메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 280, Issue 1753, 2013, Pages

Linking the antigen archive structure to pathogen fitness in African trypanosomes

Author keywords

African trypanosome; Antigenic variation; Archive structure; Body size; Parasite evolution

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; BODY SIZE; FITNESS; GENETIC VARIATION; HOST SELECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PATHOGEN; PROTIST; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; VIRULENCE;

EID: 84879023898     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2129     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0028951172 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of antigenic variation in Borrelia Hermsii and African trypanosomes
    • Donelson J. 1995 Mechanisms of antigenic variation in Borrelia Hermsii and African trypanosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7783-7786.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem , vol.270 , pp. 7783-7786
    • Donelson, J.1
  • 2
    • 33845329168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogen escape host immunity by a genome program for antigenic variation
    • (doi:10.1073/pnas. 0605302103)
    • Barbour AG, Dai Q, Restrepo BI, Stoenner HG, Frank SA. 2006 Pathogen escape host immunity by a genome program for antigenic variation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 18 290-18295. (doi:10.1073/pnas. 0605302103)
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 18290-18295
    • Barbour, A.G.1    Dai, Q.2    Restrepo, B.I.3    Stoenner, H.G.4    Frank, S.A.5
  • 3
    • 33744457018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation by Borrelia hermsii occurs through recombination between extragenic repetitive elements on linear plasmids
    • (doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2958.2006.05177.x)
    • Dai Q, Restrepo BI, Porcella SF, Raffel SJ, Schwan TG, Barbour AG. 2006 Antigenic variation by Borrelia hermsii occurs through recombination between extragenic repetitive elements on linear plasmids. Mol. Microbiol. 60, 1329-1343. (doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2958.2006.05177.x)
    • (2006) Mol. Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1329-1343
    • Dai, Q.1    Restrepo, B.I.2    Porcella, S.F.3    Raffel, S.J.4    Schwan, T.G.5    Barbour, A.G.6
  • 4
    • 67649403394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common strategies for antigenic variation by bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens
    • (doi:10.1038/nrmicro2145)
    • Deitsch KW, Lukehart SA, Stringer JR. 2009 Common strategies for antigenic variation by bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 493-503 (doi:10.1038/nrmicro2145)
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 493-503
    • Deitsch, K.W.1    Lukehart, S.A.2    Stringer, J.R.3
  • 5
    • 84864407356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial antigenic variation mediated by homologous
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00321.x)
    • Vink C, Rudenko G, Seifert HS. 2012 Microbial antigenic variation mediated by homologous DNA recombination. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 36, 917-948. (doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00321.x)
    • (2012) DNA recombination. FEMS Microbiol Rev , vol.36 , pp. 917-948
    • Vink, C.1    Rudenko, G.2    Seifert, H.S.3
  • 6
    • 0033772639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens
    • (doi:10.3201/eid0605.000502)
    • Barbour AG, Restrepo BI. 2000 Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6, 449-457. (doi:10.3201/eid0605.000502)
    • (2000) Emerg. Infect Dis , vol.6 , pp. 449-457
    • Barbour, A.G.1    Restrepo, B.I.2
  • 8
    • 34948827426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them
    • (doi:10.1098/rsif. 2007.0229)
    • Lipsitch M, O'Hagan J. 2007 Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them. J. R. Soc. Interface 4, 787-802. (doi:10.1098/rsif. 2007.0229)
    • (2007) J. R. Soc. Interface , vol.4 , pp. 787-802
    • Lipsitch, M.1    O'Hagan, J.2
  • 9
    • 0032704989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei infections: An holistic view
    • Turner M. 1999 Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei infections: an holistic view. J. Cell Sci. 112, 3187-3192.
