Current treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 14, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1319-1332

  Liapikou, Adamantia ^a   Torres, Antonio ^b  

^a SOTIRIA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Community acquired pneumonia; Guidelines; Steroids; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMINOPENICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAROLINE; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CETHROMYCIN; CILASTATIN PLUS IMIPENEM; CIPROFLOXACIN; CL 05 001; CL 06 001; CLARITHROMYCIN; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DORIPENEM; DOXYCYCLINE; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; MEROPENEM; MOXIFLOXACIN; OSELTAMIVIR; PENICILLIN G; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; SOLITHROMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TIGECYCLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; ZANAMIVIR;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; ALLERGIC REACTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL CLEARANCE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DIARRHEA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSGEUSIA; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LOADING DRUG DOSE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NAUSEA; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; VOMITING;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; PNEUMONIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84878893147     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: 17447666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.798647     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Welte T, Kohnlein T. Global and local epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia: the experience of the CAPNETZ network. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2009;30:127-35
2. Nair GB, Niederman MS. Community acquired pneumonia: an unfinished battle. Med Clin North Am 2011;95:1143-61
3. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious diseases society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 2):S27-72
4. Woodhead M. New guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2011;38(6):1250-1
5. Torres A, Barberan J, Falguera M, en nombre del Grupo de la Gua Multidisciplinar para el Manejo de la Neumona Adquirida en la Comunidad. Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Med Clin (Barc) 2013;140(5):223; e1-223.e19. Spanish
6. Dambrava PG, Torres A, Valles X, et al. Adherence to guidelines' empirical antibiotic recommendations and community-acquired pneumonia outcome. Eur Respir J 2008;32(4):892-901
7. Bod M, Rodrguez A, Sole-Violan J, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intensive Care Units (CAPUCI) Study Investigators. Antibiotic prescription for community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: impact of adherence to Infectious diseases Society of America guidelines on survival. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(12):1709-16
8. McCabe C, Kirchner C, Zhang H, et al. Guideline concordant therapy and reduced mortality and length of stay in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: playing by the rules. Ann Intern Med 2009;169(16):1525-31
9. Frei CR, Attridge RT, Mortensen EM, et al. Guideline-concordant antibiotic use and survival among patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit. Clin Ther 2010;32:293-9
10. Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:637-44
11. Waterer GW, Kessler LA, Wunderink RG. Delayed administration of antibiotics and atypical presentation in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2006;130(1):11-15
12. van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomized study. Thorax. 2005; 60(8):672-8.
13. Niederman M, Luna C. Community acquired pneumonia guidelines: a global perspective. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2012;33:298-310
14. Rodrguez A, Mendia A, Sirvent JM, CAPUCI Study Group. Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock. Crit Care Med 2007;35(6):1493-8
15. File T. The science of selecting antimicrobials for community -acquired pneumonia (CAP). J Manag Care Pharm 2009;15(2 Suppl):S5-11
16. Soy D, Badia JR, Torres A. Antibiotic dosage regimens in respiratory tract infections in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic era. Curr Respir Med Rev 2006;2(1):89-97; 9
17. Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic optimization of b-lactams in the patient care setting. Crit Care 2008;12:S2
18. Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP, et al. High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37(6):752-60
19. Shorr AF, Khashab MM, Xiang JX, et al. Levofloxacin 750-mg for 5 days for the treatment of hospitalized fine risk class III/IV community-acquired pneumonia patients. Respir Med 2006;100(12):2129-36
20. Burgess DS, Hall RG II. Simulated comparison of the pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteers and 2002 minimum inhibitory concentration data. Clin Ther 2007;29(7):1421-7
21. Young RJ, Lipman J, Gin T, et al. Intermittent bolus dosing of ceftazidime in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:269-73
22. Ambrose PG, Quindliani R, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Continuous vs. intermittent infusion of cefuroxime for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1998;7:463-70
23. Goncalves-Pereira J, Povoa P. Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of b-lactams. Crit Care 2011;15(5):13; Review
24. Roberts JA, Webb S, Paterson D, et al. A systematic review on clinical benefits of continuous administration of b-lactam antibiotics. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2071-8
