Inorganic nanomedicines and their labeling for biological imaging

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 488-503

  Kim, Kyoung Min ^a   Kang, Joo Hee ^b   Vinu, Ajayan ^c   Choy, Jin Ho ^b   Oh, Jae Min ^a  

^a Yonsei University Wonju   (South Korea)

^b Ewha Womans University   (South Korea)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biological imaging; Contrasting agent; Diagnosis; Drug delivery; Inorganic nanomedicine; Labeling; Therapy

Indexed keywords

CARBON NANOTUBE; COPPER 64; DONEPEZIL; FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE; FLUORINE 18; IBUPROFEN; IODINE 123; METHOTREXATE; MONTMORILLONITE; NANOFIBER; NANOMATERIAL; NANOROD; NITROGEN 13; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; XENON 133;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; NANOMEDICINE; NANOSTRUCTURES; STAINING AND LABELING;

EID: 84878808815     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: 18734294     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313040009     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Service, R. F. Biology Offers Nanotechs a Helping Hand. Science, 2002, 298(5602), 2322-2323.
2. Williams, K. A.; Veenhuizen, P. T. M.; de la Torre, B. G.; Eritja, R.; Dekker, C. Nanotechnology: Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition. Nature, 2002, 420(6917), 761-761.
3. Wyatt, M. D.; Ferry, J. Nanomaterials-Toxicity, Health and Environmental Issues. In Small, Kumar, C. S. S. R., Ed. WILEY-VCH Verlag: 2007; Vol. 3, pp. 1272-1272.
4. Letard, J. F.; Guionneau, P.; Goux-Capes, L. Towards spin crossover applications. Spin Crossover in Transition Metal Compounds III, 2004, 235, 221-249.
5. Rao, C. N. R.; Cheetham, A. K. Science and technology of nanomaterials: current status and future prospects. J. Mater. Chem., 2001, 11(12), 2887-2894.
6. Robert, A.; Freitas, J. Nanomedicine, Volume: Basic Capabilities. Landes Bioscience: Austin, TX, 1999.
7. Moghimi, S. M.; Hunter, A. C.; Murray, J. C. Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. Faseb J., 2005, 19(3), 311-330.
8. Lee, P. Y.; Wong, K. K. Y. Nanomedicine: A New Frontier in Cancer Therapeutics. Current Drug Delivery, 2011, 8(3), 245-253.
9. Bruchez, M.; Moronne, M.; Gin, P.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science, 1998, 281(5385), 2013-2016.
10. Gupta, A. K.; Gupta, M. Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials,2005, 26(18), 3995-4021.
11. Chatteriee, D. K.; Rufalhah, A. J.; Zhang, Y. Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(7), 937-943.
12. Yang, F.; Jin, C.; Subedi, S.; Lee, C. L.; Wang, Q.; Jiang, Y. J.; Li, J.; Di, Y.; Fu, D. L. Emerging inorganic nanomaterials for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev., 2012, 38(6), 566-579.
13. Son, Y. H.; Park, M.; Bin Choy, Y.; Choi, H. R.; Kim, D. S.; Park, K. C.; Choy, J. H. One-pot synthetic route to polymer-silica assembled capsule encased with nonionic drug molecule. Chem. Commun., 2007, (27), 2799-2801.
14. Park, J. K.; Choy, Y. B.; Oh, J. M.; Kim, J. Y.; Hwang, S. J.; Choy, J. H. Controlled release of donepezil intercalated in smectite clays. Int. J. Pharm., 2008, 359(1-2), 198-204.
15. Oh, J. M.; Biswick, T. T.; Choy, J. H. Layered nanomaterials for green materials. J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19(17), 2553-2563.
16. Janib, S. M.; Moses, A. S.; MacKay, J. A. Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev., 2010, 62(11), 1052-1063.
17. Psaro, R.; Guidotti, M.; Sgobba, M. Inorganic and Bio-inorganic Chemistry-Nanosystems. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS): 2008; Vol. 2.
18. Liu, W.; Howarth, M.; Greytak, A. B.; Zheng, Y.; Nocera, D. G.; Ting, A. Y.; Bawendi, M. G. Compact biocompatible quantum dots functionalized for cellular imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130(4), 1274-1284.