    • (1999) J. Cell Sci , vol.112 , pp. 3187-3192
    • Turner, M.1
  • 10
    • 34548396688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the VSG gene silent archive in Trypanosoma brucei reveals that mosaic gene expression is prominent in antigenic variation and is favoured by archive substructure
    • (doi:10.1101/gr. 6421207)
    • Marcello L, Barry J, 2007 Analysis of the VSG gene silent archive in Trypanosoma brucei reveals that mosaic gene expression is prominent in antigenic variation and is favoured by archive substructure. Genome Res. 17, 1344-1352. (doi:10.1101/gr. 6421207)
    • (2007) Genome Res , vol.17 , pp. 1344-1352
    • Marcello, L.1    Barry, J.2
  • 11
    • 72749109190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in the African trypanosome: Molecular mechanisms and phenotypic complexity
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1462-, 5822.2009.01383.x)
    • Morrison L, Marcello L, McCulloch R. 2009 Antigenic variation in the African trypanosome: molecular mechanisms and phenotypic complexity. Cell. Microbiol. 11, 1724-1734. (doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01383.x)
    • (2009) Cell. Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 1724-1734
    • Morrison, L.1    Marcello, L.2    McCulloch, R.3
  • 12
    • 0035222844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: Enhanced phenotypic variation in a eukaryotic parasite
    • doi:10.1016/S0065 308X(01)49037-3)
    • Barry J, McCulloch R. 2001 Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: enhanced phenotypic variation in a eukaryotic parasite. Adv. Parasitol. 49, 1-70. (doi:10.1016/S0065 308X(01)49037-3)
    • (2001) Adv. Parasitol , vol.49 , pp. 1-70
    • Barry, J.1    McCulloch, R.2
  • 13
    • 23044480602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic order in antigenic variation of Trypanosoma brucei
    • doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.004)
    • Morrison L, Majiwa P, Read A, Barry J. 2005 Probabilistic order in antigenic variation of Trypanosoma brucei. Int. J. Parasitol. 35, 961-972. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.004)
    • (2005) Int. J. Parasitol , vol.35 , pp. 961-972
    • Morrison, L.1    Majiwa, P.2    Read, A.3    Barry, J.4
  • 14
    • 34748900529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum: Gene organization and regulation of the var multigene family
    • (doi:10.1128/EC.00173-07)
    • Kyes S, Kraemer S, Smith J. 2007 Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum: gene organization and regulation of the var multigene family. Eukaryot. Cell 6, 1511-1520. (doi:10.1128/EC.00173-07)
    • (2007) Eukaryot. Cell , vol.6 , pp. 1511-1520
    • Kyes, S.1    Kraemer, S.2    Smith, J.3
  • 15
    • 0027399888 scopus 로고
    • The importance of mosaic genes to trypanosome survival
    • (doi:10.1016/0169-4758(93)90039-I)
    • Barbet AF, Kamper S. 1993 The importance of mosaic genes to trypanosome survival. Parasitol. Today 9, 63-66. (doi:10.1016/0169-4758(93)90039-I)
    • (1993) Parasitol. Today , vol.9 , pp. 63-66
    • Barbet, A.F.1    Kamper, S.2
  • 16
    • 0024404943 scopus 로고
    • Ordered appearance of antigenic variants of African trypanosomes explained in a mathematical model based on a stochastic switch process and immuneselection against putative switch intermediates
    • (doi:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9626)
    • Agur Z, Abiri D, Van der Ploeg LH. 1989 Ordered appearance of antigenic variants of African trypanosomes explained in a mathematical model based on a stochastic switch process and immuneselection against putative switch intermediates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9626-9630. (doi:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9626)
    • (1989) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 9626-9630
    • Agur, Z.1    Abiri, D.2    Van der Ploeg, L.H.3
  • 17
    • 0025639078 scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 quasispecies and the development of immunodeficiency disease
    • (doi:10.1097/00002030-199011000-00007)
    • Nowak M, May R, Anderson R. 1990 The evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 quasispecies and the development of immunodeficiency disease. AIDS 4, 1095-1103. (doi:10.1097/00002030-199011000-00007)
    • (1990) AIDS , vol.4 , pp. 1095-1103
    • Nowak, M.1    May, R.2    Anderson, R.3
  • 18
