메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 370-381

Limitations on the accuracy of model predictions of wildland fire behaviour: A state-of-the-knowledge overview

Author keywords

Fire behaviour prediction; Fire environment; Fire modelling; Model applicability; Model input accuracy; Model relationships; Rate of fire spread

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; FORECASTING;

EID: 84878869918     PISSN: 00157546     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5558/tfc2013-067     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (66)

References (199)
  • 3
    • 0003463557 scopus 로고
    • Estimating wildfire behavior and effects
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden
    • Albini, F.A. 1976a. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-30.92 p.
    • (1976) UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-30 , pp. 92
    • Albini, F.A.1
  • 6
    • 84864923810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model for predicting the maximum potential spotting distance from a crown fire
    • Albini, F.A., M.E. Alexander and M.G. Cruz. 2012. A mathematical model for predicting the maximum potential spotting distance from a crown fire. Int. J. Wildland Fire 21:609-627.
    • (2012) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.21 , pp. 609-627
    • Albini, F.A.1    Alexander, M.E.2    Cruz, M.G.3
  • 7
    • 0347527297 scopus 로고
    • Predicting fire behavior in U.S. Mediterranean ecosystems
    • C.E. Conrad and W.C. Oechel (tech. coords.)., USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Berkeley, CA
    • Albini, F.A. and E.B. Anderson. 1982. Predicting fire behavior in U.S. Mediterranean ecosystems. In C.E. Conrad and W.C. Oechel (tech. coords.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean Ecosystems, pp. 483-489. USDA For. Serv., Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58.
    • (1982) Proceedings of the Symposium on Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean Ecosystems, Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58 , pp. 483-489
    • Albini, F.A.1    Anderson, E.B.2
  • 8
    • 84899649331 scopus 로고
    • User's guide to debris prediction and hazard appraisal
    • USDA For. Serv. North. Reg., Missoula, MT
    • Albini, F.A., J.K. Brown, D.L Bunnell, W.C. Fischer and J.V. Puck-ett. 1977. User's guide to debris prediction and hazard appraisal. USDA For. Serv., North. Reg., Fire Aviation Manage., Missoula, MT. 34 p.
    • (1977) Fire Aviation Manage , pp. 34
    • Albini, F.A.1    Brown, J.K.2    Bunnell, D.L.3    Fischer, W.C.4    Puck-Ett, J.V.5
  • 9
    • 0013229815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire behaviour as a factor in forest and rural fire suppression
    • For. Res. Rotorua in assoc. N.Z. Fire Serv. Comm. and Natl. Rural Fire Authority, Wellington
    • Alexander, M.E. 2000a. Fire behaviour as a factor in forest and rural fire suppression. For. Res., Rotorua in assoc. N.Z. Fire Serv. Comm. and Natl. Rural Fire Authority, Wellington, New Zealand For. Res. Bull. No. 197, For. Rural Fire Sci. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 5.28 p.
    • (2000) New Zealand For. Res. Bull. No. 197, For. Rural Fire Sci. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 5 , pp. 28
    • Alexander, M.E.1
  • 10
    • 85036769114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior knowledge gaps (& research needs) pertaining to ecosystem management
    • Invited paper presented at the, (Nov. 8-10, 2000, Edmonton, AB). Available at, [Accessed 22 December 2012
    • Alexander, M.E. 2000b. Fire behavior knowledge gaps (& research needs) pertaining to ecosystem management. Invited paper presented at the Workshop on Integrated Resource Management in Ecosystems Dominated by High Intensity Fire: Challenges, Tools and Solutions (Nov. 8-10, 2000, Edmonton, AB). 6 p. Available at http://www.frames.gov/documents/catalog/alexander-2000-high- intensity-fire.pdf [Accessed 22 December 2012], .
    • (2000) Workshop on Integrated Resource Management in Ecosystems Dominated by High Intensity Fire: Challenges, Tools and Solutions , pp. 6
    • Alexander, M.E.1
  • 11
    • 84899635857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior in moderately heavy logging slash: Documenting the past with photographs
    • DX Viegas (ed.). (CD-ROM) Univ. Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
    • Alexander, M.E. 2010. Fire behavior in moderately heavy logging slash: Documenting the past with photographs. In DX Viegas (ed.). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Forest Fire Research. (CD-ROM) Univ. Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 12 p.
    • (2010) th International Conference on Forest Fire Research , pp. 12
    • Alexander, M.E.1
  • 12
    • 34247279799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating a model for predicting active crown fire rate of spread using wildfire observations
    • Alexander, M.E. and M.G. Cruz. 2006. Evaluating a model for predicting active crown fire rate of spread using wildfire observations. Can. J. For. Res. 36:3015-3028.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 3015-3028
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Cruz, M.G.2
  • 13
    • 77954115712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CFIS: A software tool for simulating crown fire initiation and spread
    • In D.X. Viegas (ed.). (CD-ROM) Elsevier B.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Alexander, M.E., M.G. Cruz and A.M.G. Lopes. 2006. CFIS: A software tool for simulating crown fire initiation and spread. In D.X. Viegas (ed.). Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Forest Fire Research. (CD-ROM) Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 17 p.
    • (2006) th International Conference on Forest Fire Research , pp. 17
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Cruz, M.G.2    Lopes, A.M.G.3
  • 16
    • 0025546092 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on experimental fires in canadian forestry research
    • Alexander, M.E. and D. Quintilio. 1990. Perspectives on experimental fires in Canadian forestry research. Math. Comp. Model. 13(12):17-26.
    • (1990) Math. Comp. Model. , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 17-26
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Quintilio, D.2
  • 17
    • 0003773265 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior in black spruce-lichen woodland: The porter lake project
    • For. Can. Northwest Reg. North. For. Cent. Edmonton
    • Alexander, M.E., B.J. Stocks and B.D. Lawson. 1991. Fire behavior in black spruce-lichen woodland: The Porter Lake Project. For. Can., Northwest Reg., North. For. Cent., Edmonton, AB. Inf. Rep. NOR- X-310.44 p.
    • (1991) AB. Inf. Rep. NOR- X-310 , pp. 44
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Stocks, B.J.2    Lawson, B.D.3
  • 18
    • 77951869147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire behavior case studies and the 1938 honey fire controversy
    • Alexander, M.E. and S.W. Taylor. 2010. Wildland fire behavior case studies and the 1938 Honey Fire controversy. Fire Manage. Today 70(1): 15-25.
    • (2010) Fire Manage. Today , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-25
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Taylor, S.W.2
  • 19
    • 34247238811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire behavior case studies and analyses: Value, approaches, and practical uses
    • Alexander, M.E. and D.A. Ihomas. 2003a. Wildland fire behavior case studies and analyses: Value, approaches, and practical uses. Fire Manage. Today 63(3): 4-8.
    • (2003) Fire Manage. Today , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 4-8
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Ihomas, D.A.2
  • 20
    • 34247238811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire behavior case studies and analyses: Other examples, methods, reporting stan-dards, and some practical advice
    • Alexander, M.E. and D.A. Ihomas. 2003b. Wildland fire behavior case studies and analyses: Other examples, methods, reporting standards, and some practical advice. Fire Manage. Today 63(4): 4-12.
