Hybrid submarine flows comprising turbidity current and cohesive debris flow: Deposits, theoretical and experimental analyses, and generalized models

Geosphere

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 460-488

  Talling, Peter J ^a  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLAST; CONTINENTAL SLOPE; DEBRIS FLOW; DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; MODELING; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; TURBIDITY CURRENT; TURBULENCE; UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT; VISCOSITY;

EID: 84878833545     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00793.1     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Allen, J.R.L., 1985, Principals of physical sedimentology: London, George Allen and Unwin, 272 p.
2. Amos, C.L., Sutherland, T.F., and Zevenhuizen, J., 1996,The stability of fine-grained sediment in a subarctic estuary: Sedimentology, v. 43, p. 1-19, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1996.tb01455.x.
3. Amy, L., and Talling, P.J., 2006, Anatomy of turbidite and debrite sandstones based on long distance (120 × 35 km) bed correlation, Marnoso Arenacea Formation, Northern Apennines, Italy: Sedimentology, v. 53, p. 161-212, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00756.x.
4. Amy, L.A., Talling, P.J., Peakall, J., Wynn, R.B., and Arzola Thynne, R.G., 2005, Bed geometry used to test recognition criteria of turbidites and (sandy) debrites: Sedimentary Geology, v. 179, p. 163-174, doi:10.1016 /j.sedgeo.2005.04.007.
5. Amy, L., Talling, P.J., Edmonds, V.O., Sumner, E.J., and Leseuer, A., 2006, An experimental investigation of sand-mud suspension settling behaviour: Implications for bimodal mud contents of submarine flow deposits: Sedimentology, v. 53, p. 1411-1434, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00815.x.
6. Amy, L.A., Peachey, S.A., Gardiner, A.A., and Talling, P.J., 2009, Prediction of hydrocarbon recovery from turbidite sandstones with linked-debrite facies: Numerical flowsimulation studies: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 2032-2043, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.017.
7. Arnott, R.W.C., and Hand, B.M., 1989, Bedforms, primary structures and grain fabric in the presence of suspended sediment rain: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 59, p. 1062-1069.
8. Baas, J.H., and Best, J.L., 2002, Turbulence modulation in clay-rich sediment-laden flows and some implications for sediment deposition: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 72, p. 336-340, doi:10.1306/120601720336.
9. Baas, J.H., and Best, J.L., 2008, The dynamics of turbulent,transitional and laminar clay-laden flow over a fixedcurrent ripple: Sedimentology, v. 55, p. 635-666, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00916.x.
10. Baas, J.H., Best, J.L., Peakall, J., and Wang, M., 2009, A phase diagram for turbulent transitional and laminar clay suspension flows: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 79, p. 162-183, doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.025.
11. Baas, J.H., Best, J.L., and Peakall, J., 2011, Depositional processes, bedform development and hybrid flows in rapidly decelerated cohesive (mud-sand) sediment flows: Sedimentology, v. 58, p. 1953-1987, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01247.x.
12. Bandini, P., and Sathiskumar, S., 2009, Effects of silt content and void ratio on the saturated hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of sand-silt mixtures: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 135, p. 1976-1980, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943 -5606.0000177.
13. Bannerjee, I., 1977, Experimental study on the effect of deceleration on the vertical sequence of sedimentary structures in silty sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 47, p. 771-783.
14. Barker, S.P., Haughton, P.D.W., McCaffrey, W.D., Archer, S.G., and Hakes, B., 2008, Development of rheological heterogeneity in clay-rich high-density turbidity currents: Aptian Britannia Sandstone Member, UK Continental Shelf: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, p. 45-68, doi:10.2110/jsr.2008.014.
15. Blackbourn, G.A., and Thomson, M.E., 2000, Britannia Field, UK North Sea: Petrographic constraints on Lower Cretaceous provenance, facies, and the origin of slurry-flow deposits: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 6, p. 329-343, doi:10.1144/petgeo.6.4.329.
16. Bouma, A.H., 1962, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p.
17. Bowen, A.J., Normark, W.R., and Piper, D.J.W., 1984, Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland: Sedimentology, v. 31, p. 169-185, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1984. tb01957.x.
18. Breien, H., De Blasio, F.V., ElverhØi, A., Nystruen, J.P., and Harbitz, C.B., 2010, Transport mechanisms of sand in deep-marine environments-Insights based on laboratory experiments: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 80, p. 975-990, doi:10.2110/jsr.2010.079.