    • 0030061841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation and the within-host dynamics of parasites
    • (doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.985)
    • Antia R, Nowak MA, Anderson R. 1996 Antigenic variation and the within-host dynamics of parasites. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 985-989.(doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.985)
    • (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 985-989
    • Antia, R.1    Nowak, M.A.2    Anderson, R.3
  • 19
    • 0033532958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for sequential dominance in African trypanosome infections
    • (doi:10.1098/rspb. 1999.0793)
    • Frank S. 1999 A model for sequential dominance in African trypanosome infections. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 1397-1401. (doi:10.1098/rspb. 1999.0793)
    • (1999) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.266 , pp. 1397-1401
    • Frank, S.1
  • 20
    • 2942528684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria
    • (doi:10.1038/nature02486)
    • Recker M, Nee S, Bull P, Kinyanjui S, Marsh K, Newbold C, Gupta S. 2004 Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria. Nature 429, 555-558. (doi:10.1038/nature02486)
    • (2004) Nature , vol.429 , pp. 555-558
    • Recker, M.1    Nee, S.2    Bull, P.3    Kinyanjui, S.4    Marsh, K.5    Newbold, C.6    Gupta, S.7
  • 21
    • 34249944947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasite-intrinsic factors can explain ordered progression of trypanosome antigenic variation
    • 095-8100(doi:10.1073/pnas.0606206104)
    • Lythgoe K, Morrism LJ, Read A, Barry J. 2007 Parasite-intrinsic factors can explain ordered progression of trypanosome antigenic variation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 104, 8095-8100. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0606206104)
    • (2007) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA , vol.104
    • Lythgoe, K.1    Morrism, L.J.2    Read, A.3    Barry, J.4
  • 22
    • 77957568543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical interplay between parasite differentiation, host immunity, and antigenic variation in trypanosome infections
    • (doi:10.1086/656276)
    • Gjini E, Haydon D, Barry J, Cobbold C. 2010 Critical interplay between parasite differentiation, host immunity, and antigenic variation in trypanosome infections. Am. Nat. 176, 424-439. (doi:10.1086/656276)
    • (2010) Am. Nat , vol.176 , pp. 424-439
    • Gjini, E.1    Haydon, D.2    Barry, J.3    Cobbold, C.4
  • 23
    • 44249121309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium falciparum antigenic variation. mapping mosaic var gene sequences onto a network of shared, highly polymorphic sequence blocks
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06248.x)
    • Bull P, Buckee C, Kyes S, Kortok M, Thathy V, Guyah B, Stoute J, Newbold C, Marsh K. 2008 Plasmodium falciparum antigenic variation. mapping mosaic var gene sequences onto a network of shared, highly polymorphic sequence blocks. Mol. Microbiol. 68, 1519-1534.(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06248.x)
    • (2008) Mol. Microbiol , vol.68 , pp. 1519-1534
    • Bull, P.1    Buckee, C.2    Kyes, S.3    Kortok, M.4    Thathy, V.5    Guyah, B.6    Stoute, J.7    Newbold, C.8    Marsh, K.9
  • 24
    • 77952329013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genome sequence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, causative agent of chronic human African trypanosomiasis
    • (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd. 0000658)
    • Jackson A et al. 2010 The genome sequence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, causative agent of chronic human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4, e658. (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd. 0000658)
    • (2010) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis , vol.4
    • Jackson, A.1
  • 25
    • 0003485106 scopus 로고
    • Gravity models of spatial interaction behaviour
    • Germany: Springer
    • Sen A, Smith T. 1995 Gravity models of spatial interaction behaviour. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
    • (1995) Berlin
    • Sen, A.1    Smith, T.2
  • 26
    • 79953288741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria involves a highly structured switching pattern
    • (doi:10.1371/ journal.ppat.1001306)