19. Mailander, V.; Landfester, K. Interaction of Nanoparticles with Cells. Biomacromolecules, 2009, 10(9), 2379-2400.
20. Huang, S. H.; Juang, R. S. Biochemical and biomedical applications of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles: a review. J. Nanopart. Res., 2011, 13(10), 4411-4430.
21. Xie, J.; Liu, G.; Eden, H. S.; Ai, H.; Chen, X. Y. Surface-Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticle Platforms for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Accounts Chem. Res., 2011, 44(10), 883-892.
22. Vallet-Regi, M.; Ramila, A.; del Real, R. P.; Perez-Pariente, J. A new property of MCM-41: Drug delivery system. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(2), 308-311.
23. Ninjbadgar, T.; Brougham, D. F. Epoxy Ring Opening Phase Transfer as a General Route to Water Dispersible Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Application as Positive MRI Contrast Agents. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2011, 21(24), 4769-4775.
24. Liu, W. H.; Choi, H. S.; Zimmer, J. P.; Tanaka, E.; Frangioni, J. V.; Bawendi, M. Compact cysteine-coated CdSe(ZnCdS) quantum dots for in vivo applications. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(47), 14530-14531.
25. Wang, F.; Chatterjee, D. K.; Li, Z. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Fan, X. P.; Wang, M. Q. Synthesis of polyethylenimine/NaYF4 nanoparticles with upconversion fluorescence. Nanotechnology, 2006, 17(23), 5786-5791.
26. Wang, Z. M. One-dimensional Nanostructures. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC: New York, NY, 2008; Vol. 3.
27. Feazell, R. P.; Nakayama-Ratchford, N.; Dai, H.; Lippard, S. J. Soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes as longboat delivery systems for Platinum(IV) anticancer drug design. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(27), 8438-8439.
28. Bianco, A.; Kostarelos, K.; Prato, M. Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2005, 9(6), 674-679.
29. Trzaskowski, B.; Jalbout, A. F.; Adamowicz, L. Molecular dynamics studies of protein-fragment models encapsulated into carbon nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett., 2006, 430(1-3), 97-100.
30. Kapoor, S.; Mandal, S. S.; Bhattacharyya, A. J. Structure and Function of Hemoglobin Confined Inside Silica Nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2009, 113(43), 14189-14195.
31. Lee, K.-S.; El-Sayed, M. A. Gold and Silver Nanoparticles in Sensing and Imaging: Sensitivity of Plasmon Response to Size, Shape, and Metal Composition. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(39), 19220-19225.
32. Huang, X.; Neretina, S.; El-Sayed, M. A. Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications. Adv. Mater., 2009, 21(48), 4880-4910.
33. Chen, C.-C.; Lin, Y.-P.; Wang, C.-W.; Tzeng, H.-C.; Wu, C.-H.; Chen, Y.-C.; Chen, C.-P.; Chen, L.-C.; Wu, Y.-C. DNA Gold Nanorod Conjugates for Remote Control of Localized Gene Expression by near Infrared Irradiation. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128(11), 3709-3715.
34. Niidome, T.; Yamagata, M.; Okamoto, Y.; Akiyama, Y.; Takahashi, H.; Kawano, T.; Katayama, Y.; Niidome, Y. PEG-modified gold nanorods with a stealth character for in vivo applications. J. Control. Release, 2006, 114(3), 343-347.
35. Oyelere, A. K.; Chen, P. C.; Huang, X.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. Peptide-Conjugated Gold Nanorods for Nuclear Targeting. Bioconjug. Chem., 2007, 18(5), 1490-1497.
36. Tian, Y.; Chen, L.; Zhang, J.; Ma, Z.; Song, C. Bifunctional Aunanorod@Fe3O4 nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization, and their use as bioprobes. J. Nanopart. Res., 2012, 14(7), 1-11.
37. Cavani, F.; Trifiro, F.; Vaccari, A. Hydrotalcite-type anionic clays: preparation, properties and applications. Catal. Today, 1991, 11(2), 173-301.
38. Oh, J. M.; Choi, S. J.; Kim, S. T.; Choy, J. H. Cellular uptake mechanism of an inorganic nanovehicle and its drug conjugates: Enhanced efficacy due to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Bioconjug. Chem., 2006, 17(6), 1411-1417.
39. Oh, J. M.; Park, M.; Kim, S. T.; Jung, J. Y.; Kang, Y. G.; Choy, J. H. Efficient delivery of anticancer drug MTX through MTX-LDH nanohybrid system. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2006, 67(5-6), 1024-1027.