19. Butler, R.W.H., and McCaffrey, W.D., 2010, The structural geology of sediment entrainment in submarine mass transport complexes: Outcrop perspectives: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 167, p. 617-631, doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-041.
20. Cantero, M.I., Cantelli, A., Pirmez, C., Balanchandar, S., Mohrig, D., Hickson, T.A., Yeh, T., Naruse, H., and Parker, G., 2011, Emplacement of massive turbidites linked to extinction of turbulence in turbidity currents: Nature Geoscience, v. 5, p. 42-45, doi:10.1038 /ngeo1320.
21. Carter, L., Milliman, J., Talling, P.J., Gavey, R., and Wynn, R.B., 2012, Near-synchronous and delayed initiation of long run-out submarine sediment flows from a record breaking river-flood, offshore Taiwan: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL051172.
22. Coussot, P., 1995, Structural similarity and transition from Newtonian to Non-Newtonian behaviour for water-clay suspensions: Physical Review Letters, v. 74, p. 3971- 3974, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3971.
23. Coussot, P., Nguyen, Q.D., Huynh, H.T., and Bonn, D., 2002, Avalanche behaviour in yield stress fluids: Physical Review Letters, v. 88, 175501, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett .88.175501.
24. De Blasio, F.V., Engvik, L., Harbitz, C.B., and ElverhØi, A., 2004, Hydroplaning and submarine debris flows: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, CO1002, doi:10.1029/2002JC001714.
25. Ducassou, E., Mulder, T., Migeon, S., Gonthier, E., Murat, A., Revel, M., Capotardi, L., Bernasconi, S.M., Mascle , J., and Zaragosi, S., 2008, Nile floods recorded in deep Mediterranean sediments: Quaternary Research, v. 70, p. 382-391, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.011.
26. Ducassou, E., Migeon, S., Mulder, T., Murat, A., Capotondi, L., Bernasconi, S.M., and Mascle, J., 2009, Evolution of the Nile deep-sea turbidite system during the late Quaternary: Influence of climate change on fan sedimentation: Sedimentology, v. 56, p. 2061-2090, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01070.x.
27. Ducassou, E., Migeon, S., Capotandi, L., and Mascle, J., 2013, Run-out distance and erosion of debris-flows in the Nile deep-sea fan system: Evidence from lithofacies and micropalaeontological analyses: Marine & Petroleum Geology, v. 39, p. 102-123,doi:10.1016 /j.marpetgeo.2012.09.006.
28. ElverhØi, A., Norem, H., Andersen, E.S., Dowdeswell, J.A., Fossen, I., Haflidason, H., Kenyon, N.H., Laberg, J.S., King, E.L., Sejrup, H.P., Solheim, A., and Vorren, T., 2007, On the origin and flow behavior of submarine slides on deep-sea fans along the Norwegian-Barents Sea continental margin: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 17, p. 119-125, doi:10.1007/s003670050016.
29. Expedition 333 Scientists, 2011, NanTroSEIZE Stage 2: Subduction inputs 2 and heat flow: Preliminary reports of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, v. 333, doi:10.2204/iodp.pr.333.2011
30. Felix, M., and Peakall, J., 2006, Transformation of debris flows into turbidity currents: Mechanisms inferred from laboratory experiments: Sedimentology, v. 53, p. 107-123, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00757.x.
31. Flemings, P.B., Behrmann, J.H., John, C.M., and Expedition 308 Scientists, 2006, Gulf of Mexico Hydrogeology: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, v. 308, doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.308.2006.
32. Frenz, M., Wynn, R.B., Georgiopoulou, A., Bender, V.B., Hough, G., Masson, D.G., Talling, P.J., and Cronin, B.T.,2009, Provenance and pathways of late Quaternary turbidites in the deep-water Agadir Basin, northwest African margin: International Journal ofEarth Sciences, v, 98, no. 4, p. 721-733, doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0313-4.
33. Galy, V., France-Lanord, C., Beyssac, O., Faure, P., Kudrass, H., and Palhol, F., 2007, Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system: Nature, v. 450, p. 407-410, doi:10.1038 /nature06273.
34. Gee, M.J.R., Masson, D.G., Watts, A.B., and Allen, P.A., 1999, The Saharan debris flow: An insight into the mechanics of long run out submarine debris flow: Sedimentology, v. 46, p. 317-335, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00215.x.
35. Gonzalez-Bonorino, G., and Middleton, G.V., 1976, A Devonian submarine fan in western Argentina: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 46, p. 56-69.