    • (2003) Fire Manage. Today , vol.63 , Issue.4 , pp. 4-12
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Ihomas, D.A.2
  • 21
    • 33644831943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forecasting wildland fire behavior: Aids and guides, and knowledge-based protocols
    • Alexander, M.E. and D.A. Ihomas. 2004. Forecasting wildland fire behavior: Aids and guides, and knowledge-based protocols. Fire Manage Today 64(1): 4-11.
    • (2004) Fire Manage Today , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-11
    • Alexander, M.E.1    Ihomas, D.A.2
  • 24
    • 78149458152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A climatologically based long-range fire growth model
    • Anderson, K. 2010. A climatologically based long-range fire growth model. Int. J. Wildland Fire 19:879-894.
    • (2010) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.19 , pp. 879-894
    • Anderson, K.1
  • 26
    • 84860001381 scopus 로고
    • Methods for predicting fire behavior - you do have a choice
    • Notes
    • Andrews, P.L 1986. Methods for predicting fire behavior - you do have a choice. Fire Manage. Notes 47(2): 6-10.
    • (1986) Fire Manage , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 6-10
    • Andrews, P.L.1
  • 27
    • 70349131258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaveplus fire modeling system: Past, present, and future
    • October 23-25, 2007, Bar Harbor, Maine. Am. Meteor. Soc. Boston, MA. Available at, [Accessed 10 November 2012
    • Andrews, P.L. 2007. BehavePlus fire modeling system: past, present, and future. In Proceedings of 7th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorological Society, October 23-25, 2007, Bar Harbor, Maine. Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA. 13 p. Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs-other/rmrs-2007-andrews-p002.pdf [Accessed 10 November 2012].
    • (2007) th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorological Society , pp. 13
    • Andrews, P.L.1
  • 28
    • 84856501656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling wind adjustment factor and mid flame wind speed for rothermel's surface fire spread model
    • USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. Res. Stn. Fort Collins, CO
    • Andrews, P.L. 2012. Modeling wind adjustment factor and midflame wind speed for Rothermel's surface fire spread model. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mtn. Res. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-266.39 p.
    • (2012) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-266 , pp. 39
    • Andrews, P.L.1
  • 29
    • 33745193428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaveplus fire modeling system, version 4.0: User's guide
    • USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. Res. Stn. Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Revised
    • Andrews, P.L., C.D. Bevins and R.C. Seli. 2008. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 4.0: User's guide. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mtn. Res. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- 106WWW Revised. 116 p.
    • (2008) Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- 106WWW , pp. 116
    • Andrews, P.L.1    Bevins, C.D.2    Seli, R.C.3
  • 30
    • 0036184573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty propagation in wildland fire behaviour modelling
    • Bachmann, A. and B. Allgower. 2002. Uncertainty propagation in wildland fire behaviour modelling. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 16:115-127.
    • (2002) Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 115-127
    • Bachmann, A.1    Allgower, B.2
  • 31
    • 84899642479 scopus 로고
    • Rate of forest fire spread and resistance to control in fuel types of the eastern region
    • Banks, W.G. and H.C. Frayer. 1966. Rate of forest fire spread and resistance to control in fuel types of the Eastern Region. Fire Control Notes 27(2): 10-13.
    • (1966) Fire Control Notes , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 10-13
    • Banks, W.G.1    Frayer, H.C.2
  • 32
    • 0346482292 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. North. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Missoula, MT. Stn. Pap. 29. + Appendices
    • Barrows, J.S. 1951. Fire behavior in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. USDA For. Serv., North. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Missoula, MT. Stn. Pap. 29.103 p. + Appendices.
    • (1951) Fire Behavior in Northern Rocky Mountain Forests , pp. 103
    • Barrows, J.S.1
  • 34
    • 0010944454 scopus 로고
    • Equations for the forest fire behaviour tables for Western Australia
    • Beck, J.A. 1995. Equations for the Forest Fire Behaviour Tables for Western Australia. CALM Sci. 1:325-348.
    • (1995) CALM Sci. , vol.1 , pp. 325-348
    • Beck, J.A.1
  • 37
    • 84899627379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical background of the fireline assessment method (flame)
    • B.W. Butler and W. Cook (comps.)., USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. Res. Stn. Fort Collins, CO. Proc. RMRS-P-46CD
    • Bishop, J. 2007. Technical background of the FireLine Assessment Method (FLAME). In B.W. Butler and W. Cook (comps.). The Fire Environment - Innovations, Management, and Policy; Conference Proceedings, pp. 27-74. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mt. Res. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Proc. RMRS-P-46CD.
    • (2007) The Fire Environment - Innovations, Management, and Policy; Conference Proceedings , pp. 27-74
    • Bishop, J.1
  • 40
    • 85040296692 scopus 로고
    • Fuel and fire behavior prediction in big sagebrush
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden
    • Brown, J.K. 1982. Fuel and fire behavior prediction in big sagebrush. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. INT-290.10 p.
    • (1982) UT. Res. Pap. INT-290 , pp. 10
    • Brown, J.K.1
  • 42
    • 84899631701 scopus 로고
    • Fire danger/fire behavior computations with the texas instruments '11-59 calculator: User's manual
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT
    • Burgan, R. E. 1979. Fire danger/fire behavior computations with the Texas Instruments '11-59 calculator: User's manual. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-61. 25 p.
    • (1979) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-61 , pp. 25
    • Burgan, R.E.1
  • 43
    • 0009874394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildfire case study: Butte city
    • southeastern Utah, July 1, 1994. USDA For. Serv. Intermt. Res. Stn. Ogden, UT
    • Butler, B.W. and T.D. Reynolds. 1997. Wildfire case study: Butte City, southeastern Utah, July 1, 1994. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. Res. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-351.
    • (1997) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-351
    • Butler, B.W.1    Reynolds, T.D.2
  • 44
    • 38249004425 scopus 로고
    • Fire spread through nonhomogeneous fuel modelled as a Markov process
    • Catchpole, E.A., T.J. Hatton and W.R. Catchpole. 1989. Fire spread through nonhomogeneous fuel modelled as a Markov process. Ecol. Model. 48:101-112.
    • (1989) Ecol. Model , vol.48 , pp. 101-112
    • Catchpole, E.A.1    Hatton, T.J.2    Catchpole, W.R.3
  • 45
    • 0001162272 scopus 로고
    • Physical models for a spreading line fire
    • Catchpole, T. and N. de Mestre. 1986. Physical models for a spreading line fire. Aust. For. 49:102-111.
    • (1986) Aust. for , vol.49 , pp. 102-111
    • Catchpole, T.1    De Mestre, N.2
  • 46
    • 0038398181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire properties and burn patterns in heterogeneous landscapes
    • R.A. Bradstock, J.E. Williams and A.M. Gill (eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Catchpole, W. 2002. Fire properties and burn patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. In R.A. Bradstock, J.E. Williams and A.M. Gill (eds.) Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent. pp. 49-75 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (2002) Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent , pp. 49-75
    • Catchpole, W.1
  • 48
    • 47549119595 scopus 로고
    • Predicting fire behaviour with fire danger tables
    • Cheney, N.P. 1968. Predicting fire behaviour with fire danger tables. Aust. For. 32: 71-79.
