The Corner and the Crew: The Influence of Geography and Social Networks on Gang Violence

American Sociological Review

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 417-447

  Papachristos, Andrew V ^a   Hureau, David M ^b   Braga, Anthony A ^b,c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

intergroup conflict; neighborhoods; social networks; spatial analysis; street gangs; violent crime

Indexed keywords

ACCULTURATION; CRIME; NEIGHBORHOOD; SOCIAL NETWORK; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; THEORETICAL STUDY; URBAN AREA; URBAN SOCIETY; VIOLENCE;

BOSTON; CHICAGO; ILLINOIS; MASSACHUSETTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84878489119     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: 19398271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003122413486800     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Anderson ElijahCode of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: W.W. Norton & Company; 1999:.
2. Anselin Luc,Syabri Ibnu,Kho Youngihn.GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis.Geographical Analysis. 2006;38:5-22.
3. Black Donald J.The Production of Crime Rates.American Sociological Review. 1970;35:733-48.
4. Block Carolyn R.,Block RichardStreet Gang Crime in Chicago. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice; 1993:.
5. Block Richard.Gang Activity and Overall Levels of Crime: A New Mapping Tool for Defining Areas of Gang Activity Using Police Records.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2000;16:369-83.
6. Braga Anthony A.,Hureau David,Winship Christopher.Losing Faith? Police, Black Churches, and the Resurgence of Youth Violence in Boston.Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 2008;6:141-72.
7. Brantingham P. Jeffrey,Tita George E.,Short Martin B.,Reid Shannon E.The Ecology of Gang Territorial Boundaries.Criminology. 2012;50:851-85.
8. Browning Christopher R.,Dietz Robert D.The Paradox of Social Organization: Networks, Collective Efficacy, and Violent Crime in Urban Neighborhoods.Social Forces. 2004;83:503-534.
9. Bursik Robert J.,Grasmick Harold G.Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books; 1993:.
10. Butts Carter T.,Acton Ryan M.,Hipp John R.,Nagle Nicholas N.Geographical Variability and Network Structure.Social Networks. 2012;34:82-100.
11. Chase Ivan D.Social Process and Hierarchy Formation in Small Groups: A Comparative Perspective.American Sociological Review. 1980;45:905-924.
12. Cohen Albert K.Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press; 1955:.
13. Cohen Jacqueline,Tita George.Diffusion in Homicide: Exploring a General Method for Detecting Spatial Diffusion Process.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1999;15:451-93.
14. Decker Scott H.Collective and Normative Features of Gang Violence.Justice Quarterly. 1996;13:243-64.
15. Decker Scott H.,Curry G. David.Addressing Key Features of Gang Membership: Measuring Involvement of Young Gang Members.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2000;28:473-82.
16. Decker Scott H.,Curry G. David.Gangs, Gang Homicides, and Gang Loyalty: Organized Crimes or Disorganized Criminals?.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2002;30:343-52.
17. Decker Scott H.,Katz Charles M.,Webb Vincent J.Understanding the Black Box of Gang Organization: Implications for Involvement in Violent Crime, Drug Sales, and Violent Victimization.Crime & Delinquency. 2008;54:153-72.
18. Decker Scott H.,Pyrooz David C.On the Validity and Reliability of Gang Homicide: A Comparison of Disparate Sources.Homicide Studies. 2010;14:359-76.
19. Decker Scott H.,Winkle Barrik VanLife in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996:.
20. Descormiers Karine,Morselli Carlo.Alliances, Conflicts, and Contradictions in Montreal's Street Gang Landscape.International Criminal Justice Review. 2011;21:297-314.
21. Egley Arlen,Howell James C.,Major Aline K.American Youth Gangs at the Millennium. Esbensen F.Tibbetts S. G.Gaines L., ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press; 2004:90-108.
22. Esbensen Finn-Aage,Huizinga David.Gangs, Drugs, and Delinquency in a Survey of Urban Youth.Criminology. 1993;31:565-89.
23. Fagan Jeffrey A.The Social Organization of Drug Use and Drug Dealing among Urban Gangs.Criminology. 1989;27:633-70.
24. Fagan Jeffrey A.,Geller Amanda,Davies Garth,West ValerieRace, Ethnicity, and Policing: New and Essential Readings. Rice S. K.White M. D., ed. New York: New York University Press; 2009:309-348.
25. Faris Robert,Felmlee Diane.Status Struggles: Network Centrality and Gender Segregation in Same- and Cross-Gender Aggression.American Sociological Review. 2011;76:48-73.