36. Haflidason, H., Lien, R., Sjerup, H.P., Forsberg, C.F., and Bryn, P., 2005, The dating and morphometry of the Storegga Slide: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 22, p. 123-136, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.008.
37. Hampton, M.A., 1972, The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 42, p. 775-793.
38. Hampton, M.A., 1975, Competence of fine-grained debris flows: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 45, p. 833-844.
39. Harbitz, C.B., Parker, G., Elverhoi, A., Marr, J.G., Mohrig,D., and Harff, P.A., 2003, Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows andglide blocks: Analytical solutions and discussion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, 2349, doi:10.1029/2001JB001454.
40. Haughton, P.D.W., 2010, Hybrid event beds in outer fan successions- The 'greywacke problem' revisited: British Sedimentology Research Group Annual Meeting 2010 Abstract Volume, p. 21.
41. Haughton, P.D.W., Barker, S.P., and McCaffrey, W., 2003, 'Linked' debrites in sand-rich turbidite systems-Origin and significance: Sedimentology, v. 50, p. 459-482,doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00560.x.
42. Haughton, P.D.W., Davis, C., McCaffrey, W., and Barker, S.P., 2009, Hybrid sediment gravity flow deposits- Classification, origin and significance: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 1900-1918, doi:10.1016 /j.marpetgeo.2009.02.012.
43. Haughton, P.D.W., Davis, C., McCaffrey, W., and Barker, S.P., 2010, Hybrid sediment gravity flows-Classifi- cation, origin and significance: Reply: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 27, p. 2066-2069, doi:10.1016 /j.marpetgeo.2010.06.012.
44. Heezen, B.C., and Ewing, B.C., 1952, Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: American Journal of Science, v. 250, p. 849- 873, doi:10.2475/ajs.250.12.849.
45. Heezen, B.C., and Ewing, M., 1955, Orléansville earthquake and turbidity currents: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 39, p. 2505-2514.
46. Higgs, R., 2010, Hybrid sediment gravity flows-Classifi- cation, origin and significance: Comment: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 27, p. 2062-2065, doi:10.1016 /j.marpetgeo.2010.06.013.
47. Hiscott, R.N., 1994, Traction-carpet stratification in turbidites; fact or fiction?: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 64, p. 204-208, doi:10.1306/D4267D57-2B26-11D7 -8648000102C1865D.
48. Hiscott, R.N., and Middleton, G.V., 1979, Depositional mechanics of the thick-bedded sandstones at the base of a submarine slope, Tourelle Formation (Lower Ordovician), Quebec, Canada, in Doyle, L.J., and Pilkey, O.H., eds., Geology of continental slopes: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 27, p. 307-326.
49. aHiscott, R.N., and Middleton, G.V., 1980, Fabric of coarse deep-water sandstones, Tourelle Formation, Quebec, Canada: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 703-722.
50. Hodgson, D.M., 2009, Distribution and origin of hybrid beds in sand-rich submarine fans of the Tanqua depocentre, Karoo Basin, South Africa: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 1940-1957, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.011.
51. Hsu, S.K., Kuo, J., Lo, C.L., Tsai, C.H., Doo, W.B., Ku, C.Y., and Sibuet, J.C., 2008, Turbidity currents, submarine landslides and the 2006 Pingtung earthquake off SW Taiwan: Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, v. 19, p. 767-772, doi:10.3319/TAO.2008 .19.6.767.
52. Huvenne, V.A.I., McPhail, S.D., Wynn, R.B., Furlong, M., and Stevenson, P., 2009, Mapping giant scours in the deep ocean: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 90, p. 274-275, doi:10.1029 /2009EO320002.
53. Ilstad, T., ElverhØi, A., Issler, D., and Marr, J.G., 2004, Subaqueous debris flow behaviour and its dependence on the sand/clay ratio: A laboratory study using particle tracking: Marine Geology, v. 213, p. 415-438, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.017.
54. Ito, M., 2008, Downfan transformation from turbidity currents to debris flows at a channel-to-lobe transitional zone: The lower Pleistocene Otadai Formation, Boso Peninsula, Japan: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, p. 668-682, doi:10.2110/jsr.2008.076.
55. Iverson, R.M., and Vallence, J.W., 2001, New views of granular mass flows: Geology, v. 29, p. 115-118, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(2001)0290115:NVOGMF2.0.CO;2.
56. Iverson, R.M., Logan, M., LaHusen, R.G., and Berti, M., 2010, The perfect debris flow? Aggregated results from 28 large-scale experiments: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 115, F03005, doi:10.1029/2009JF001514.