40. Choy, J. H.; Jung, J. S.; Oh, J. M.; Park, M.; Jeong, J.; Kang, Y. K.; Han, O. J. Layered double hydroxide as an efficient drug reservoir for folate derivatives. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(15), 3059-3064.
41. Xu, J. X.; Yudasaka, M.; Kouraba, S.; Sekido, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; Iijima, S. Single wall carbon nanohorn as a drug carrier for controlled release. Chem. Phys. Lett., 2008, 461(4-6), 189-192.
42. Sun, X. M.; Liu, Z.; Welsher, K.; Robinson, J. T.; Goodwin, A.; Zaric, S.; Dai, H. J. Nano-Graphene Oxide for Cellular Imaging and Drug Delivery. Nano Res., 2008, 1(3), 203-212.
43. Zhang, L. M.; Xia, J. G.; Zhao, Q. H.; Liu, L. W.; Zhang, Z. J. Functional Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier for Controlled Loading and Targeted Delivery of Mixed Anticancer Drugs. Small, 2010, 6(4), 537-544.
44. Lai, C.-Y.; Trewyn, B. G.; Jeftinija, D. M.; Jeftinija, K.; Xu, S.; Jeftinija, S.; Lin, V. S.-Y. A Mesoporous Silica Nanosphere-Based Carrier System with Chemically Removable CdS Nanoparticle Caps for Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Release of Neurotransmitters and Drug Molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125(15), 4451-4459.
45. Cheng, K.; Peng, S.; Xu, C.; Sun, S. Porous Hollow Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery and Controlled Release of Cisplatin. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131(30), 10637-10644.
46. Liu, C.; Guo, J.; Yang, W.; Hu, J.; Wang, C.; Fu, S. Magnetic mesoporous silica microspheres with thermo-sensitive polymer shell for controlled drug release. J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19(27), 4764-4770.
47. Mal, N. K.; Fujiwara, M.; Tanaka, Y. Photocontrolled reversible release of guest molecules from coumarin-modified mesoporous silica. Nature, 2003, 421(6921), 350-353.
48. Slowing, II; Trewyn, B. G.; Lin, V. S. Y. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of membrane-impermeable proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(28), 8845-8849.
49. Hahn, M. A.; Singh, A. K.; Sharma, P.; Brown, S. C.; Moudgil, B. M. Nanoparticles as contrast agents for in-vivo bioimaging: current status and future perspectives. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2011, 399(1), 3-27.
50. Huang, W. Y.; Davis, J. J. Multimodality and nanoparticles in medical imaging. Dalton T., 2011, 40(23), 6087-6103.
51. Balas, C. Review of biomedical optical imaging-a powerful, non-invasive, non-ionizing technology for improving in vivo diagnosis. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2009, 20(10).
52. Michalet, X.; Pinaud, F. F.; Bentolila, L. A.; Tsay, J. M.; Doose, S.; Li, J. J.; Sundaresan, G.; Wu, A. M.; Gambhir, S. S.; Weiss, S. Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics. Science, 2005, 307(5709), 538-544.
53. Caravan, P.; Ellison, J. J.; McMurry, T. J.; Lauffer, R. B. Gadolinium(III) chelates as MRI contrast agents: Structure, dynamics, and applications. Chem. Rev., 1999, 99(9), 2293-2352.
54. Phelps, M. E. Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. S., 2002, 52(1), 303-338.
55. Choy, J. H.; Kwak, S. Y.; Jeong, Y. J.; Park, J. S. Inorganic layered double hydroxides as nonviral vectors. Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed., 2000, 39(22), 4042-4045.
56. Musumeci, A. W.; Mortimer, G. M.; Butler, M. K.; Xu, Z. P.; Minchin, R. F.; Martin, D. J. Fluorescent layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for biological studies. Appl. Clay Sci., 2010, 48(1-2), 271-279.
57. Wu, P. C.; Wang, W. S.; Huang, Y. T.; Sheu, H. S.; Lo, Y. W.; Tsai, T. L.; Shieh, D. B.; Yeh, C. S. Porous iron oxide based nanorods developed as delivery nanocapsules. Chem. Eur. J., 2007, 13(14), 3878-3885.
58. Xu, Z. P.; Kurniawan, N. D.; Bartlett, P. F.; Lu, G. Q. Enhancement of relaxivity rates of Gd-DTPA complexes by intercalation into layered double hydroxide nanoparticles. Chem. Eur. J., 2007, 13(10), 2824-2830.