    • (1968) Aust. For. , vol.32 , pp. 71-79
    • Cheney, N.P.1
  • 49
    • 0019763943 scopus 로고
    • Fire behaviour
    • A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble (eds.)., Aust. Acad. Sci. Canberra, ACT
    • Cheney, N.P. 1981. Fire behaviour. In A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble (eds.). Fire and the Australian Biota, pp. 151-175. Aust. Acad. Sci., Canberra, ACT.
    • (1981) Fire and the Australian Biota , pp. 151-175
    • Cheney, N.P.1
  • 51
    • 84863474777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting fire behaviour in dry eucalypt forest in southern Australia
    • Cheney, N.P., J.S. Gould, W.L. McCaw and W.R. Anderson. 2012. Predicting fire behaviour in dry eucalypt forest in southern Australia. For. Ecol. Manage. 280:120-131.
    • (2012) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.280 , pp. 120-131
    • Cheney, N.P.1    Gould, J.S.2    Mccaw, W.L.3    Anderson, W.R.4
  • 54
    • 0344710584 scopus 로고
    • Estimating fire behavior with FIRECAST: User's manual
    • USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Berkeley, CA
    • Cohen, J.D. 1986. Estimating fire behavior with FIRECAST: User's manual. USDA For. Serv., Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-90.11 p.
    • (1986) Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-90 , pp. 11
    • Cohen, J.D.1
  • 56
    • 0010508479 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Berkeley, CA
    • Countryman, C.M. 1971. Fire whirls.. .why, when, and where. USDA For. Serv., Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, CA. 14 p.
    • (1971) Fire Whirls.. .Why, When, and Where , pp. 14
    • Countryman, C.M.1
  • 57
    • 0013287750 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Berkeley, CA
    • Countryman, C.M. 1972. The fire environment concept. USDA For. Serv., Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, CA. 12 p.
    • (1972) The Fire Environment Concept , pp. 12
    • Countryman, C.M.1
  • 59
    • 0042457219 scopus 로고
    • Computing grassland and forest fire behaviour, relative humidity and drought index by pocket calculator
    • Crane, W.B. 1982. Computing grassland and forest fire behaviour, relative humidity and drought index by pocket calculator. Aust. For. 45: 89-97.
    • (1982) Aust. for , vol.45 , pp. 89-97
    • Crane, W.B.1
  • 60
    • 10244281391 scopus 로고
    • Get the most from your wind speed observation
    • Crosby, J.S. and C.C. Chandler. 1966. Get the most from your wind speed observation. Fire Control Notes 27(4): 12-13.
    • (1966) Fire Control Notes , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 12-13
    • Crosby, J.S.1    Chandler, C.C.2
  • 61
    • 84878830129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty associated with model predictions of surface and crown fire rates of spread
    • press
    • Cruz, M.G. and M.E. Alexander. 2013. Uncertainty associated with model predictions of surface and crown fire rates of spread . Environ. Model. Software, In press.
    • (2013) Environ. Model. Software
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Alexander, M.E.2
  • 62
    • 47549090799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a model system to predict wildfire behaviour in pine plantations
    • Cruz, M.G., M.E. Alexander and P.A.M. Fernandes. 2008. Development of a model system to predict wildfire behaviour in pine plantations. Aust. For. 70:113-121.
    • (2008) Aust. For. , vol.70 , pp. 113-121
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Alexander, M.E.2    Fernandes, P.A.M.3
  • 63
    • 33644827329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part ii: Model behavior and evaluation
    • Cruz, M.G., B.W. Butler and M.E. Alexander. 2006. Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: Model behavior and evaluation. Int. J. Wildland Fire 15:61-72.
    • (2006) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.15 , pp. 61-72
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Butler, B.W.2    Alexander, M.E.3
  • 64
    • 42449154313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of fuel models for fire behaviour in maritime pine (pinus pinaster ait.) stands
    • Cruz, M.G. and P.M. Fernandes. 2008. Development of fuel models for fire behaviour in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands. Int. J. Wildland Fire 17:194-204.
    • (2008) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.17 , pp. 194-204
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Fernandes, P.M.2
  • 65
    • 85086268702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field-based fire behaviour research: Past and future roles
    • Available at, [Accessed 29 February 2012
    • Cruz, M.G. and J. Gould. 2009a. Field-based fire behaviour research: past and future roles. In 18th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress. 7 p. Available at http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim09/A4/cruz.pdf [Accessed 29 February 2012], .
    • (2009) th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress , pp. 7
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Gould, J.2
  • 66
    • 84878200903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National fire behaviour prediction system
    • Institute of Foresters of Australia, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory. MAI/JUIN 2013, - THE FORESTRY CHRONICLE 378
    • Cruz, M.G. and J. Gould. 2009b. National fire behaviour prediction system. In Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the Institute of Foresters of Australia, pp. 285-291. Institute of Foresters of Australia, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory. MAI/JUIN 2013, VOL. 89, No. 3 - THE FORESTRY CHRONICLE 378.
    • (2009) Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the Institute of Foresters of Australia , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 285-291
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Gould, J.2
  • 68
    • 84871805999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire behaviour modelling in semi-arid mallee-heath shrublands of southern Australia
    • Cruz, M.G., W.L. McCaw, W.R. Anderson and J.S. Gould. 2013. Fire behaviour modelling in semi-arid mallee-heath shrublands of southern Australia. Environ. Model. Software 40:21-34.
    • (2013) Environ. Model. Software , vol.40 , pp. 21-34
    • Cruz, M.G.1    McCaw, W.L.2    Anderson, W.R.3    Gould, J.S.4
  • 70
    • 84899649204 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior studies on the shasta experimental forest
    • Curry, J.R. 1936. Fire behavior studies on the Shasta Experimental Forest. Fire Control Notes 1(1): 12-13.
    • (1936) Fire Control Notes , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-13
    • Curry, J.R.1
  • 71
    • 0346963655 scopus 로고
    • Rate of spread of surface fires in the ponderosa pine type of california
    • Curry, J.R. and W.L. Fons. 1938. Rate of spread of surface fires in the ponderosa pine type of California. J. Agric. Res. 57:238-267.
    • (1938) J. Agric. Res. , vol.57 , pp. 238-267
    • Curry, J.R.1    Fons, W.L.2
  • 72
    • 0005366371 scopus 로고
    • Forest fire behavior studies
    • Curry, J.R. and W.L. Fons. 1940. Forest fire behavior studies. Mech. Eng. 62:219-225.
    • (1940) Mech. Eng. , vol.62 , pp. 219-225
    • Curry, J.R.1    Fons, W.L.2
  • 73
    • 0038307496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand-replacement burn in the Ocala national forest - A success
    • Notes
    • Custer, G. and J. Ihorsen. 1996. Stand-replacement burn in the Ocala National Forest - A success. Fire Manage. Notes 56(2): 7-12.