57. Jackson, C.A.L., Adli Zakaria, A., Johnson, H., Tongkul, F., and Crevello, P.D., 2009, Sedimentology, stratigraphic occurrence and origin of linked debrites in the West Crocker Fm (Oligo-Miocene), Sabah, NW Borneo: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 1957-1973, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.019.
58. Jeong, S.W., 2010, Grain size dependent rheology on the mobility of debris flows: Geosciences Journal, v. 14, p. 359-369, doi:10.1007/s12303-010-0036-y.
59. Jeong, S.W., Locat, J., Serge, L., and Malet, J.P., 2010, Rheological properties of fine-grained sediment: The roles of texture and mineralogy: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 47, p. 1085-1100, doi:10.1139/T10-012.
60. Johns, D.R., Mutti, E., Rosell, J., and Seguret, M., 1981, Origin of a thick redeposited carbonate bed in Eocene turbidites of the Hecho Group, south-central Pyrenees,Spain: Geology, v. 9, p. 161-164, doi:10.1130/0091 -7613(1981)9161:OOATRC2.0.CO;2.
61. Johnson, A.M., 1970, Physical processes in geology: A method for interpretation of natural phenomena; intrusions in igneous rocks, fractures, and folds, flow of debris and ice: San Francisco, California, Freeman, Cooper, 577 p.
62. Khripounoff, A., Vangriesheim, A., Babonneau, N., Crassous, P., Dennielou, B., and Savoye, B., 2003, Direct observation of intense turbidity current activity in the Zaire submarine valley at 4000 m water depth: Marine Geology, v. 194, p. 151-158, doi:10.1016 /S0025-3227(02)00677-1.
63. Khripounoff, A., Vangriesheim, A., Crassous, P., and Etoubleau, J., 2009, High frequency of sediment gravity flow events in the Var submarine canyon (Mediterranean Sea): Marine Geology, v. 263, p. 1-6, doi:10.1016 /j.margeo.2009.03.014.
64. Kilfeather, A.A., O'Cofaigh, C., Dowdeswell, J.A., van der Meer, J.J.M., and Evans, D.J.A., 2010, Micromorphological characteristics of glacimarine sediments: Implications for distinguishing genetic processes of massive diamicts: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 30, p. 77-97, doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0160-8.
65. King, E.L., Haflidason, H., Sejrup, H.P., and Lovlie, R., 1998, Glacigenic debris flows on the North Sea Trough Mouth Fan during ice stream maxima: Marine Geology, v. 152, p. 217-246, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227 (98)00072-3.
66. Kleverlaan, K., 1987, Gordo Megabed: A possible seismite in a Tortonian submarine fan, Tabernas Basin, Province Almeria, southeast Spain: Sedimentary Geology, v. 51, p. 165-180, doi:10.1016/0037-0738 (87)90047-9.
67. Kneller, B.C., and Branney, M.J., 1995, Sustained highdensity turbidity currents and the deposition of thick massive sands: Sedimentology, v. 42, p. 607-616, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb00395.x.
68. Kranenburg, C., and Winterwerp, J.C., 1997, Erosion of fluid mud layers. 1 Entrainment model: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, p. 504-511, doi:10.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6(504).
69. Kuenen, P.H., 1951, Properties of turbidity currents of high density, in Hough, J.L., ed., Turbidity currents and the transportation of coarse sediments to deep water: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 2, p. 14-33, doi:10.2110/pec.51.02.0014.
70. Kuenen, P.H., 1966a, Experimental turbidite lamination in a circular flume: Journal of Geology, v. 74, p. 523-545, doi:10.1086/627187.
71. Kuenen, P.H., 1966b, Matrix of turbidites: Experimental approach: Sedimentology, v. 7, p. 267-297, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1966.tb01295.x.
72. Labaume, P., Mutti, E., and Seguret, M., 1987, Megaturbidites- A depositional model from the Eocene of the SW-Pyrenean foreland basin, Spain: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 7, p. 91-101, doi:10.1007/BF02237988.
73. Laberg, J.S., and Vorren, T.O., 2000, Flow behaviour of the submarine glacigenic debris flows on the BearIsland Trough Mouth Fan, western Barents Sea: Sedimentology, v. 47, p. 1105-1117, doi:10.1046/j.1365 -3091.2000.00343.x.
74. Lastras, G., DeBlasio, F.V., Canals, M., and ElverhØi, A., 2005, Conceptual and numerical modelling of the BIG'95 debris flow, western Mediterranean Sea: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 75, p. 784-797, doi: 10.2110/jsr.2005.063.
