Stratospheric ozone, global warming, and the principle of unintended consequences-An ongoing science and policy success story

Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association

Volumn 63, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 607-647

  Andersen, Stephen O ^a   Halberstadt, Marcel L ^b   Borgford Parnell, Nathan ^a  

^a Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development 2300 Wisconsin   (United States)

^b Retired Engineer Technical Assistance Foundation (RETAF)   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; AIR CONDITIONING; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; COMPLIANCE CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY; FLUOROCARBONS; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; GREENHOUSE GASES; OZONE; PUBLIC POLICY; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS); ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE; OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYERS; UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES; WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION;

OZONE LAYER;

CHLORINE; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBON; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE;

AEROSOL; AIR CONDITIONING; CARBON FOOTPRINT; CLIMATE CHANGE; FREEZING; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; GREENHOUSE GAS; HUMAN; OZONE DEPLETION; OZONE LAYER; POLICY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCIENCE; SCIENTIST; STRATOSPHERE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

EID: 84878450297     PISSN: 10962247     EISSN: 21622906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.791349     Document Type: Review

References (234)

1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). 2007. ASHRAE Standard: Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum ak to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007 https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/Public/20090224_ad342007x_y_ aa_ab_ac_ad_ae.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).
2. American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ANSI/ASHRAE). 2010. ASHRAE Standard: Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum ak to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007 https://www.ashrae.org/.../docLib/.../20100309_34_2007_ak_final.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).
3. Andersen, S.O. 1999. HFC and PFC Task Force of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, Montreal Protocol Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi Kenya: UNEP.
4. Andersen, S.O., and E.T. Morehouse. 1997. The ozone challenge: Industry and government learned to work together to protect the environment. ASHRAE J. 39(9): 29-31 bookstore.ashrae.biz/journal/download.php?file=Ozone Challenge.pdf.
5. Andersen, S.O. and Sarma, K.M. 2002. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History, London, UK: Earthscan Press (official publication of the United Nations Environment Programme).
6. Andersen, S.O., Sarma, K.M. and Taddonio, K.N. 2007. Technology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate Change, London, UK: Earthscan Press (official publication of the Global Environment Facility and the United Nations Environment Programme).
7. 2, the champagne of natural refrigerants ". In Industry Genius: Inventions and People Protecting the Climate and Fragile Ozone Layer, 53 - 69. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf.
8. Andersen, S.O., G.J.M. Velders and P. Canan. 2007. How Science Guides Industry Choice of Alternatives to Ozone-Depleting Substances," Twenty Years of Ozone Decline: Proceedings of the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol. New York, NY: Springer Science
9. Anonymous. 1933. First air-conditioned auto. Popular Science Monthly http://books.google.com/books?id=7CcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=Popular+Science+1933+plane+%22Popular+Science%22&hl=en&ei=QeBUTc_ hNsH-8AaqrZyPBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0 CDQQ6AEwAQ#v= onepage&q=Popular%20Science%201933%20plane%20%22Popular%20Science%22&f=true
10. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). 2011. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic, Oslo, Norway: AMAP Secretariat.
11. Atkinson, W. 1989. A look at the future with HFC-134a. ACtion Magazine., December: 3.
12. Atkinson, W. 2008. From Montreal to Kyoto: Two Decades of Change in the Mobile A/C Industry, Lansdale, PA: Mobile Air Conditioning Society.
13. Ayala, M., Strid, H., Jacobsson, U. and Soderberg, P.G. 2007. Expression and apoptosis in the lens after ultraviolet radiation exposure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48: 4187 - 91. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0660