    • (1996) Fire Manage , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 7-12
    • Custer, G.1    Ihorsen, J.2
  • 74
    • 84899628983 scopus 로고
    • Predicting rate of fire spread (ros) in Arizona oak chaparral: Field workbook
    • USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. For. Range Exp. Stn. Fort Collins, CO
    • Davis, J.R. and J.H. Dieterich. 1976. Predicting rate of fire spread (ROS) in Arizona oak chaparral: Field workbook. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mtn. For. Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-24.8 p.
    • (1976) Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-24 , pp. 8
    • Davis, J.R.1    Dieterich, J.H.2
  • 75
    • 84899630684 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn. Asheville, NC. Res. Note SE-157
    • Deeming, J.E. and E.R. Elliott. 1971. Replication of pine needle fuel beds. USDA For. Serv., Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, NC. Res. Note SE-157.4 p.
    • (1971) Replication of Pine Needle Fuel Beds. , pp. 4
    • Deeming, J.E.1    Elliott, E.R.2
  • 76
    • 0347900758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel nomographs for fire behaviour prediction in mediterranean and submediterranean vegetation
    • Dimitrakopoulos, A.P. and S. Dritsa. 2003. Novel nomographs for fire behaviour prediction in Mediterranean and submediterranean vegetation. Forestry 76:479-490.
    • (2003) Forestry , vol.76 , pp. 479-490
    • Dimitrakopoulos, A.P.1    Dritsa, S.2
  • 77
    • 34648829037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nomographs for predicting crown fire initiation in aleppo pine (pinus halepensis mill.) forests
    • Dimitrakopoulos, A.P, I.D. Mitsopoulos and D.I. Raptis. 2007. Nomographs for predicting crown fire initiation in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests. European J. For. Res. 126: 555-561.
    • (2007) European J. For. Res. , vol.126 , pp. 555-561
    • Dimitrakopoulos, A.P.1    Mitsopoulos, I.D.2    Raptis, D.I.3
  • 79
    • 0004742243 scopus 로고
    • Prescribed burning of the sand pine community: Yamato scrub, a test case
    • Doren, R.F., D.R. Richardson and R.E. Roberts. 1987. Prescribed burning of the sand pine community: Yamato scrub, a test case. Fla. Sci. 50: 184-192.
    • (1987) Fla. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 184-192
    • Doren, R.F.1    Richardson, D.R.2    Roberts, R.E.3
  • 80
    • 84899649286 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. 58
    • Fahnestock, G.R. 1960. Logging slash tlammability. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. 58.67 p.
    • (1960) Logging Slash Tlammability , pp. 67
    • Fahnestock, G.R.1
  • 83
    • 83455171602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Piropinus: A spreadsheet application to guide prescribed burning operations in a maritime pine forest
    • Fernandes, P.M., C. Loureiro and H. Botelho. 2012. PiroPinus: A spreadsheet application to guide prescribed burning operations in a maritime pine forest. Computers Electronics Agric. 81: 58-61.
    • (2012) Computers Electronics Agric , vol.81 , pp. 58-61
    • Fernandes, P.M.1    Loureiro, C.2    Botelho, H.3
  • 84
    • 0043207328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes
    • Finney, M.A. 2003. Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes. Int. J. Wildland Fire 12:167-174.
    • (2003) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.12 , pp. 167-174
    • Finney, M.A.1
  • 87
    • 84899626652 scopus 로고
    • An eiffel type wind tunnel for forest research
    • Fons, W.L 1940. An Eiffel type wind tunnel for forest research. J. For. 38:881-884.
    • (1940) J. For. , vol.38 , pp. 881-884
    • Fons, W.L.1
  • 88
    • 0002010726 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of fire spread in light forest fuels
    • Fons, W.L. 1946. Analysis of fire spread in light forest fuels. J. Agric. Res. 72:93-121.
    • (1946) J. Agric. Res. , vol.72 , pp. 93-121
    • Fons, W.L.1
  • 90
    • 80052782373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of vortices in wild- land fire
    • Article ID 984363
    • Forthofer, J.M. and S.L Goodrick. 2011. Review of vortices in wild- land fire. J. Combust. 2011: Article ID 984363.14 p.
    • (2011) J. Combust. 2011 , pp. 14
    • Forthofer, J.M.1    Goodrick, S.L.2
  • 91
    • 84899644426 scopus 로고
    • Rothermels fire spread model programmed for the Hewlett-Packard 9820
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Fort Collins, CO
    • Frandsen, W.H. 1973. Rothermels fire spread model programmed for the Hewlett-Packard 9820. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-9.14 p.
    • (1973) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-9 , pp. 14
    • Frandsen, W.H.1
  • 92
    • 0007491409 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. INT-232
    • Frandsen, W.H. and P.L. Andrews. 1979. Fire behavior in nonuniform fuels. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. INT-232. 34 p.
    • (1979) Fire Behavior in Nonuniform Fuels , pp. 34
    • Frandsen, W.H.1    Andrews, P.L.2
  • 93
    • 0008064998 scopus 로고
    • Estimating wildland fire rate of spread in a spatially nonuniform environment
    • Fujioka, F.M. 1985. Estimating wildland fire rate of spread in a spatially nonuniform environment. For. Sci. 31:21-29.
    • (1985) For. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 21-29
    • Fujioka, F.M.1
  • 95
    • 82455161130 scopus 로고
    • Meteorological factors in the quartz creek forest fire
    • Gisborne, H.T. 1927. Meteorological factors in the Quartz Creek forest fire. Mon. Weather Rev. 55: 56-60.
    • (1927) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.55 , pp. 56-60
    • Gisborne, H.T.1
  • 96
    • 84899629121 scopus 로고
    • West. Reg. Salt Lake City, UT. Tech. Memoranda NWS WR-208
    • Goens, D.A. 1978. Fire whirls. USDC Natl. Weather Serv., West. Reg., Salt Lake City, UT. Tech. Memoranda NWS WR-208.12 p.
    • (1978) Fire Whirls. USDC Natl. Weather Serv. , pp. 12
    • Goens, D.A.1
  • 99
    • 0023582338 scopus 로고
    • Three types of horizontal vortices observed in wildland mass and crown fires
    • Haines, D.A. and M.C. Smith. 1987. Three types of horizontal vortices observed in wildland mass and crown fires. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 26:1624-1637.
    • (1987) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.26 , pp. 1624-1637
    • Haines, D.A.1    Smith, M.C.2
  • 101
    • 0347744144 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. INT-5
    • Hardy, C.E. and J.W. Franks. 1963. Forest fires in Alaska. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Res. Pap. INT-5.163 p.
    • (1963) Forest Fires in Alaska , pp. 163
    • Hardy, C.E.1    Franks, J.W.2
  • 102
    • 0035054696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of vegetation and weather on fire behaviour in the canadian mixedwood boreal forest using two fire behaviour prediction systems
    • Hely, C., M. Flannigan, Y. Bergeron and D. McRae. 2001. Role of vegetation and weather on fire behaviour in the Canadian mixedwood boreal forest using two fire behaviour prediction systems. Can. J. For. Res. 31:430-441.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 430-441
    • Hely, C.1    Flannigan, M.2    Bergeron, Y.3    McRae, D.4
  • 105
    • 84899618475 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the rate of spread of fire in the southern appalachians
    • Jemison, G.M. 1939. Determination of the rate of spread of fire in the Southern Appalachians. Fire Control Notes 3(1): 4-7.