75. Locat, J., Lee, H.J., Nelson, C.H., Schwab, W.C., and Twichell, D.C., 1996, Analysis of the mobility of far reaching debris flows on the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, in Senneset, K., ed., Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Landslides, Trondheim, Norway, Volume 1: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 555-560.
76. Lowe, D.R., 1976, Subaqueous liquefied and fluidized sediment flows and their deposits: Sedimentology, v. 23, p. 285-308, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1976.tb00051.x.
77. Lowe, D.R., 1982, Sediment gravity flows; II, Depositional models with special reference to high density turbidity currents: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 52, p. 279-298, doi:10.1306/212F7F31-2B24-11D7 -8648000102C1865D.
78. Lowe, D.R., and Guy, M., 2000, Slurry-flow deposits in the Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: A new perspective on the turbidity current and debris flow problem: Sedimentology, v. 47, p. 31-70, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00276.x.
79. Lowe, D.R., Guy, M., and Palfrey, A., 2003, Facies of slurry-flow deposits, Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: Implications for flow evolution and deposit geometry: Sedimentology, v. 50, p. 45-80, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00507.x.
80. Macdonald, H.A., Wynn, R.B., Huvenne, V.A.I., Peakall, J., Masson, D.G., Weaver, P.P.E., and McPhail, S.D., 2011, New insights into the morphology, fill, and remarkable longevity (0.2 m.y.) of modern deep-water erosional scours along the northeast Atlantic margin: Geosphere, v. 7, p. 845-867, doi:10.1130/GES00611.1.
81. Major, J.J., and Iverson, R.M., 1999, Debris-flow deposition: Effects of pore-fluid pressure and friction concentrated at flow margins: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1424-1434, doi:10.1130/0016 -7606(1999)1111424:DFDEOP2.3.CO;2.
82. Marr, J.G., Harff, P.A., Shanmugam, G., and Parker, G., 2001, Experiments on subaqueous sandy gravity flows: The role of clay and water content in flow dynamics and depositional structures: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 1377-1386, doi:10.1130/0016 -7606(2001)1131377:EOSSGF2.0.CO;2.
83. Masson, D.G., Huggett, Q.J., and Brunsden, D., 1993, The surface texture of the Saharan debris flow and some speculations on submarine debris flow processes: Sedimentology, v. 40, p. 583-598, doi:10.1111/j.1365 -3091.1993.tb01351.x.
84. Masson, D.G., Van Niel, B., and Weaver, P.P.E., 1997, Flow processes and sediment deformation in the Canary debris flow on the NW African continental rise: Sedimentary Geology, v. 110, p. 163-179, doi:10.1016 /S0037-0738(96)00089-9.
85. Masson, D.G., Wynn, R.B., and Talling, P.J., 2010, Large landslides on passive continental margins: Processes, hypotheses and outstanding questions, in Mosher, D.C., et al., eds., Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 4th International Symposium: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 28: Dordrecht, Springer, p. 153-166, doi:10.1007/978-90 -481-3071-9.
86. McAnally, W.H., Friedrichs, C., Hamilton, D., Hayter, E., Shrestha, P., Rodriguez, H., Sheremet, A., and Teeter , A., 2007, Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays, and lakes. I: Present state of understanding on character and behaviour: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 133, p. 9-22, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733 -9429(2007)133:1(9).
87. McCaffrey, W., and Kneller, B., 2001, Process controls on the development of stratigraphic trap potential on the margins of confined turbidite systems and aids to reservoir evaluation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, p. 971-988.
88. McCave, I.N., and Jones, K.P.N., 1988, Deposition of ungraded muds from high-density non-turbulent turbidity currents: Nature, v. 333, p. 250-252, doi:10.1038 /333250a0.
89. Migeon, S., Ducassou, E., Le Gonidec, Y., Rouillard, P., Mascle, J., and Revel-Rolland, M., 2010, Lobe construction and sand/mud segregation by turbidity currents and debris flows on the western Nile deep-sea fan (Eastern Mediterranean): Sedimentology, v. 229, p. 124-143, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.02.011.
90. Mohrig, D.G., and Marr, J.G., 2003, Constraining the effi- ciency of turbidity current generation from submarine debris flows and slides using laboratory experiments: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 20, p. 883-899, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.03.002.
91. Mohrig, D.G., Whipple, K., Ellis, C., and Parker, G., 1998, Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 387-394, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)1100387:HOSDF2.3.CO;2.