59. Kim, S. Y.; Oh, J. M.; Lee, J. S.; Kim, T. J.; Choy, J. H. Gadolinium (III) Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid/Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrid as Novel T(1)-Magnetic Resonant Nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2008, 8(10), 5181-5184.
60. Kwak, S.-Y.; Kriven, W. M.; Clarkson, R. B.; Tucker, B. J.; Belford, R. L. Nanoceramics Intercalated with Gd-DTPA for Potential Imaging of Systems In vivo. In Advances in Bioceramics and Biocomposites: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 2008; pp. 54-62.
61. Paratala, B. S.; Jacobson, B. D.; Kanakia, S.; Francis, L. D.; Sitharaman, B. Physicochemical Characterization, and Relaxometry Studies of Micro-Graphite Oxide, Graphene Nanoplatelets, and Nanoribbons. Plos One, 2012, 7(6).
62. Hong, H.; Gao, T.; Cai, W. B. Molecular imaging with single walled carbon nanotubes. Nano Today, 2009, 4(3), 252-261.
63. Sitharaman, B.; Kissell, K. R.; Hartman, K. B.; Tran, L. A.; Baikalov, A.; Rusakova, I.; Sun, Y.; Khant, H. A.; Ludtke, S. J.; Chiu, W.; Laus, S.; Toth, E.; Helm, L.; Merbach, A. E.; Wilson, L. J. Superparamagnetic gadonanotubes are high-performance MRI contrast agents. Chem. Commun., 2005, (31), 3915-3917.
64. Erathodiyil, N.; Ying, J. Y. Functionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging Applications. Accounts Chem. Res., 2011, 44(10), 925-935.
65. Oh, J. M.; Choi, S. J.; Lee, G. E.; Han, S. H.; Choy, J. H. Inorganic Drug-Delivery Nanovehicle Conjugated with Cancer-Cell-Specific Ligand. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009, 19(10), 1617-1624.
66. Oh, J. M.; Choi, S. J.; Lee, G. E.; Kim, J. E.; Choy, J. H. Inorganic Metal Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Cellular Uptake Through Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Chem. Asian J., 2009, 4(1), 67-73.
67. Thurn, K. T.; Paunesku, T.; Wu, A.; Brown, E. M. B.; Lai, B.; Vogt, S.; Maser, J.; Aslam, M.; Dravid, V.; Bergan, R.; Woloschak, G. E. Labeling TiO2 Nanoparticles with Dyes for Optical Fluorescence Microscopy and Determination of TiO2-DNA Nanoconjugate Stability. Small, 2009, 5(11), 1318-1325.
68. Carniato, F.; Tei, L.; Cossi, M.; Marchese, L.; Botta, M. A Chemical Strategy for the Relaxivity Enhancement of Gd-III Chelates Anchored on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Chem. Eur. J., 2010, 16(35), 10727-10734.
69. Chen, B. D.; Zhang, H.; Zhai, C. X.; Du, N.; Sun, C.; Xue, J. W.; Yang, D. R.; Huang, H.; Zhang, B.; Xie, Q. P.; Wu, Y. L. Carbon nanotube-based magnetic-fluorescent nanohybrids as highly efficient contrast agents for multimodal cellular imaging. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20(44), 9895-9902.
70. Lee, C. M.; Jeong, H. J.; Kim, D. W.; Sohn, M. H.; Lim, S. T. The effect of fluorination of zinc oxide nanoparticles on evaluation of their biodistribution after oral administration. Nanotechnology, 2012, 23(20).
71. Lee, C. M.; Jeong, H. J.; Yun, K. N.; Kim, D. W.; Sohn, M. H.; Lee, J. K.; Jeong, J.; Lim, S. T. Optical imaging to trace near infrared fluorescent zinc oxide nanoparticles following oral exposure. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2012, 7, 3203-3209.
72. Choi, J. S.; Park, J. C.; Nah, H.; Woo, S.; Oh, J.; Kim, K. M.; Cheon, G. J.; Chang, Y.; Yoo, J.; Cheon, J. A hybrid nanoparticle probe for dual-modality positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed., 2008, 47(33), 6259-6262.