    • Recker M, Buckee C, Serazin A, Kyes S, Pinches R, Christodolou Z, Springer A, Gupta S, Newbold C. 2011 Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria involves a highly structured switching pattern. PLOS Pathog. 7, e1001306. (doi:10.1371/ journal.ppat.1001306)
    • (2011) PLOS Pathog , vol.7
    • Recker, M.1    Buckee, C.2    Serazin, A.3    Kyes, S.4    Pinches, R.5    Christodolou, Z.6    Springer, A.7    Gupta, S.8    Newbold, C.9
  • 27
    • 34250009026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable switching rates of malaria virulence genes are associated with chromosomal position
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1365-, 2958.2007.05736.x)
    • Frank M, Dzikowski R, Amulic B, Deitsch K. 2007 Variable switching rates of malaria virulence genes are associated with chromosomal position. Mol. Microbiol. 64, 1486-1498. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05736.x)
    • (2007) Mol. Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1486-1498
    • Frank, M.1    Dzikowski, R.2    Amulic, B.3    Deitsch, K.4
  • 28
    • 77949513474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen diversity in the parasitic bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum arises from selectively-represented, spatially clustered functional pseudogenes
    • (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008265)
    • Foley J, Nieto J, Barbet A, Foley P. 2009 Antigen diversity in the parasitic bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum arises from selectively-represented, spatially clustered functional pseudogenes. PLoS ONE 4, e8265. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008265)
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4
    • Foley, J.1    Nieto, J.2    Barbet, A.3    Foley, P.4
  • 29
    • 34547962985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion is a convergent strategy for pathogen antigenic variation
    • (doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.008)
    • Palmer G, Brayton K. 2007 Gene conversion is a convergent strategy for pathogen antigenic variation. Trends Parasitol. 23, 408-413. (doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.008)
    • (2007) Trends Parasitol , vol.23 , pp. 408-413
    • Palmer, G.1    Brayton, K.2
  • 30
    • 49049118638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking within and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious disease
    • (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.009)
    • Mideo N, Alizon S, Day T. 2008 Linking within and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious disease. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8 23, 511-517. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.009)
    • (2008) Trends Ecol. Evol , vol.23 , pp. 511-517
    • Mideo, N.1    Alizon, S.2    Day, T.3
  • 31
    • 0024712851 scopus 로고
    • A single trypanosome is sufficient to infect a tsetse fly
    • Maudlin I, Welburn S. 1989 A single trypanosome is sufficient to infect a tsetse fly. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 83, 431-433.
    • (1989) Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol , vol.83 , pp. 431-433
    • Maudlin, I.1    Welburn, S.2
  • 32
    • 24744452371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmissibility of Trypanosoma brucei during its development in cattle
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01467.x)
    • Van den Bossche P, Ky-Zerbo, A, Brandt J, Marcotty T, Geerts S, De Deken R. 2005 Transmissibility of Trypanosoma brucei during its development in cattle. Trop. Med. Int. Health 10, 833-839. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01467.x)
    • (2005) Trop. Med. Int. Health , vol.10 , pp. 833-839
    • Van den Bossche, P.1    Ky-Zerbo, A.2    Brandt, J.M.T.3    Geerts, S.4    de Deken, R.5
  • 33
    • 34548321748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggregation in malaria parasites places limits on mosquito infection rates
    • (doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2007.04.004)
    • Paul R, Bonnet S, Boudin C, Tchuinkam T, Robert V. 2007 Aggregation in malaria parasites places limits on mosquito infection rates. Infect. Genet. Evol. 7, 577-586. (doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2007.04.004)
    • (2007) Infect. Genet. Evol , vol.7 , pp. 577-586
    • Paul, R.1    Bonnet, S.2    Boudin, C.3    Tchuinkam, T.4    Robert, V.5