92. Mosher, D.C., and Piper, D.J.W., 2007, Analysis of multibeam seafloor imagery of the Laurentian Fan and the 1929 Grand Banks landslide area, in Lykousis, V., et al., eds., Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd International Symposium: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 27: New York, Springer, p. 77-88, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020 -6512-5_9.
93. Mulder, T., and Alexander, A., 2001, The physical character of subaqueous sedimentary density flows and their deposits: Sedimentology, v. 48, p. 269-299, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00360.x.
94. Mulder, T., Savoye, B., and Syvitski, J.P.M., 1997, Numerical modelling of a mid-sized gravity flow: The 1979 Nice turbidity current (dynamics, processes, sediment budget and seafloor impact): Sedimentology, v. 44, p. 305-326, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1997.tb01526.x.
95. Mutti, E., 1992, Turbidite sandstones: AGIP, Istituto di Geologia, Università di Parma, 275 p.
96. Nelson, C.H., Twichell, D.C., Schwab, W.C., Lee, H.J., and Kenyon, N.H., 1992, Upper Pleistocene turbidite sand beds and chaotic silt beds in the channelized, distal, outer-fan lobes of the Mississippi Fan: Geology, v. 20, p. 693-696, doi:10.1130/0091 -7613(1992)0200693:UPTSBA2.3.CO;2.
97. Normark, W.R., 1989, Observed parameters for turbidity current flows in channels, Reservoir Fan, Lake Superior: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 59, p. 423-431.
98. Normark, W.R., Posamentier, H., and Mutti, E., 1993, Turbidite systems: State of the art and future directions: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 91-116, doi: 10.1029/93RG0283.
99. Normark, W.R., Piper, D.J.W., Posamentier, H., Pirmez, C., and Migeon, S., 2002, Variability in form and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees: Marine Geology, v. 192, p. 23-58, doi:10.1016/S0025 -3227(02)00548-0.
100. Normark, W.R., Piper, D.J.W., and Sliter, R., 2006, Sea-level and tectonic control of middle to late Pleistocene turbidite systems in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California: Sedimentology, v. 53, p. 867-897, doi:10.1111 /j.1365-3091.2006.00797.x.
101. Parchure, T.M., and Mehta, A.J., 1985, Erosion of soft cohesive sediment deposits: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 111, p. 1308-1326, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733 -9429(1985)111:10(1308).
102. Payros, A., Pujalte, V., and Orue-Etxebarria, X., 1999, The South Pyrenean Eocene carbonate megabreccias revisited: New interpretation based on evidence from the Pamplona Basin: Sedimentary Geology, v. 125, p. 165-194, doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00004-4.
103. Pierson, T.C., Janda, R.J., Thouret, J.C., and Borrera, C.A., 1990, Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 41, p. 17-66, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90082-Q.
104. Piper, D.J.W., and Savoye, B., 1993, Processes of Late Quaternary turbidity-current flow and deposition on the Var deep-sea fan, north-west Mediterranean Sea: Sedimentology, v. 40, p. 557-582, doi:10.1111 /j.1365-3091.1993.tb01350.x.
105. Piper, D.J.W., Cochonat, P., and Morrison, M.L., 1999, The sequence of events around the epicentre of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: Initiation of debris flows and turbidity currents inferred from sidescan sonar: Sedimentology, v. 46, p. 79-97, doi:10.1046/j.1365 -3091.1999.00204.x.
106. Pyles, D.R., and Jennette, D.C., 2009, Geometry and architectural associations of co-genetic debrite-turbidite beds in basin-margin strata, Carboniferous Ross Sandstone (Ireland): Applications to reservoirs located on the margins of structurally confined submarine fans: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 1974-1996, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.018.
107. Revellino, P., Hungr, O., Guadagno, F.M., and Evans, S.G., 2004, Velocity and runout simulation of destructive debris flows and debris avalanches in pyroclastic deposits, Campania region, Italy: Engineering Geology, v. 45, p. 295-311, doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0885-z.
108. Ricci-Lucchi, F., and Valmori, E., 1980, Basin-wide turbidites in a Miocene, over-supplied deep-sea plain: A geometrical analysis: Sedimentology, v. 27, p. 241- 270, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01177.x.
109. Saller, A., Werner, K., Sugiaman, F., Cebastiant, A., May, R., Glenn, D., and Barker, C., 2008, Characteristics of Pleistocene deep-water fan lobes and their application to an upper Miocene reservoir model, offshore East Kalimantan Indonesia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 92, p. 919-949, doi: 10.1306/03310807110.