    • (1939) Fire Control Notes , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-7
    • Jemison, G.M.1
  • 107
    • 34548077324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a surface fire spread model and associated fire behaviour fuel models to changes in live fuel moisture
    • Jolly, W.M. 2007. Sensitivity of a surface fire spread model and associated fire behaviour fuel models to changes in live fuel moisture. Int. J. Wildland Fire 16:503-509.
    • (2007) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.16 , pp. 503-509
    • Jolly, W.M.1
  • 108
    • 84910805098 scopus 로고
    • Computer modelling in natural area management
    • Aust. Natl. Parks Wildlife Serv. Canberra, ACT. Spec. Publ. 9
    • Kessell, S.R., R.B. Good and M.W. Potter. 1980. Computer modelling in natural area management. Commonw. Aust., Aust. Natl. Parks Wildlife Serv., Canberra, ACT. Spec. Publ. 9. 45 p.
    • (1980) Commonw. Aust. , pp. 45
    • Kessell, S.R.1    Good, R.B.2    Potter, M.W.3
  • 109
    • 84899660157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field guide for predicting fire behaviour in Ontario's tallgrass prairie
    • Aylmer, ON. Elgin County Stewardship Spec. Publ
    • Kidnie, S.M., B.M. Wotton and W.N. Droog. 2010. Field guide for predicting fire behaviour in Ontario's tallgrass prairie. Ont. Min. Nat. Resources, Aylmer, ON. Elgin County Stewardship Spec. Publ. 65 p.
    • (2010) Ont. Min. Nat. Resources , pp. 65
    • Kidnie, S.M.1    Wotton, B.M.2    Droog, W.N.3
  • 112
    • 84899640868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental conditions as indicators of potential for rapid rate of spread in wildland fires
    • B.W. Butler and M.E. Alexander (eds.)., April 26-28, 2005, Missoula, MT. Int. Assoc. Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, SD. CD-ROM
    • Leuschen, T. 2005. Environmental conditions as indicators of potential for rapid rate of spread in wildland fires. In B.W. Butler and M.E. Alexander (eds.). Proceedings of Eighth International Wildland Fire Safety Summit: Human Factors - Ten Years Later, April 26-28, 2005, Missoula, MT. Int. Assoc. Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, SD. CD-ROM. 10 p.
    • (2005) Proceedings of Eighth International Wildland Fire Safety Summit: Human Factors - Ten Years Later , pp. 10
    • Leuschen, T.1
  • 114
    • 17844411210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling interactions between fire and atmosphere in discrete element fuel beds
    • Linn, R.R., J. Winterkamp, J. Colman and C. Edminster. 2005. Modeling interactions between fire and atmosphere in discrete element fuel beds. Int. J. Wildland Fire 14:37-48.
    • (2005) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.14 , pp. 37-48
    • Linn, R.R.1    Winterkamp, J.2    Colman, J.3    Edminster, C.4
  • 115
    • 28544442190 scopus 로고
    • Hodder and Stough- ton, Melbourne, Australia
    • Luke, R.H. 1961. Bush fire control in Australia. Hodder and Stough- ton, Melbourne, Australia. 136 p.
    • (1961) Bush Fire Control in Australia , pp. 136
    • Luke, R.H.1
  • 117
    • 0041458259 scopus 로고
    • Fire rate of spread calculation for two fuels
    • Martin, R.E. 1988. Fire rate of spread calculation for two fuels. West. J. Appl. For. 3:54-55.
    • (1988) West. J. Appl. For. , vol.3 , pp. 54-55
    • Martin, R.E.1
  • 118
    • 84899658983 scopus 로고
    • Can. For. Serv. North For. Cent. Edmonton, AB. For. Manage. Note 35
    • McAlpine, R.S. 1986. Forest fire growth calculator. Can. For. Serv., North For. Cent., Edmonton, AB. For. Manage. Note 35.8 p.
    • (1986) Forest Fire Growth Calculator , pp. 8
    • McAlpine, R.S.1
  • 119
    • 13144276087 scopus 로고
    • The preparation and use of fire danger tables
    • Commonw. Aust. Bureau Meteor. Melbourne, Australia
    • McArthur, A.G. 1958. The preparation and use of fire danger tables. In Proceedings of the Fire Weather Conference. Commonw. Aust., Bureau Meteor., Melbourne, Australia. 18 p.
    • (1958) Proceedings of the Fire Weather Conference , pp. 18
    • McArthur, A.G.1
  • 121
    • 0005239905 scopus 로고
    • Commonw. Aust. For. Timber Bureau, Canberra, ACT. Leafl. 80
    • McArthur, A.G. 1962. Control burning in eucalyptus forests. Commonw. Aust., For. Timber Bureau, Canberra, ACT. Leafl. 80.31 p.
    • (1962) Control Burning in Eucalyptus Forests , pp. 31
    • McArthur, A.G.1
  • 122
    • 0003524770 scopus 로고
    • Commonw. Aust. For. Timber Bureau, For. Res. Instit. Canberra, ACT. Leafl. 100
    • McArthur, A.G. 1966. Weather and grassland fire behaviour. Commonw. Aust., For. Timber Bureau, For. Res. Instit., Canberra, ACT. Leafl. 100.23 p.
    • (1966) Weather and Grassland Fire Behaviour , pp. 23
    • McArthur, A.G.1
  • 123
    • 0003751082 scopus 로고
    • Commonw. Aust. For. Timber Bureau, For. Res. Instit. Canberra, ACT. Leafl. 107
    • McArthur, A.G. 1967. Fire behavior in eucalypt forests. Commonw. Aust., For. Timber Bureau, For. Res. Instit., Canberra, ACT. Leafl. 107. 36 p.
    • (1967) Fire Behavior in Eucalypt Forests , pp. 36
    • McArthur, A.G.1
  • 124
    • 84899630709 scopus 로고
    • The effect of time on fire behaviour and fire suppression problems
    • South Aust. Emergency Fire Serv. Keswick, SA
    • McArthur, A.G. 1968. The effect of time on fire behaviour and fire suppression problems. In E.F.S. Manual 1968. pp. 3-6, 8, 10-13. South Aust. Emergency Fire Serv., Keswick, SA.
    • (1968) E.F.S. Manual 1968 , vol.8 , Issue.10-13 , pp. 3-6
    • McArthur, A.G.1
  • 125
    • 0041959528 scopus 로고
    • Food Agric. Organ. United Nations, Rome, Italy. FAO Doc. FO:FFM/77/3-OL
    • McArthur, A.G. 1977. Fire danger rating systems. Food Agric. Organ. United Nations, Rome, Italy. FAO Doc. FO:FFM/77/3-OL 15 p.