73. Yang, J.; Lim, E. K.; Lee, H. J.; Park, J.; Lee, S. C.; Lee, K.; Yoon, H. G.; Suh, J. S.; Huh, Y. M.; Haam, S. Fluorescent magnetic nanohybrids as multimodal imaging agents for human epithelial cancer detection. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(16), 2548-2555.
74. Devaraj, N. K.; Keliher, E. J.; Thurber, G. M.; Nahrendorf, M.; Weissleder, R. F-18 Labeled Nanoparticles for in vivo PET-CT Imaging. Bioconjug. Chem., 2009, 20(2), 397-401.
75. Shukoor, M. I.; Natalio, F.; Tahir, M. N.; Wiens, M.; Tarantola, M.; Therese, H. A.; Barz, M.; Weber, S.; Terekhov, M.; Schroder, H. C.; Muller, W. E. G.; Janshoff, A.; Theato, P.; Zentel, R.; Schreiber, L. M.; Tremel, W. Pathogen-Mimicking MnO Nanoparticles for Selective Activation of the TLR9 Pathway and Imaging of Cancer Cells. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009, 19(23), 3717-3725.
76. Liu, J. L.; He, W. W.; Zhang, L. F.; Zhang, Z. B.; Zhu, J.; Yuan, L.; Chen, H.; Cheng, Z. P.; Zhu, X. L. Bifunctional Nanoparticles with Fluorescence and Magnetism via Surface-Initiated AGET ATRP Mediated by an Iron Catalyst. Langmuir, 2011, 27(20), 12684-12692.
77. Liu, Z. C.; Li, B.; Wang, B. D.; Yang, Z. Y.; Wang, Q.; Li, T. R.; Qin, D. D.; Li, Y.; Wang, M. F.; Yan, M. H. Magnetic nanoparticles modified with DTPA-AMC-rare earth for fluorescent and magnetic resonance dual mode imaging. Dalton T., 2012, 41(28), 8723-8728.
78. Neoh, K. G.; Kang, E. T. Surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles for stem cell labeling. Soft Matter, 2012, 8(7), 2057-2069.
79. Oh, M. H.; Lee, N.; Kim, H.; Park, S. P.; Piao, Y.; Lee, J.; Jun, S. W.; Moon, W. K.; Choi, S. H.; Hyeon, T. Large-Scale Synthesis of Bioinert Tantalum Oxide Nanoparticles for X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging and Bimodal Image-Guided Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133(14), 5508-5515.
80. Xing, H. Y.; Bu, W. B.; Zhang, S. J.; Zheng, X. P.; Li, M.; Chen, F.; He, Q. J.; Zhou, L. P.; Peng, W. J.; Hua, Y. Q.; Shi, J. L. Multifunctional nanoprobes for upconversion fluorescence, MR and CT trimodal imaging. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(4), 1079-1089.
81. Bagwe, R. P.; Yang, C. Y.; Hilliard, L. R.; Tan, W. H. Optimization of dye-doped silica nanoparticles prepared using a reverse microemulsion method. Langmuir, 2004, 20(19), 8336-8342.
82. Lin, Y.-S.; Tsai, C.-P.; Huang, H.-Y.; Kuo, C.-T.; Hung, Y.; Huang, D.-M.; Chen, Y.-C.; Mou, C.-Y. Well-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Cell Markers. Chem. Mater., 2005, 17(18), 4570-4573.
83. Yoon, T.-J.; Yu, K. N.; Kim, E.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, B. G.; Yun, S.-H.; Sohn, B.-H.; Cho, M.-H.; Lee, J.-K.; Park, S. B. Specific Targeting, Cell Sorting, and Bioimaging with Smart Magnetic Silica Core-Shell Nanomaterials. Small, 2006, 2(2), 209-215.
84. Chung, T. H.; Wu, S. H.; Yao, M.; Lu, C. W.; Lin, Y. S.; Hung, Y.; Mou, C. Y.; Chen, Y. C.; Huang, D. M. The effect of surface charge on the uptake and biological function of mesoporous silica nanoparticles 3T3-L1 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(19), 2959-2966.
85. Cheng, S. H.; Li, F. C.; Souris, J. S.; Yang, C. S.; Tseng, F. G.; Lee, H. S.; Chen, C. T.; Dong, C. Y.; Lo, L. W. Visualizing Dynamics of Sub-Hepatic Distribution of Nanoparticles Using Intravital Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy. Acs Nano, 2012, 6(5), 4122-4131.