110. Schwab, W.C., Lee, H.J., Twichell, D.C., Locat, J., Nelson, C.H., McArthur, W.G., and Kenyon, N.H., 1996, Sediment mass-flow processes on a depositional lobe, outer Mississippi Fan: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, p. 916-927.
111. Shanmugam, G., and Moiola, R.J., 1995, Reinterpretation of depositional processes in a classic flysch sequence (Pennsylvanian Jackfork Group), Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas and Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, p. 672-695.
112. Southard, J.B., 1991, Experimental determination of bedform stability: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v.19, p. 423-455, doi:10.1146/annurev.ea .19.050191.002231.
113. Stow, D.A.V., and Bowen, A.J., 1980, A physical model for the transport and sorting of fine-grained sediment by turbidity currents: Sedimentology, v. 27, p. 31-46, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01156.x.
114. Sumner, E., Amy, L., and Talling, P.J., 2008, Deposit structure and processes of sand deposition from a decelerating sediment suspension: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, p. 529-547, doi:10.2110/jsr.2008.062.
115. Sumner, E.J., Talling, P.J., and Amy, L.A., 2009, The deposits of flows transitional between turbidity currents and debris flow: Geology, v. 37, p. 991-994, doi:10.1130 /G30059A.1.
116. Sumner, E.J., Talling, P.J., Amy, L.A., Wynn, R.B., Stevenson, C., and Frenz, M., 2012, Facies architecture of individual basin-plain turbidites: Comparison with existing models and implications for flow processes: Sedimentology, v. 59, p. 1850-1857, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091 .2012.01329.x.
117. Sylvester, Z., and Lowe, D.R., 2004, Textural trends in turbidites and slurry beds from the Oligocene flysch of the Carpathians, Romania: Sedimentology, v. 51, p. 945- 972, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00653.x.
118. Talling, P.J., Peakall, J., Sparks, R.S.J., O'Cofaigh, C.S., Dowdeswell, J.A., Felix, M., Wynn, R.B., Baas, J.H., Hogg, A.J., Masson, D.G., Taylor, J., and Weaver, P.P.E., 2002, Experimental constraints on shear mixing rates and processes: Implications for the dilution of sub marine debris flows, in Dowdeswell, J.A., and O'Cofaigh, C.S., eds., Glacier-influenced sedimentation on high-latitude continental margins: Geological Society of London Special Publication 203, p. 89-103, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.203.01.06.
119. Talling, P. J., Amy, L. A., Wynn, R. B., Peakall, J., and Robinson, M., 2004, Beds comprising debrite sandwiched within co-genetic turbidite: Origin and widespread occurrence in distal depositional environments: Sedimentology, v. 51, p. 163-194.
120. Talling, P.J., Wynn, R.B., Masson, D.G., Frenz, M., Cronin, B.T., Schiebel, R., Akhmetzhanov, A.M., Dallmeier- Tiessen, S., Benetti, S., Weaver, P.P.E., Georgiopoulou, A., Zühlsdorff, C., and Amy, L.A., 2007a, Onset of submarine debris flow deposition far from original giant landslide: Nature, v. 450, p. 541-544, doi: 10.1038/nature06313.
121. Talling, P.J., Amy, L.A., and Wynn, R.B., 2007b, New insights into the evolution of large volume turbidity currents; comparison of turbidite shape and previous modelling results: Sedimentology, v. 54, p. 737-769, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00858.x.
122. Talling, P.J., Amy, L.A., Wynn, R.B., Blackbourn, G., and Gibson, O., 2007c, Turbidity current evolution deduced from extensive thin turbidites: Marnoso-arenacea Formation (Miocene), Italian Apennines: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 77, p. 172-196, doi:10.2110 /jsr.2007.018.
123. Talling, P.J., Wynn, R.B., Rixon, R., Schmidt, D., Sumner, E., and Amy, L.A., 2010, How did submarine flows transport boulder sized mud clasts to the fringes of the Mississippi Fan?: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 80, p. 829-851, doi:10.2110/jsr.2010.076.
124. Talling, P.J., Sumner, E.J., Masson, D.G., and Malgesini, G., 2012a, Subaqueous sediment density flows: Depositional processes and deposit types: Sedimentology, v. 59, p. 1937-2003, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012 .01353.x.