26. Felson Richard B.,Steadman Henry J.Situational Factors in Disputes Leading to Criminal Violence.Criminology. 1983;21:59-74.
27. Fleisher Mark S.Dead End Kids: Gang Girls and the Boys They Know. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; 1998:.
28. Fleisher Mark S.Studying Youth Gangs. Short J. F.Hughes L. A., ed. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press; 2006:85-98.
29. Fruchterman Thomas M. J.,Reingold Edward M.Graph Drawing by Force-Directed Placement.Journal of Software: Practice and Experience. 1991;21:1129-64.
30. Garot Robert.'Where You From!': Gang Identity as Performance.Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 2007;36:50-84.
31. Goodreau Steven M.Advances in Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models Applied to a Large Social Network.Social Networks. 2007;29:231-48.
32. Goodreau Steven M.,Kitts James A.,Morris Martina.Birds of a Feather, or Friend of a Friend? Using Exponential Random Graph Models to Investigate Adolescent Social Networks.Demography. 2009;46:103-125.
33. Gould Roger V.Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2003:.
34. Grannis RickFrom the Ground Up: Translating Geography into Community through Neighbor Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2009:.
35. Granovetter Mark S.The Strength of Weak Ties.American Journal of Sociology. 1973;78:1360-80.
36. Hagedorn John M.People and Folks: Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. Chicago: Lake View Press; 1988:.
37. Hagedorn John M.A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2008:.
38. Handcock Mark S.,Hunter David R.,Butts Carter T.,Goodreau Steven M.,Morris Martina.Statnet: Software Tools for the Representation, Visualization, Analysis, and Simulation of Network Data.Journal of Statistical Software. 2008;24:1-11.
39. Hannerz UlfSoulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1969:.
40. Hipp John R.,Faris Robert W.,Boessen Adam.Measuring 'Neighborhood': Constructing Network Neighborhoods.Social Networks. 2012;34:128-40.
41. Horowitz RuthHonor and the American Dream: Culture and Identity in a Chicano Community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1983:.
42. Howell James C.Gangs in America's Communities. Los Angeles, CA: Sage; 2012:.
43. Hughes Lorine A.,Short James F.Disputes Involving Youth Street Gang Members: Micro-Social Contexts.Criminology. 2005;43:43-76.
44. Hunter David R.,Goodreau Steven M.,Handcock Mark S.Goodness of Fit of Social Network Models.Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2008;103:248-58.
45. Hunter David R.,Handcock Mark S.Inference in Curved Exponential Family Models for Networks.Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 2006;15:565-83.
46. Hunter David R.,Handcock Mark S.,Butts Carter T.,Goodreau Steven M.,Morris Martina.Ergm: A Package to Fit, Simulate, and Diagnose Exponential-Family Models for Networks.Journal of Statistical Software. 2008;24:1-29.
47. Jacobs Bruce A.,Wright RichardStreet Justice: Retaliation in the Criminal Underworld. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006:.
48. Jankowski Martin SanchezIslands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1991:.
49. Katz Charles M.,Webb Vincent J.,Schaefer. David R.The Validity of Police Gang Intelligence Lists: Examining the Differences in Delinquency between Documented Gang Members and Nondocumented Delinquent Youth.Police Quarterly. 2000;3:413-37.
50. Kennedy David M.,Braga Anthony A.,Piehl Anne M.Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention. Weisburd D.McEwen T., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1997:219-62.
51. Klein Malcolm W.,Maxson Cheryl L.Street Gang Patterns and Policies. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:.
52. Kobrin Solomon,Puntil Joseph,Peluso Emil.Criteria of Status among Street Groups.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1967;4:98-118.
53. Leibow ElliotTally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company; 1967:.
54. McGloin Jean Marie.Policy Intervention Considerations of a Network Analysis of Street Gangs.Criminology & Public Policy. 2005;4:607-635.
55. Miller Walter B.Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency.Journal of Social Issues. 1958;14:5-19.
56. Morenoff Jeffrey D.,Sampson Robert J.,Raudenbush Stephen W.Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence.Criminology. 2001;39:517-58.
57. Papachristos Andrew V.Studying Youth Gangs. Short J. F.Hughes L. A., ed. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press; 2006:99-116.
58. Papachristos Andrew V.Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide.American Journal of Sociology. 2009;115:74-128.
59. Papachristos Andrew V.,Braga Anthony A.,Hureau David M.Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury.Journal of Urban Health. 2012;89:992-1003.