    • (1977) Fire Danger Rating Systems , pp. 15
    • McArthur, A.G.1
  • 126
    • 84899643627 scopus 로고
    • Fire behaviour studies in Australia
    • McArthur, A.G. and R.H. Luke. 1963. Fire behaviour studies in Australia. Fire Control Notes 24(4): 87-92.
    • (1963) Fire Control Notes , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 87-92
    • McArthur, A.G.1    Luke, R.H.2
  • 127
  • 128
    • 0025656956 scopus 로고
    • Development of large vortices on prescribed fires
    • McRae, D.J. and M.D. Flannigan. 1990. Development of large vortices on prescribed fires. Can. J. For. Res. 20:1878-1887.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 1878-1887
    • McRae, D.J.1    Flannigan, M.D.2
  • 129
    • 84905466478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations of fire spread in a pinus pinaster needles fuel bed
    • Paper presented at, 4-7 September 2012, Poitiers, France. Available at, [Accessed 21 No-vember 2012
    • Menage, D., K. Chetehouna and W. Mell. 2012. Numerical simulations of fire spread in a Pinus pinaster needles fuel bed. Paper presented at Eurotherm 2012, 6th European Thermal Sciences Conference, 4-7 September 2012, Poitiers, France. 8 p. Available at http://www.let.ensma.fr/eurotherm2012/papers/03483- fichier2.pdf [Accessed 21 November 2012].
    • (2012) th European Thermal Sciences Conference , pp. 8
    • Menage, D.1    Chetehouna, K.2    Mell, W.3
  • 130
    • 0003624120 scopus 로고
    • Glossary of forest fire management terms
    • 4th ed. Natl. Res. Counc. Can. Can. Comm. For. Ottawa, ON. Publ. NRCC 26516
    • Merrill, D.F. and M.E. Alexander (eds.). 1987. Glossary of forest fire management terms. 4th ed. Natl. Res. Counc. Can., Can. Comm. For. Fire Manage., Ottawa, ON. Publ. NRCC 26516.91 p.
    • (1987) Fire Manage , pp. 91
    • Merrill, D.F.1    Alexander, M.E.2
  • 131
    • 0034772375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of fire spread through a forest fuel bed using a multiphase formulation
    • Morvan, D. and J.-L. Dupuy. 2001. Modeling of fire spread through a forest fuel bed using a multiphase formulation. Combust. Flame 127: 1981-1994.
    • (2001) Combust. Flame , vol.127 , pp. 1981-1994
    • Morvan, D.1    Dupuy, J.-L.2
  • 132
    • 0008549890 scopus 로고
    • Environ. Can. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Res. Cent. Victoria, BC. Slide-rule with text, [reprinted 1980
    • Muraro, S.J. 1975. Prescribed fire predictor. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Pac. For. Res. Cent., Victoria, BC. Slide-rule with text, [reprinted 1980].
    • (1975) Prescribed Fire Predictor
    • Muraro, S.J.1
  • 134
    • 84899625275 scopus 로고
    • National Wildfire Coordinating Group, . Natl. Interagency Fire Cent. Natl. Fire Equip. Syst. Boise, ID. Publ. NFES2220
    • National Wildfire Coordinating Group, 1992a. Fire behavior nomograms. Natl. Interagency Fire Cent., Natl. Fire Equip. Syst., Boise, ID. Publ. NFES2220.28 p.
    • (1992) Fire Behavior Nomograms , pp. 28
  • 135
    • 0008609642 scopus 로고
    • National Wildfire Coordination Group. Nad. Interagency Fire Cent. Natl. Fire Equip. Syst. Boise, ID. Publ. NFES 2224. Non-paged
    • National Wildfire Coordination Group. 1992b. Fire behavior field reference guide. Nad. Interagency Fire Cent., Natl. Fire Equip. Syst., Boise, ID. Publ. NFES 2224. Non-paged.
    • (1992) Fire Behavior Field Reference Guide
  • 136
    • 77958040314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Natl. Interagency Fire Cent. Natl. Fire Equip. Syst. Boise, ID. Publ. NFES 2165
    • National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 2006. NWCG fireline handbook Appendix B: fire behavior. Natl. Interagency Fire Cent., Natl. Fire Equip. Syst., Boise, ID. Publ. NFES 2165.
    • (2006) NWCG Fireline Handbook Appendix B: Fire Behavior
  • 137
    • 0000610882 scopus 로고
    • A dimensionless correlation for the spread of wind-driven surface fires
    • Nelson, R.M. Jr., and C.W. Adkins. 1988. A dimensionless correlation for the spread of wind-driven surface fires. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 391-397.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 391-397
    • Nelson Jr., R.M.1    Adkins, C.W.2
  • 138
    • 34247514149 scopus 로고
    • Broadcast burning of sagebrush in the winter
    • Neuenschwander, L.F. 1980. Broadcast burning of sagebrush in the winter. J. Range Manage. 33:233- 236.
    • (1980) J. Range Manage. , vol.33 , pp. 233-236
    • Neuenschwander, L.F.1
  • 139
    • 84984135465 scopus 로고
    • Mcarthur's fire-danger meters expressed as equations
    • Noble, I.R., G.A.V. Bary and A.M. Gill. 1980. McArthur's fire-danger meters expressed as equations. Aust. J. Ecol. 5:201-203.
    • (1980) Aust. J. Ecol. , vol.5 , pp. 201-203
    • Noble, I.R.1    Bary, G.A.V.2    Gill, A.M.3
  • 142
    • 0003702179 scopus 로고
    • Measuring fuel moisture content in Alaska: Standard methods and procedures
    • USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Portland, OR
    • Norum, R.A. and M. Miller. 1984. Measuring fuel moisture content in Alaska: Standard methods and procedures. USDA For. Serv., Pac. Northwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Portland, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- 171. 34 p.
    • (1984) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- 171 , pp. 34
    • Norum, R.A.1    Miller, M.2
  • 143
    • 84899652797 scopus 로고
    • OMNR] Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aviation Fire Management Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON
    • [OMNR] Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1982. Fire behaviour for fire managers (M-100). Aviation Fire Management Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON.
    • (1982) Fire Behaviour for Fire Managers (M-100)
  • 144
    • 79957704546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative review on wildfire simulators
    • Papadopoulos, G.D. and F.-N. Pavlidou. 2011. A comparative review on wildfire simulators. IEEE Syst. J. 5:233-243.
    • (2011) IEEE Syst. J. , vol.5 , pp. 233-243
    • Papadopoulos, G.D.1    Pavlidou, F.-N.2
  • 145
    • 78650679402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking 3d spatial models of fuels and fire: Effects of spatial heterogeneity on fire behaviour
    • Parsons, R.A., W.E. Mell and P. McCauley. 2011. Linking 3D spatial models of fuels and fire: Effects of spatial heterogeneity on fire behaviour. Ecol. Model. 222:679-691.
    • (2011) Ecol. Model. , vol.222 , pp. 679-691
    • Parsons, R.A.1    Mell, W.E.2    McCauley, P.3
  • 146
    • 0037263070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical models and calculation systems for the study of wildland fire behavior
    • Pastor, E, L. Zarate, E. Planas and J. Arnaldos. 2003. Mathematical models and calculation systems for the study of wildland fire behavior. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 29:139-153.