25. Kasiakou SK, Sermaides GJ, Michalopoulos A, et al. Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibiotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:581-9
26. Menendez R, Torres A, Reyes S, et al. Initial management of pneumonia and sepsis: factors associated with improved outcome. Eur Respir J 2012;39(1):156-62
27. Menendez R, Torres A, Aspa J, et al. Sociedad Espanola de Neumologa y Ciruga Toracica.Community acquired pneumonia. New guidelines of the Spanish Society of Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR)]. Arch Bronconeumol 2010;46(10):543-58
28. Scalera NM, File TM Jr. Determining the duration of therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013;15(2):191-5
29. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:84-93
30. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin based guidelines vs. standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302:1059-66
31. Critchley IA, Brown SD, Traczewski MM, et al. National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(12):4382-9
32. Available from: http://www.earss.rivm.nl
33. Peterson LR. Penicillins for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia: does in vitro resistance really matter? Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:224-33
34. Mufson MA, Chan G, Stanek RJ. Penicillin resistance not a factor in outcome from invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in adults when appropriate empiric therapy is started. Am J Med Sci 2007;333:161-7
35. File TM Jr. The development of pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin/clavulanate for the management of respiratory tract infections in adults. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;30(Suppl 2):S131-4
36. Daneman N, McGeer A, Green K, Low DE. Macrolide resistance in bacteremic pneumococcal disease: implications for patient management. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(4):432-8
37. File TM Jr, Low DE, Eckburg PB, et al. Integrated analysis of FOCUS 1 and FOCUS 2: randomized, doubled-blinded, multicenter phase 3 trials of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline fosamil versus ceftriaxone in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(12):1395-405 ceftaroline group were numerically higher than those for the ceftriaxone group, well tolerated and with a safety profile similar to that of ceftriaxone.
38. Arnold FW, Summersgill JT, Lajoie AS, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) Investigators. A worldwide perspective of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175(10):1086-93
39. Mills GD, Oehley MR, Arrol B. Effectiveness of b-lactam antibiotics compared with antibiotics active against atypical pathogens in non-severe community acquired pneumonia: meta-analysis. BMJ 2005;330:456-60
40. Maimon N, Nopmaneejumruslers C, Marras TK. Antibacterial class is not obviously important in outpatient pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2008;31(5):1068-76
41. Siddiqui J. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides: implications for practicing clinicians. Am J Med 2004;117:26S-9S
42. Waterer GW, Rello J, Wunderink RG. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:157-64
43. Anderson R, Steel HC, Cockeran R, et al. Comparison of the effects of macrolides, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, tobramycin and fluoroquinolones, on the production of pneumolysin by Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:1155-8
44. Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Waterer GW, et al. Impact of macrolide therapy on mortality for patients with severe sepsis due to pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2009;33:153-9
45. Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:610-20
46. Metersky ML, Ma A, Houck PM, Bratzler DW. Antibiotics for bacteremic pneumonia: improved outcomes with macrolides but not fluoroquinolones. Chest 2007;131:466-73
47. Falguera M, Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Schoenenberger JA, et al. Prospective, randomized study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2010;65:101-6
48. Jones RN, Farrell DJ, Mendes RE, Sader HS. Comparative ceftaroline activity tested against pathogens associated with community-acquired pneumonia: results from an international surveillance study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66(Suppl 3):iii69-80
49. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/ pressannouncements/ucm231594.htm
50. Bradford PA, Petersen PJ, Tuckman M, Jones CH. In vitro activity of tigecycline and occurrence of tetracycline resistance determinants in isolates from patients enrolled in phase 3 clinical trials for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14:882-6
51. McKeage K, Keating GM. Tigecycline: in community-acquired pneumonia. Drugs 2008;68:2633-44
52. Bergallo C, Jasovich A, Teglia O, et al. 308 Study Group. Safety and efficacy of intravenous tigecycline in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: results from a double-blind randomized phase 3 comparison study with levofloxacin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;63(1):52-61
53. Tanaseanu C, Milutinovic S, Calistru PI, et al. 313 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline versus levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Pulm Med 2009;9:44
54. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm224370.ht
55. English ML, Fredericks CE, Milanesio NA, et al. Cethromycin versus clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety outcomes from two double-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter, multinational noninferiority studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(4):2037-47