  • 34
    • 0025159677 scopus 로고
    • On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio r0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations
    • (doi:10.1007/BF00178324)
    • Diekmann O, Heesterbeek J, Metz J. 1990 On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio r0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations. J. Math. Biol. 28, 365-382. (doi:10.1007/BF00178324)
    • (1990) J. Math. Biol , vol.28 , pp. 365-382
    • Diekmann, O.1    Heesterbeek, J.2    Metz, J.3
  • 35
    • 78650697335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unknown risk of vertical transmission in sleeping sickness: A literature review
    • (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000783)
    • Lindner AK, Priotto G. 2010 The unknown risk of vertical transmission in sleeping sickness: a literature review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4, e783. (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000783)
    • (2010) PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis , vol.4
    • Lindner, A.K.1    Priotto, G.2
  • 37
    • 0007001253 scopus 로고
    • The ecological implications of body size
    • New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
    • Peters R. 1983 The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge studies in ecology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1983) Cambridge Studies In Ecology
    • Peters, R.1
  • 38
    • 2342559084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some scaling principles for the immune system
    • (doi:10.1046/j.0818-9641.2004.01229.x)
    • Perelson A, Wiegel F. 2004 Some scaling principles for the immune system. lmmunol. Cell Biol. 82, 127-131. (doi:10.1046/j.0818-9641.2004.01229.x)
    • (2004) Lmmunol. Cell Biol , vol.82 , pp. 127-131
    • Perelson, A.1    Wiegel, F.2
  • 39
    • 8744230965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of pathogens with multiple host species
    • (doi:10.1086/424681)
    • Dobson A. 2004 Population dynamics of pathogens with multiple host species. Am. Nat. 164, S64-S78. (doi:10.1086/424681)
    • (2004) Am. Nat , vol.164
    • Dobson, A.1
  • 40
    • 42649110689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The allometry of host-pathogen interactions
    • (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001130)
    • Cable J, Enquist B, Moses M. 2007 The allometry of host-pathogen interactions. PLoS ONE 2, e1130. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001130)
    • (2007) PLoS ONE , vol.2
    • Cable, J.1    Enquist, B.2    Moses, M.3
  • 41
    • 41149115038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body-size scaling in an SEI model of wildlife diseases
    • (doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2007.12.003)
    • Bolzoni L, De Leo G, Gatto M, Dobson A. 2008 Body-size scaling in an SEI model of wildlife diseases. Theor. Popul. Biol. 73, 374-382. (doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2007.12.003)
    • (2008) Theor. Popul. Biol , vol.73 , pp. 374-382
    • Bolzoni, L.1    de Leo, G.2    Gatto, M.3    Dobson, A.4
  • 42
    • 0021924078 scopus 로고
    • The role of humoral immune responses in determining susceptibility of A/J and C57BL/6 mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00479.x)
    • Morrison W, Murray M. 1985 The role of humoral immune responses in determining susceptibility of A/J and C57BL/6 mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense. Parasite Immunol. 7, 63-79. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00479.x)
    • (1985) Parasite Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 63-79
    • Morrison, W.1    Murray, M.2
  • 43
    • 0022656606 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation during Trypanosoma vivax infections of different host species
    • (doi:10.1017/ S0031182000063447)
    • Barry J. 1986 Antigenic variation during Trypanosoma vivax infections of different host species. Parasitology 92, 51-65. (doi:10.1017/ S0031182000063447)
    • (1986) Parasitology , vol.92 , pp. 51-65
    • Barry, J.1
  • 44
    • 0032005105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses of cattle to African trypanosomes: Protective or pathogenic
    • (doi:10.1016/S0020-, 7519(97)00154-9)
    • Taylor K. 1998 Immune responses of cattle to African trypanosomes: protective or pathogenic? Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 219-240. (doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00154-9)