    • (2003) Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 139-153
    • Pastor, E.1    Zarate, L.2    Planas, E.3    Arnaldos, J.4
  • 149
    • 0000751811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current approaches to modelling the spread of wildland fire: A review
    • Perry, G.LW. 1998. Current approaches to modelling the spread of wildland fire: A review. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 22:222-245.
    • (1998) Prog. Phys. Geogr. , vol.22 , pp. 222-245
    • Perry, G.L.W.1
  • 150
    • 33947610734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling forest fire spread and spotting process with small world networks
    • Porterie, B, N. Zekri, J.P. Clerc and J.C. Loraud. 2007. Modeling forest fire spread and spotting process with small world networks. Combust. Flame 149:63-78.
    • (2007) Combust. Flame , vol.149 , pp. 63-78
    • Porterie, B.1    Zekri, N.2    Clerc, J.P.3    Loraud, J.C.4
  • 152
    • 0038551016 scopus 로고
    • Live fuel moistures of California north coast scrub species
    • L.R. Donoghue and R.E. Martin (eds.)., Soc. Amer. For. Bethesda, MD. SAF Publ. 85-04
    • Rice, C.L and R.E. Martin. 1985. Live fuel moistures of California north coast scrub species. In L.R. Donoghue and R.E. Martin (eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, pp. 263-269. Soc. Amer. For., Bethesda, MD. SAF Publ. 85-04.
    • (1985) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology , pp. 263-269
    • Rice, C.L.1    Martin, R.E.2
  • 154
    • 0004029007 scopus 로고
    • How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT
    • Rothermel, R.C. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-143.161 p.
    • (1983) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-143 , pp. 161
    • Rothermel, R.C.1
  • 156
    • 85040381624 scopus 로고
    • Field procedures for verification and adjustment of fire behavior predictions
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT
    • Rothermel, R.C. and G.C. Rinehart. 1983. Field procedures for verification and adjustment of fire behavior predictions. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-142. 25 p.
    • (1983) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-142 , pp. 25
    • Rothermel, R.C.1    Rinehart, G.C.2
  • 157
    • 84864932484 scopus 로고
    • A decision aid for wilderness fire prescriptions in the boundary waters canoe area
    • Preprint, Amer. Meteor. Soc. Boston, MA
    • Roussopoulos, P.J. 1978. A decision aid for wilderness fire prescriptions in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. In Preprint Volume of 5 National Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA.
    • (1978) National Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology , vol.5
    • Roussopoulos, P.J.1
  • 159
    • 84855369187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wild- land fire behaviour case studies and fuel models for landscape-scale fire modeling
    • Article ID 613424
    • Santoni, P. A., J.-B. Filippi, J.-H. Balbi and F. Bosseur. 2011. Wild- land fire behaviour case studies and fuel models for landscape-scale fire modeling. J. Combust. 2011: Article ID 613424.12 p.
    • (2011) J. Combust. 2011 , pp. 12
    • Santoni, P.A.1    Filippi, J.-B.2    Balbi, J.-H.3    Bosseur, F.4
  • 160
    • 47849097457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical study of ground-level distribution of firebrands generated by line fires
    • Sardoy, N., J.L. Consalvi, A. Kaiss, A.C. Fernandez-Pello and B. Porterie. 2008. Numerical study of ground-level distribution of firebrands generated by line fires. Combust. Flame 154:478-488.
    • (2008) Combust. Flame , vol.154 , pp. 478-488
    • Sardoy, N.1    Consalvi, J.L.2    Kaiss, A.3    Fernandez-Pello, A.C.4    Porterie, B.5
  • 161
    • 40449126549 scopus 로고
    • Exploratory firedimate surveys on prescribed burns
    • , and C.M. Countryman. 1960. Exploratory firedimate surveys on prescribed burns. Mon. Weather Rev. 88:123-129.
    • (1960) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.88 , pp. 123-129
    • Countryman, C.M.1
  • 162
    • 0003316128 scopus 로고
    • Fire weather ... A guide for application of meteorological information to forest fire control operations
    • USDA, Washington, DC
    • Schroeder, M.J. and C.C. Buck. 1970. Fire weather ... a guide for application of meteorological information to forest fire control operations. USDA, Washington, DC. Agric. Handb. 360.229 p.
    • (1970) Agric. Handb. 360 , pp. 229
    • Schroeder, M.J.1    Buck, C.C.2
  • 163
    • 3743108506 scopus 로고
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, UT. Res. Note INT-36
    • Schuette, R.D. 1965. Preparing reproducible pine needle fuel beds. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Res. Note INT-36. 7 p.
    • (1965) Preparing Reproducible Pine Needle Fuel Beds , pp. 7
    • Schuette, R.D.1
  • 164
    • 34248221055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nomographs for estimating surface fire behavior characteristics
    • USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. Res. Stn. Fort Collins, CO
    • Scott, J. H. 2007. Nomographs for estimating surface fire behavior characteristics. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mtn. Res. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-192 119 p.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-192 , pp. 119
    • Scott, J.H.1
  • 165
    • 0141625850 scopus 로고
    • Climate and forest fires in northern california
    • Show, S.B. 1919. Climate and forest fires in northern California. J. For. 17:965-979.
    • (1919) J. For. , vol.17 , pp. 965-979
    • Show, S.B.1
  • 167
    • 84859965684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The missoula fire sciences laboratory: A 50- year dedication to understanding wildlands and fire
    • USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. Res. Stn. Fort Collins, CO
    • Smith, D.M. 2012. The Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory: A 50- year dedication to understanding wildlands and fire. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mt. Res. Stn., Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-270.62 p.
    • (2012) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-270 , pp. 62
    • Smith, D.M.1
  • 169
    • 84899622147 scopus 로고
    • Meteorological factors associated with a fire whirlwind
    • Steiner, J.T. 1976. Meteorological factors associated with a fire whirlwind. N.Z. J. For. Sci. 6:421-430.
    • (1976) N.Z. J. For. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 421-430
    • Steiner, J.T.1
  • 171
    • 0002146479 scopus 로고
    • Fire potential in the spruce budworm-damaged forests of ontario
    • Stocks, B.J. 1987a. Fire potential in the spruce budworm-damaged forests of Ontario. For. Chron. 63:8-14.
    • (1987) For. Chron. , vol.63 , pp. 8-14
    • Stocks, B.J.1
  • 172
    • 0001916892 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior in immature jack pine
    • Stocks, B.J. 1987b. Fire behavior in immature jack pine. Can. J. For. Res. 17:80-86.
    • (1987) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 80-86
    • Stocks, B.J.1
  • 173
    • 0024932788 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior in mature jack pine
    • Stocks, B.J. 1989. Fire behavior in mature jack pine. Can. J. For. Res. 19:783-790.