60. Papachristos Andrew V.,Kirk David S.Studying Youth Gangs. Short J. F.Hughes L. A., ed. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press; 2006:63-84.
61. Papachristos Andrew V.,Meares Tracey L.,Fagan Jeffrey.Attention Felons: Evaluating Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chicago.Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 2007;4:223-72.
62. Pattillo Mary E.Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1999:.
63. Pattillo Mary E.Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008:.
64. Peterson Ruth D.,Krivo Lauren J.Macrostructural Analyses of Race, Ethnicity, and Violent Crime: Recent Lessons and New Directions for Research.Annual Review of Sociology. 2005;31:331-56.
65. Robins Garry,Pattison Philippa,Wang Peng.Closure, Connectivity, and Degree Distributions: Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models for Directed Social Networks.Social Networks. 2009;31:105-117.
66. Robins Garry,Snijders Tom,Wang Peng,Handcock Mark,Pattison Philippa.Recent Developments in Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models for Social Networks.Social Networks. 2007;29:192-215.
67. Rosenfeld Richard,Bray Timothy M.,Egley Arlen.Facilitating Violence: A Comparison of Gang-Motivated, Gang-Affiliated, and Nongang Youth Homicides.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1999;15:495-516.
68. Rymond-Richmond Wenona C.The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Peterson R. D.Krivo L. J.Hagan J., ed. New York: New York University Press; 2006:295-312.
69. Sampson Robert J.Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2012:.
70. Sampson Robert J.,Raudenbush Stephen W.,Earls Felton.Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.Science. 1997;277:918-24.
71. Sampson Robert J.,Wilson William JuliusCrime and Inequality. Hagan J.Peterson R. D., ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1995:37-54.
72. Schaefer David R.Youth Co-offending Networks: An Investigation of Social and Spatial Effects.Social Networks. 2012;34:141-49.
73. Scott MichaelLords of Lawndale: My Life in a Chicago White Street Gang. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse; 2005:.
74. Shaw Clifford R.,McKay Henry D.Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1942:.
75. Studying Youth Gangs. Short James F.Hughes Lorine A., ed. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press; 2006:225-38.
76. Short James F.,Strodtbeck Fred L.Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1965:.
77. Suttles Gerald D.The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1968:.
78. Thornberry Terence P.,Krohn Marvin D.,Lizotte Alan J.,Smith Carolyn A.,Tobin KimberlyGangs and Delinquency in Development Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003:.
79. Thrasher Frederic M.The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1927:.
80. Tita George E.,Cohen Jacqueline,Engberg John.An Ecological Study of the Location of Gang 'Set Space.'.Social Problems. 2005;52:272-99.
81. Tita George E.,Greenbaum Robert T.Putting Crime in its Place. Weisburd D.Bernasco W.Bruinsma G., ed. New York: Springer; 2009:145-70.
82. Tita George E.,Radil Steven M.Spatializing the Social Networks of Gangs to Explore Patterns of Violence.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2011;27:521-45.
83. Venkatesh Sudhir AlladiAmerican Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2000:.
84. Venkatesh Sudhir AlladiOff the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2006:.
85. Venkatesh Sudhir Alladi,Levitt Steven D.Are We a Family or a Business? History and Disjuncture in the Urban American Street Gang.Theory and Society. 2000;29:427-62.
86. Vigil James DiegoBarrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press; 1988:.
87. Vigil James DiegoA Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2002:.
88. Warr MarkCompanions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2002:.
89. Warren Patricia,Tomaskovic-Devey Donald,Mason Marcinda,Smith William,Zingraff Matthew.Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparities in Police Stops.Criminology. 2006;44:709-738.
90. Wasserman Stanley,Faust KatherineSocial Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1994:.
91. Weisel Deborah LammContemporary Gangs: An Organizational Analysis. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing; 2002:.
92. Whyte William FooteStreet Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1943:.
93. Wimmer Andreas,Lewis Kevin.Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook.American Journal of Sociology. 2010;116:583-642.
94. Zimring Franklin E.The Medium Is the Message: Firearm Caliber as a Determinant of Death from Assault.Journal of Legal Studies. 1972;1:97-123.