    • (1998) Int. J. Parasitol , vol.28 , pp. 219-240
    • Taylor, K.1
  • 45
    • 0021085051 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and genetics in coevolution of parasites and hosts
    • (doi:10.1098/ rspb.1983.0075)
    • May RM, Anderson R. 1983 Epidemiology and genetics in coevolution of parasites and hosts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 219, 281-313. (doi:10.1098/ rspb.1983.0075)
    • (1983) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.219 , pp. 281-313
    • May, R.M.1    Anderson, R.2
  • 46
    • 79955066245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission stages dominate trypanosome within host dynamics during chronic infections
    • (doi:10.1016/j.chom. 2011.03.013)
    • MacGregor P, Savill N, Hall D, Matthews K. 2011 Transmission stages dominate trypanosome within host dynamics during chronic infections. Cell Host Microbe 9, 310-318. (doi:10.1016/j.chom. 2011.03.013)
    • (2011) Cell Host Microbe , vol.9 , pp. 310-318
    • Macgregor, P.1    Savill, N.2    Hall, D.3    Matthews, K.4
  • 47
    • 0000432785 scopus 로고
    • Selection of intermediate rates of increase in parasite host systems
    • (doi:10.1086/283708)
    • Levin S, Pimental D. 1981 Selection of intermediate rates of increase in parasite host systems. Am. Nat. 117, 308-315. (doi:10.1086/283708)
    • (1981) Am. Nat , vol.117 , pp. 308-315
    • Levin, S.1    Pimental, D.2
  • 48
    • 0020335555 scopus 로고
    • Coevolution of hosts and parasites
    • (doi:10.1017/ S0031182000055360)
    • Anderson R, May R. 1982 Coevolution of hosts and parasites. Parasitology 85, 411-426. (doi:10.1017/ S0031182000055360)
    • (1982) Parasitology , vol.85 , pp. 411-426
    • Anderson, R.1    May, R.2
  • 49
    • 0020901334 scopus 로고
    • Host parasite relations, vectors and the evolution of disease severity
    • (doi:10.1146/ nnurev.es.14.110183.002341)
    • Ewald PW. 1983 Host parasite relations, vectors and the evolution of disease severity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14, 465-485. (doi:10.1146/ nnurev.es.14.110183.002341)
    • (1983) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst , vol.14 , pp. 465-485
    • Ewald, P.W.1
  • 50
    • 0026359348 scopus 로고
    • Optimal growth schedule of pathogens within a host: Switching between lytic and latent cycles
    • (doi:10.1016/0040-809(91)90036-F)
    • Sasaki A, Iwasa Y. 1991 Optimal growth schedule of pathogens within a host: switching between lytic and latent cycles. J. Theor. Popul. Biol. 39, 201-239. (doi:10.1016/0040-809(91)90036-F)
    • (1991) J. Theor. Popul. Biol , vol.39 , pp. 201-239
    • Sasaki, A.1    Iwasa, Y.2
  • 51
    • 46749088599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmissionvirulence trade-offs in vector-borne diseases
    • (doi:10.1016/j.tpb. 2008.04.003)
    • Alizon S, van Baalen M. 2008 Transmissionvirulence trade-offs in vector-borne diseases. Theor. Pop. Biol. 74, 6-15. (doi:10.1016/j.tpb. 2008.04.003)
    • (2008) Theor. Pop Biol , vol.74 , pp. 6-15
    • Alizon, S.1    van Baalen, M.2
  • 52
    • 84975263995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral evolution under the pressure of an adaptive immune system: Optimal mutation rates for viral escape
    • (doi:10.1002/cplx.10067)
    • Kamp C, Wilke C, Adami C, Bornholdt S. 2002 Viral evolution under the pressure of an adaptive immune system: optimal mutation rates for viral escape. Complexity 8, 28-33. (doi:10.1002/cplx.10067)
    • (2002) Complexity , vol.8 , pp. 28-33
    • Kamp, C.1    Wilke, C.2    Adami, C.3    Bornholdt, S.4
  • 53
    • 84862118592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do antigenically varying pathogens avoid crosseactive responses to invariant antigens
    • (doi:10.1098/rspb. 2012.0005)
    • Johnson P, Kochin B, Ahmed R, Antia R. 2012 How do antigenically varying pathogens avoid crosseactive responses to invariant antigens? Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 2777-2785. (doi:10.1098/rspb. 2012.0005)
    • (2012) Proc. R. Soc , vol.279 , pp. 2777-2785
    • Johnson, P.1    Kochin, B.2    Ahmed, R.3    Antia, R.4
  • 54
    • 0029894768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents
    • (doi:10.1038/nm0496-437)
    • Gupta S, Maiden M, Feavers I, Nee S, May Rea. 1996 The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents. Nat. Med. 2, 437-442 (doi:10.1038/nm0496-437)
