (1995). Neuropsychological outcome 1-year post head injury. Neuropsychology, 9, 80-90.
10. Giovagnoli, A.R., Del Pesce, M., Mascheroni, S., Simoncelli, M., Laiacona, M., & Capitani, E. (1996). Trail Making Test: Normative values from 287 normal adult controls. Italian Journal of Neurological Science, 17, 305-309.
11. Grant, I., Reed, R., & Adams, K.M. (1987). Diagnosis of intermediate-duration and subacute organic mental disorders in abstinent alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 319-323.
12. Guilmette, T.J., Faust, D., Hart, K., & Arkes, H.R. (1990). A national survey of psychologist who offer neuropsychological services. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 373-392.
13. Heaton, R.K., Nelson, L.M., Thompson, D.S., Bursks, J.S., & Franklin, G.M. (1985). Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 103-110.
14. Heilbronner, R.L., Henry, G.K., Buck, P., Adams, R.L., & Fogle, T. (1991). Lateralized brain damage and performance on Trail Making Test A and B, digit span forward and backward, and TPT memory and location. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 251-258.
15. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2001a). Demographic effects on the Trail Making Test in alcohol abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 109, 281-287.
16. Horion, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2001b). Demographic effects on the Trail Making Test in marijuana abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 110, 173-180.
17. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2001c). Demographic effects on the Trail Making Test in narcotic and other opiate abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 111, 101-107.
18. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2001d). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of substance abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 111, 123-132.
19. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2001e). Sex, ethnicity, age and education effects on the Trail Making Test in a sample of cocaine abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 108, 281-290.
20. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2002a). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of hallucinogen abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 565-573.
21. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2002b). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of heroin abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 225-234.
22. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2002c). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of marijuana abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 429-438.
23. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2002d). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of narcotic and other opiate abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 1075-1084.
24. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2003a). Demographic effects on the Trail Making Test in a drug abuse treatment sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 49-56.
25. Horton, A.M., & Roberts, C. (2003b). Depression and Trail Making Test scores in a sample of cocaine abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 595-604.
26. Kim, M., Kang, S., Youn, T., Kang, D., Kim, J., & Kwon, J. (2003). Neuropsychological correlates of P300 abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 123, 109-123.
27. Klesges, R.C., Fisher, L., Pheley, A., Boschee, P., & Vasey, M. (1984). A major validation study of the Halstead-Reitan in the prediction of CAT-scan assessed brain-damaged adults. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 29-34.
28. Klusman, L.E., Cripe, L.I., & Dodrill, C.B. (1989). Analysis of errors on the Trial Making Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68, 1199-1204.
29. Lamberty, G.J., Putnam, S.H., Chatel, D.M., Beliauskas, L.A., & Adams, K.S. (1994). Derived Trial Making Test indices: A preliminary report. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 7, 230-234.
30. Levin, H.S., O'Donnell, V.M., & Grossman, R.G. (1979). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 167, 675-684.
31. Lezak, M.D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd Ed). Oxford University Press: New York.
32. Leininger, B.E., Gramling, S.E., Farrell, A.D., & Peck, E.A. (1990). Neuropsychological deficits in symptomatic minor head injury after concussion and mild concussion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 53, 293-296.
33. Martin, T.A., Hoffman, N.M., & Donders, J. (2003). Clinical utility of the Trail Making Test ratio score. Applied Neuropsychology, 10, 163-169.
34. McCaffrey, R.J., Krahula, M.M., & Heimberg, R.G. (1989). An analysis of the significance of performance errors on the Trail Making Test in polysubstance users. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 393-398.
35. Naismith, S.L., Hickie, I.B., Turner, K., Little, C.L., Winter, V., Ward, P.B., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., & Parker, G. (2003). Neuropsychological performance in patients with depression is associated with clinical, etiological and genetic Risk Factors. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 866-877.
36. Nilson, L., Barregard, L., & Backman, L. (1999). Trail Making Test in the chronic toxic encephalopathy: Performance and discriminative potential. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 314-327.
37. Rasmusson, D.X., Zonderman, A.B., Kawas, C., & Resnick, S.M. (1998). Effects of age and dementia on the Trail Making Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 169-178.
38. Reitan, R.M. (1958). The validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276.
39. Reitan, R.M. (1992). Trail Making Test: Manual for administration and scoring. Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory: South Tucson, Arizona.
40. Reitan, R.M., & Tarshes, E.L. (1959). Differential effects of lateralised brain lesions on the Trail Making Test. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 129, 257-262.
41. Reitan, R.M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Therapy and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
42. Roberts, C., & Horton, A.M. (2001a). Sex, ethnicity, age and education effects on the Trail Making Test in a sample of heroin abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 110, 99-106.
43. Roberts, C., & Horton, A.M. (2001b). Using the Trail Making Test to screen for cognitive impairment in a drug abuse treatment sample. International Journal of Neuroscience, 109, 273-280.
44. Roberts, C., & Horton, A.M. (2002a). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of alcohol abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 337-346.
45. Roberts, C., & Horton, A.M. (2002b). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of amphetamine abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 575-584.
46. Roberts, C., & Horton, A.M. (2002c). Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of sedative abusers: Demographic effects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 985-994.
47. Roberts, C., & Horton, A.M. (2003). Anxiety and Trail Making Test scores in a sample of cocaine abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 747-757.
48. Rohling, M.L., Meyers, J.E., & Millis, S.R. (2003). Neuropsychological impairment following traumatic brain injury: A dose-response analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 289-302.
49. Ruffolo, L.F., Guilmette, T.J., & Willis, W.J. (2000). Comparison of time and error rates on the Trail Making Test among patients with head injuries, experimental malingerers, patients with suspected effort on testing, and normal controls. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 223-230.
50. Sellers, A.H., & Nadler, J.D. (1992). A survey of current neuropsychological assessment procedures used for different age groups. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 11, 47-57.
51. Stuss, D.T., Stethem, L.L., Hugenholtz, H., & Richard, M.T. (1989). Traumatic brain injury: A comparison of three clinical tests, and analysis of recovery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 145-156.
52. U.S. War Department, Adjutant General's Office (1944). Manual of the Army Individual Test. Washington: Author.