125. Talling, P.J., Malgesini, G., Sumner, E.J., Amy, L.A., Felletti, F., Blackbourn, G., Nutt, C., Wilcox, C., Harding, I.C., and Akbari, S., 2012b, Planform geometry, stacking pattern, and extrabasinal origin of low strength and intermediate strength cohesive debris flow deposits in the Marnoso-arenacea Formation, Italy: Geosphere, v. 8, p. 1207-1230, doi:10.1130/GES00734.1.
126. Talling, P.J., Malgesini, G., and Felletti F., 2012c, Can liquefied submarine debris flows deposit clean sandstone over large areas? Field evidence from the Marnoso- Arenacea Formation, Italian Apennines: Sedimentology, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01358.x.
127. Tripsanas, E.K., and Piper, D.J.W., 2008, Glaciogenic debris-flow deposits of Orphan Basin, offshore eastern Canada: Sedimentological and rheological properties, origin, and relationship to meltwater discharge: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, p. 724-744, doi:10.2110/jsr.2008.082.
128. Tripsanas, E.K., Piper, D.J.W., Jenner, K.A., and Bryant, W.R., 2008, Submarine mass-transport facies: New perspectives on flow processes from cores on the eastern North American margin: Sedimentology, v. 55, p. 97-136, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00894.x.
129. Twichell, D.C., Schwab, W.C., Nelson, C.H., Kenyon, N.H., and Lee, H.J., 1992, Characteristics of a sandy depositional lobe on the outer Mississippi fan from SeaMARC 1A sidescan sonar images: Geology, v. 20, p. 689-692, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)0200689:COASDL2.3 .CO;2.
130. Twichell, D.C., Schwab, W.C., and Kenyon, N.H., 1995, Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, in Pickering, K.T., et al., eds., Atlas of deep-water environments: Architectural style in turbidite systems: London, Chapman & Hall, p. 282-286.
131. Twichell, D.C., Schwab, W.C., Kenyon, N.H., and Lee, H.J., 1996, Breaching the levee of a channel on the Mississippi Fan, in Gardner, J.V., et al., eds., Geology of the United States' seafloor: The view from GLORIA : Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, p. 85-96.
132. Twichell, D., Nelson, C.H., Kenyon, N., and Schwab, W., 2009, The influence of external processes on the Holocene evolution of the Mississippi Fan, in Kneller, B., et al., eds., External controls on deepwater depositional systems: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 92, p. 145-159.
133. Vangriesheim, A., Khripounoff, A., and Crassous, P., 2009, Turbidity events observed in situ along the Congo submarine channel. Deep-Sea Research II, v. 56, p. 2208- 2222, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.04.004.
134. Van Maren, D.S., Winterwerp, J.C., Wang, Z.Y., and Pu, Q., 2009, Suspended sediment dynamics and morphodynamics in the Yellow River, China: Sedimentology, v. 56, p. 785-806, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008 .00997.x.
135. Van Vliet, A., 1978, Early Tertiary deepwater fans of Guipuzcoa, northern Spain, in Stanley, D.J., and Kelling, G., eds., Sedimentation in submarine canyons, fans and trenches: London, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., p. 190-109.
136. Weaver, P.P.E., Masson, D.G., Gunn, D.E., Kidd, R.B., and Maddison, D.A., 1994, Sediment mass wasting in the Canary Basin, in Pickering, K.T., et al., eds., Atlas of deep-water environments: Architectural style in turbidite systems: London, Chapman and Hall, p. 287-296.
137. Winterwerp, J.C., and Kranenburg, C., 1997, Erosion of fluid mud layers. 2 Experiments and model validation: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, p. 512-519, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6 (512).
138. Wood, A., and Smith, A.J., 1958, The sedimentation and sedimentary history of the Aberystwyth Grits (upper Llandoverian): Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 114, p. 163-195, doi:10.1144/gsjgs .114.1.0163.
139. Wright, S., and Parker, G., 2004, Density stratification effects in sand-bed rivers: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 130, p. 783-795, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429 (2004)130:8(783).
140. Wynn, R.B., Weaver, P.P.E., Masson, D.G., and Stow, D.A.V., 2002, Turbidite depositional architecture across three inter-connected deep-water basins on the Northwest African Margin: Sedimentology, v. 49, p. 669-695, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00471.x.
141. Wynn, R.B., Talling, P.J., Masson, D.G., Stevenson, C.J., Cronin, B.T., and Le Bas, T.P., 2010, Investigating the timing, processes and deposits of one of the world's largest submarine gravity flows: The 'Bed 5 event' off northwest Africa in Mosher, D.C., et al., eds., Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 4th International Symposium: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 28: Dordrecht, Springer, p. 463-474.