    • (1996) Nat. Med , vol.2 , pp. 437-442
    • Gupta, S.1    Maiden, M.2    Feavers, I.3    Nee, S.4    Rea, M.5
  • 55
    • 9644257098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated model of Plasmodium falciparum dynamics
    • (doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.08.021)
    • McKenzie F, Bossert W. 2005 An integrated model of Plasmodium falciparum dynamics. J. Theor. Biol. 232, 411-426. (doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.08.021)
    • (2005) J. Theor. Biol , vol.232 , pp. 411-426
    • McKenzie, F.1    Bossert, W.2
  • 56
    • 84856574449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How selection forces dictate the variant surface antigens used by malaria parasites
    • (doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0239)
    • Severins M, Klinkenberg D, Heesterbeek H. 2012 How selection forces dictate the variant surface antigens used by malaria parasites. J. R. Soc. Interface 9, 246-260. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0239)
    • (2012) J. R. Soc. Interface , vol.9 , pp. 246-260
    • Severins, M.1    Klinkenberg, D.2    Heesterbeek, H.3
  • 57
    • 38849122050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers to antigenic escape by pathogens: Trade-off between reproductive rate and antigenic mutability
    • (doi:10.1186/1471148-7-229)
    • Frank SA, Bush R. 2007 Barriers to antigenic escape by pathogens: trade-off between reproductive rate and antigenic mutability. BMC Evol. Biol. 7, 229 (doi:10.1186/1471148-7-229)
    • (2007) BMC Evol Biol , vol.7 , pp. 229
    • Frank, S.A.1    Bush, R.2
  • 58
    • 79952117613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune selection and within-host competition can structure the repertoire of variant surface antigens in Plasmodium falciparum: A mathematical model
    • (doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0009778)
    • Van Noort SP, Nunes MC, Weedall GD, Hville L, Gomes MGM. 2010 Immune selection and within-host competition can structure the repertoire of variant surface antigens in Plasmodium falciparum: a mathematical model. PLoS ONE 5, e9778. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0009778)
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • van Noort, S.P.1    Nunes, M.C.2    Weedall, G.D.3    Hville, L.4    Gomes, M.G.M.5
  • 59
    • 0034078794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of virulence in a heterogeneous host population
    • (doi:10.1111/j. 0014-3820.2000.tb00008.x)
    • Regoes RR, Nowak MA, Bonhoeffer S. 2000 Evolution of virulence in a heterogeneous host population. Evolution 54, 64-71. (doi:10.1111/j. 0014-3820.2000.tb00008.x)
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 64-71
    • Regoes, R.R.1    Nowak, M.A.2    Bonhoeffer, S.3
  • 60
    • 0036126630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within host population dynamics of microparasites in a heterogeneous host population
    • doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002. tb01332.x)
    • Ganusov V, Bergstrom CT, Antia R. 2002 Within host population dynamics of microparasites in a heterogeneous host population. Evolution 56, 213-223. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002. tb01332.x)
    • (2002) Evolution , vol.56 , pp. 213-223
    • Ganusov, V.1    Bergstrom, C.T.2    Antia, R.3
  • 61
    • 77956896582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress, drugs and the evolution of reproductive restraint in malaria parasites
    • (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0564)
    • Reece S, Ali E, Schneider P, Babiker H. 2010 Stress, drugs and the evolution of reproductive restraint in malaria parasites. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 3123-3129 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0564)
    • (2010) Proc. R. Soc , vol.277 , pp. 3123-3129
    • Reece, S.1    Ali, E.2    Schneider, P.3    Babiker, H.4
  • 62
    • 79952257324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling and coordinating development in vector-transmitted parasites
    • (doi:10.1126/science. 1198077)
    • Matthews K. 2011 Controlling and coordinating development in vector-transmitted parasites. Science 331, 1149-1153. (doi:10.1126/science. 1198077)
    • (2011) Science , vol.331 , pp. 1149-1153
    • Matthews, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.