56. Kobayashi Y, Wada H, Rossios C, et al. A novel macrolide solithromycin exerts superior anti-inflammatory effect via NF-kB inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013;345(1):76-84
57. Available from: http://www.prnewswire. com/news-releases/cempra-inc- announcesinitiation-of-oral-solithromycin-globalphase-3-clinical-trial-in- patients-withcommunity-acquired-bacterialpneumonia-184082501.html
58. Schreiber MP, Chan CM, Shorr AF. Resistant pathogens in nonnosocomial pneumonia and respiratory failure: is it time to refine the definition of health-care-associated pneumonia? Chest 2010;137:1283-8
59. Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM, et al. Health care-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3568-73
60. Rubinstein E, Kollef MH, Nathwani D. Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(Suppl 5):S378-85; Review
61. Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Singanayagam A, et al. Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes in health care-associated pneumonia: a UK cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:107; e13
62. Garcia-Vidal C, Viasus D, Roset A, et al. Low incidence of multidrug resistant organisms in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:1659-65
63. Attridge RT, Frei CR, Restrepo MI, et al. Guideline-concordant therapy and outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2011;38:878-87
64. Grenier C, Pepin J, Nault V, et al. Impact of guideline-consistent therapy on outcome of patients with healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1617-24
65. Ewig S, Welte T. Adding fuel to the flames? It is time to leave HCAP. Respir Med 2012;106(9):1309-10
66. Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Reichley R, et al. Validation of a clinical score for assessing the risk of resistant pathogens in patients with pneumonia presenting to the emergency department. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(2):193-8
67. Aliberti S, Zanaboni AM, Blasi F. Pneumonia in the community caused by multidrug-resistant organisms: keep working on probabilistic scores. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(10):1519-20
68. Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids-new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 2005;353(16):1711-23; Review
69. Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J, et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med 1990;323(21):1451-7
70. Confalonieri M, Urbino R, Potena A, et al. Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia: a preliminary randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:242-8
71. Sabry NA, Omar EE-D. Corticosteroids and ICU course of community acquired pneumonia in Egyptian settings. Pharmacol Pharm 2011;2:73-81
72. Fernandez-Serrano S, Dorca J, Garcia-Vidal C, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on the clinical course of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2011;15:R96
73. Snijders D, Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:975-82
74. Meijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts HH, et al. Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2023-30
75. Mikami K, Suzuki M, Kitagawa H, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Lung 2007;185:249-55
76. Polverino E, Cilloniz C, Dambrava P, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for community-acquired pneumonia: reasons for use and lack of benefit on outcome. Respirology 2013;18(2):263-71
77. Nie W, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Xiu Q. Corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012;7(10):e47926
78. Confalonieri M, Annane D, Antonaglia C, et al. Is prolonged low-dose glucocorticoid treatment beneficial in community-acquired pneumonia? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013;15(2):158-66
79. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 2008;36:296-327
80. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00973154
81. Choi G, Hofstra JJ, Roelofs JJ, et al. Antithrombin inhibits bronchoalveolar activation of coagulation and limits lung injury during Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia in rats. Crit Care Med 2008;36(1):204-10
82. Jaimes F, De La Rosa G, Morales C, et al. Unfractioned heparin for treatment of sepsis: a randomized clinical trial (The HETRASE Study). Crit Care Med 2009;37(4):1185-96
83. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: american College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):381S-453S
84. Confalonieri M, Potena A, Carbone G, et al. Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160(5 Pt 1):1585-91
85. Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1438-44
86. Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Myit S, Mach F. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med 2000;6(12):1399-402
87. Steiner S, Speid WS, Pleiner J, et al. Simvastatin blunts endotoxin-induced tissue factor in vivo. Circulation 2005;111(14):1841-6
88. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Murray MP, Hill AT. Prior statin use is associated with improved outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2008;121(11):1002-7; e1
89. Yende S, Milbrandt EB, Kellum JA, et al. Understanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis. Crit Care Med 2011;39(8):1871-8
90. Douglas I, Evans S, Smeeth L. Effect of statin treatment on short term mortality after pneumonia episode: cohort study. BMJ 2011;342:d1642
91. Ramirez J, Aliberti S, Mirsaeidi M, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(2):182-7
92. Khan AR, Riaz M, Bin Abdulhak AA, et al. The role of statins in prevention and treatment of community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e52929