    • (1989) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 783-790
    • Stocks, B.J.1
  • 174
    • 8644226993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the international crown fire modelling experiment (ICFME)
    • Stocks, B.J., M.E. Alexander and R.A. Lanoville. 2004a. Overview of the International Crown Fire Modelling Experiment (ICFME). Can. J. For. Res. 34: 1543-1547.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 1543-1547
    • Stocks, B.J.1    Alexander, M.E.2    Lanoville, R.A.3
  • 175
    • 8644277301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine - black spruce forest
    • Stocks, B.J. et al. 2004b. Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine - black spruce forest. Can. J. For. Res. 34:1548-1560.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 1548-1560
    • Stocks, B.J.1
  • 177
    • 70349530639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire spread modeling, 1990-2007. 1: Physical and quasi-phvsical models
    • Sullivan, A. 2009a. Wildland fire spread modeling, 1990-2007. 1: Physical and quasi-phvsical models. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18:349-368.
    • (2009) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.18 , pp. 349-368
    • Sullivan, A.1
  • 178
    • 70349530639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire spread modeling, 1990-2007.2: Empirical and quasi-empirical models
    • Sullivan, A. 2009b. Wildland fire spread modeling, 1990-2007.2: Empirical and quasi-empirical models. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18:369-386.
    • (2009) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.18 , pp. 369-386
    • Sullivan, A.1
  • 179
    • 70349530639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire spread modeling, 1990-2007. 3: Simulation and mathematical analogue models
    • Sullivan, A. 2009c. Wildland fire spread modeling, 1990-2007. 3: Simulation and mathematical analogue models. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18:387-403.
    • (2009) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.18 , pp. 387-403
    • Sullivan, A.1
  • 180
    • 85086222963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving operational models of fire behaviour
    • Available at, [Accessed 29 February 2012
    • Sullivan, A. 2009d. Improving operational models of fire behaviour. In 18th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress. Available at http://mssanz.org.au/ modsirn09[Accessed 29 February 2012).
    • (2009) th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress
    • Sullivan, A.1
  • 182
    • 84899636687 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior computations with the hewlett-packard HP-7IB calculator
    • USDA For. Serv. Intermt. Res. Stn. Ogden, UT
    • Susott, R. A. and R.E. Burgan. 1986. Fire behavior computations with the Hewlett-Packard HP-7IB calculator. USDA For. Serv., Intermt. Res. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-202.80 p.
    • (1986) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-202 , pp. 80
    • Susott, R.A.1    Burgan, R.E.2
  • 184
    • 0000208527 scopus 로고
    • Rates of spread of some wind-driven fires
    • Thomas, P.H. 1971. Rates of spread of some wind-driven fires. Forestry 44: 155-175.
    • (1971) Forestry , vol.44 , pp. 155-175
    • Thomas, P.H.1
  • 185
    • 78650555536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PHOENIX: Development and application of a bushfire risk management tool
    • Tolhurst, K.G., B.J. Shields and D.M. Chong, 2008. PHOENIX: Development and application of a bushfire risk management tool. Aust. J. Emergency Manage. 23(4): 47-54.
    • (2008) Aust. J. Emergency Manage , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 47-54
    • Tolhurst, K.G.1    Shields, B.J.2    Chong, D.M.3
  • 187
    • 23844441072 scopus 로고
    • Weather parameters and fuel moisture content: Standards for fire model inputs
    • N.P. Cheney and A.M. Gill (eds.)., CSIRO Div. For. Yarralumla, ACT
    • Trevitt, A.C.F. 1991. Weather parameters and fuel moisture content: Standards for fire model inputs. In N.P. Cheney and A.M. Gill (eds.). Proceedings of the Conference on Bushfire Modelling and Fire Danger Rating, pp. 157-166. CSIRO Div. For., Yarralumla, ACT.
    • (1991) Proceedings of the Conference on Bushfire Modelling and Fire Danger Rating , pp. 157-166
    • Trevitt, A.C.F.1
  • 189
    • 0011067971 scopus 로고
    • Research for forest fire operations in Australia
    • J.J. Landsberg and W. Parsons (eds.). CSIRO Div. For. Res. Canberra, ACT
    • Underwood, R.J. 1985. Research for forest fire operations in Australia. In J.J. Landsberg and W. Parsons (eds.). Research for Forest Management. pp. 269- 282. CSIRO Div. For. Res., Canberra, ACT.
    • (1985) Research for Forest Management , pp. 269-282
    • Underwood, R.J.1
  • 190
    • 84899622288 scopus 로고
    • Thirty-two years of forest service research at the southern forest fire laboratory in Macon
    • USDA Forest Service. GA. USDA For. Serv. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn. Asheville, NC
    • USDA Forest Service. 1993. Thirty-two years of Forest Service research at the Southern Forest Fire Laboratory in Macon, GA. USDA For. Serv., Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE- 77.89 p.
    • (1993) Gen. Tech. Rep. SE- 77 , pp. 89
  • 192
    • 9644261068 scopus 로고
    • Can. For. Serv. Petawawa For. Exp. Stn. Chalk River, ON. Inf. Rep. PS-X-29
    • Van Wagner, C.E. 1971. Two solitudes in forest fire research. Can. For. Serv., Petawawa For. Exp. Stn., Chalk River, ON. Inf. Rep. PS-X-29.7 p.
    • (1971) Two Solitudes in Forest Fire Research , pp. 7
    • Van Wagner, C.E.1
  • 193
    • 0003069273 scopus 로고
    • Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire
    • Van Wagner, C.E. 1977a. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Can. J. For. Res. 7:23-34.
    • (1977) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 23-34
    • Van Wagner, C.E.1
  • 195
    • 0345431001 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior modelling - how to blend art and science
    • L.R. Donoghue and RE. Martin (eds.)., Soc. Amer. For. Bethesda, MD. SAF Publ. 85-04
    • Van Wagner, C.E. 1985. Fire behavior modelling - how to blend art and science. In L.R. Donoghue and RE. Martin (eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, pp. 3-5. Soc. Amer. For., Bethesda, MD. SAF Publ. 85-04.
    • (1985) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology , pp. 3-5
    • Van Wagner, C.E.1
  • 196
    • 0025898324 scopus 로고
    • Modelling fire spread through fuel beds
    • Weber, R.O. 1991. Modelling fire spread through fuel beds. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. f7:67-82.
    • (1991) Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , vol.F7 , pp. 67-82
    • Weber, R.O.1
  • 197
    • 36249005198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human factors in fire behavior analysis: Reconstructing the dude fire
    • Weick, K.E. 2002. Human factors in fire behavior analysis: Reconstructing the Dude Fire. Fire Manage. Today 62(4): 8-15.
    • (2002) Fire Manage. Today , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 8-15
    • Weick, K.E.1
  • 198
    • 84861325740 scopus 로고
    • Forest fire laboratory at riverside and fire research in California: Past, present, and future
    • USDA For Serv. Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Berkeley, CA
    • Wilson, C.C. and J.B. Davis. 1988. Forest fire laboratory at Riverside and fire research in California: Past, present, and future. USDA For Serv., Pac. Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-105.22 p.
    • (1988) Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-105 , pp. 22
    • Wilson, C.C.1    Davis, J.B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.