14. Benedick, R. 1998. Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet, enlarged edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15. Bhatti, M.S. November 9-11 1998. Global Warming Impact of Automotive Air Conditioning Systems. Paper no. 982929. Society of Automotive Engineers, VII International Mobility Technology Conference and Exhibition November 9-11,
16. Bhatti, M.S. 1999. Evolution of automotive air conditioning: Riding in comfort. ASHRAE Journal, September: 44 - 50. doi: 10.4271/1999-01-0870
17. Billings, J.S. 1893. " Ventilating and heating ". In Engineering Record (Report of Officers of the Navy on Ventilating and Cooling Executive Mansion), Vol. 8, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://archive.org/stream/ventilationheati00billuoft/ventilationheati00billuoft_djvu.txt
18. Bodinus, W.S. 1999. The rise and fall of carbon dioxide systems. ASHRAE J.,: 37 - 42.
19. Bond, T.C., Doherty, S.J., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B.J., Flanner, M.G., Ghan, S., Karcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Huinn, P.K., Sarofim, M.C., Schultz, M. G., Sculz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Belouin, N., Guttikunda, S.K., Hopke, P.K., Jacobson, M.Z., Kaiser, J.W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J.P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Waren, S.G. and Zender, C.S. 2013. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres., doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50171
20. Boutonnet, J.C., Bingham, P., Calamari, D., deRooij, C., Franklin, J., Kawano, T., Libre, J.M., McCulloch, A., Malinverno, G. and Odom, J.M. 1999. Environmental risk assessment of trifluoroacetic acid. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J., 5 (1): 59 - 124. doi: 10.1080/10807039991289644
21. Brodeur, P. 1986. Annals of chemistry. The New Yorker http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1975/04/07/1975_04_07_047_TNY_CARDS_000311657 (http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1975/04/07/1975_04_07_047_TNY_CARDS_000311657).
22. Brysse, K. 2009. Oral History Transcript-Dr. Joseph Farman. Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/33642.html (http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/33642.html).
23. Cagin, S. and Dray, P. 1993. Between Earth and Sky: How CFCs Changed our World and Endangered the Ozone Layer, New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
24. Caldwell, M.M. 1971. " Solar UV irradiation and the growth and development of higher plants ". In Photophysiology, Current Topics in Photobiology and Photochemistr, Edited by: Giese, A.C. Vol. VI, New York, NY: Academic Press.
25. Caldwell, M.M., Bornman, J.F., Ballaré, C.L., Flint, S.D. and Kulandaivelu, G. 2007. Terrestrial ecosystems, increased solar ultraviolet radiation, and interactions with other climate change factors. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 6: 131 - 77. doi: 10.1039/b700019g
26. Caldwell, M.M., Camp, L.B., Warner, C.W. and Flint, S.D. 1986. " Action spectra and their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B radiation change ". In Stratospheric Ozone Reduction Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, Edited by: Worrest, R.C. and Caldwell, M.M. 87 - 111. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
27. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2012. LEV III Greenhouse Gas Non-Test Cycle Provisions Technical Support Document. Sacramento, CA http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2012/leviiighg2012/levappr.pdf (http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2012/leviiighg2012/levappr.pdf).
28. Calm, J. M. and 29-30, October. 2012. Refrigerant Transitions...Again, Moving Towards Sustainability, Gaithersburg, MD: Proceedings of the ASHRAE-NIST Refrigerants Conference.
29. Chaney, L., Thundiyil, K., Andersen, S. O., Chidambaram, S. and Abbi, Y.P. 2007. India Fuel Savings and Emission Reductions from Next-Generation Mobile Air Conditioning Technology in India, Golden, CO: U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
30. Chang, Y.M., Barrett, J.H., Bishop, D.T., Armstrong, B.K., Bataille, V., Bergman, W., Berwick, M., Bracci, P.M., Elwood, J.M., Ernstoff, M.S., Gallagher, R.P., Green, A.C., Gruis, N.A., Holly, E.A., Ingvar, C., Kanetsky, P.A., Karagas, M.R., Lee, T.K., Le Marchand, L., Mackie, R.M., Olsson, H., Osterlind, A., Rebbeck, T.R., Sasieni, P., Siskind, V., Swerdlow, A.J., Titus- Ernstoff, L., Zens, M.S. and Newton-Bishop, J.A. 2009. Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls. Int. J. Epidemiol., 38: 814 - 30. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp166