86. Wu, J.; Ye, Z. Q.; Wang, G. L.; Yuan, J. L. Multifunctional nanoparticles possessing magnetic, long-lived fluorescence and bio-affinity properties for time-resolved fluorescence cell imaging. Talanta, 2007, 72(5), 1693-1697.
87. Zhang, J.; Fu, Y.; Lakowicz, J. R. Luminescent Silica Core/Silver Shell Encapsulated with Eu(III) Complex. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113(45), 19404-19410.
88. Huang, P.; Bao, L.; Zhang, C. L.; Lin, J.; Luo, T.; Yang, D. P.; He, M.; Li, Z. M.; Gao, G.; Gao, B.; Fu, S.; Cui, D. X. Folic acid conjugated Silica-modified gold nanorods for X-ray/CT imagingguided dual-mode radiation and photo-thermal therapy. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(36), 9796-9809.
89. Sharma, P.; Brown, S. C.; Bengtsson, N.; Zhang, Q. Z.; Walter, G. A.; Grobmyer, S. R.; Santra, S.; Jiang, H. B.; Scott, E. W.; Moudgil, B. M. Gold-Speckled Multimodal Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Bioimaging. Chem. Mater., 2008, 20(19), 6087-6094.
90. Lee, B.-I.; Lee, K. S.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, I. S.; Byeon, S.-H. Synthesis of colloidal aqueous suspensions of a layered gadolinium hydroxide: a potential MRI contrast agent. Dalton T., 2009, (14), 2490-2495.
91. Yoon, Y.-s.; Lee, B.-I.; Lee, K. S.; Im, G. H.; Byeon, S.-H.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, I. S. Surface Modification of Exfoliated Layered Gadolinium Hydroxide for the Development of Multimodal Contrast Agents for MRI and Fluorescence Imaging. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009, 19(21), 3375-3380.
92. Lee, B. I.; Bae, J. S.; Lee, E. S.; Byeon, S. H. Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Colloidal Solution Containing Layered Rareearth Hydroxide Nanosheets. Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc., 2012, 33(2), 601-607.
93. Rodrigues, E.; Pereira, P.; Martins, T.; Vargas, F.; Scheller, T.; Correa, J.; Del Nero, J.; Moreira, S. G. C.; Ertel-Ingrisch, W.; De Campos, C. P.; Gigler, A. Novel rare earth (Ce and La) hydrotalcite like material: Synthesis and characterization. Mater. Lett., 2012, 78, 195-198.
94. Huang, X. L.; Zhang, F.; Lee, S.; Swierczewska, M.; Kiesewetter, D. O.; Lang, L. X.; Zhang, G. F.; Zhu, L.; Gao, H. K.; Choi, H. S.; Niu, G.; Chen, X. Y. Long-term multimodal imaging of tumor draining sentinel lymph nodes using mesoporous silica-based nanoprobes. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(17), 4370-4378.
95. Cheon, J.; Lee, J. H. Synergistically Integrated Nanoparticles as Multimodal Probes for Nanobiotechnology. Accounts Chem. Res., 2008, 41(12), 1630-1640.
96. Patel, D.; Kell, A.; Simard, B.; Deng, J. X.; Xiang, B.; Lin, H. Y.; Gruwel, M.; Tian, G. H. Cu2+-labeled, SPION loaded porous silica nanoparticles for cell labeling and multifunctional imaging probes. Biomaterials, 2010, 31(10), 2866-2873.
97. Kumar, R.; Roy, I.; Ohulchanskky, T. Y.; Vathy, L. A.; Bergey, E. J.; Sajjad, M.; Prasad, P. N. In vivo Biodistribution and Clearance Studies Using Multimodal Organically Modified Silica Nanoparticles. Acs Nano, 2010, 4(2), 699-708.
98. Li, Q.; Zhang, L. F.; Bai, L. J.; Zhang, Z. B.; Zhu, J.; Zhou, N. C.; Cheng, Z. P.; Zhu, X. L. Multistimuli-responsive hybrid nanoparticles with magnetic core and thermoresponsive fluorescence-labeled shell via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization. Soft Matter, 2011, 7(15), 6958-6966.
99. Rieter, W. J.; Kim, J. S.; Taylor, K. M. L.; An, H. Y.; Lin, W. L.; Tarrant, T.; Lin, W. B. Hybrid silica nanoparticles for multimodal Imaging. Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed., 2007, 46(20), 3680-3682.