31. Chapman, S. 1931. Some phenomena of the upper atmosphere. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 132(820): 353-374. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0105 http://www.jstor.org/stable/95664 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/95664).
32. Chubachi, S. 1984. Preliminary Result of Ozone Observations at Syoma Station from February 1982 to January 1983. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue No. 34, Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AA00733561/ISS0000026297_ja.html (http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AA00733561/ISS0000026297_ja.html).
33. Consumer Goods Forum. 2012. Better Lives Through Better Business http://www.theconsumergoodsforum.com/PDF/CGF_Corporate_Brochure.pdf.
34. Cook, E. 1996. Ozone Protection in the United States: Elements of Success, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
35. Cornú, M. A. 1879. Sur la Limite Ultra-Violette du Spectre Solaire. Proc. R. Society London, 29: 47 - 55. doi: 10.1098/rspl.1879.0011
36. Crutzen, P. J. 1970. The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Society, 96 (408): 320 - 325. doi: 10.1002/qj.49709640815
37. Crutzen, P. J. 1972. SST's: A threat to the earth's ozone shield. Ambio, 1 (2): 41 - 51.
38. Daimler. 2012. New findings concerning the risks of the new R1234yf refrigerant: Mercedes-Benz wishes to continue using the tried-and-tested R134a refrigerant in passenger cars. Press release. September 25, 2012 http://media.daimler.com/deeplink?cci=2232953 (http://media.daimler.com/deeplink?cci=2232953).
39. DeCanio, S.J. and Lee, K.N. 1991. Doing well by doing good: Technology transfer to protect the ozone. Policy Stud. J., 19: 137 - 148. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0072
40. Damian, D.L., Halliday, G.M., Taylor, C.A. and Barnetson, R.S. 1998. Ultraviolet radiation induced suppression of Mantoux reactions in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol., 110: 824 - 27. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00176.x
41. de Gruijl, F.R., Longstreth, J., Norval, M., Cullen, A.P., Slaper, H., Kripke, M.L., Takizawa, Y. and van der Leun, J.C. 2003. Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2: 16 - 28. doi: 10.1039/b211156j
42. Dobson, G.M.B. 1968. Forty years' research on atmospheric ozone at Oxford: A history. Appl. Optics, 7 (3): 387 - 405. doi: 10.1364/AO.7.000387
43. Dobson, G.M.B. and Harrison, D.N. 1926. Measurements of the amount of ozone in the earth's atmosphere and its relation to other geophysical conditions. Proc. R. Society London Ser. A, 110 (756): 660 - 93. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1926.0040
44. Donaldson, B. and Nagengast, B. 1994. Heat and Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors: A Selective History ASHRAE Code 40303, Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
45. Doniger, D. 1988. Politics of the ozone layer. Issues Sci. Technol., 4 (3): 86 - 92.
46. Dubey, M.K., Smith, G.P., Hartley, W.S., Kinnison, D.E. and Connell, P.S. 1997. Rate parameter uncertainty effects in assessing stratospheric ozone depletion by supersonic aviation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24 (22): 2737 - 40. doi: 10.1029/97GL02859
47. Dudek, D.J., Leblanc, A.M. and Sewall, K. 1990. Cutting the cost of environmental policy: Lessons from business response to CFC regulation. Ambio, 19 (6/7): 324 - 28.
48. European Commission. 2012. Declaration by the European Commission regarding Point 9 of the agenda of the 31st meeting of the 'Technical Committee-Motor vehicles' (TCMV): State of Play of the EU Mobile Air-Conditioning directive (2006/40/EC) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/environ ment/mac/note-macs-december-2012_en.pdf.
49. European Commission. 2013a. Automotive Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems (MACs): The European Directive on Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems (MACs) Aims at Reducing Emissions of Specific Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases in the Air-Conditioning Systems Fitted to Passenger Cars (Vehicles of Category M1) and Light Commercial Vehicles (Category N1, Class 1) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/environment/macs/index_en.htm. (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/environment/macs/index_en.htm.).
50. European Commission. 2013b. Implementation of Directive 2006/40/EC-Questions and Answers. Brussels http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/environment/mac/q-and-a_en.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/environment/mac/q-and-a_en.pdf).
51. European Commission Community Research and Development Information Service. 1997. Refrigeration and Automotive Climate Systems Under Environmental Aspects http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_LANG=EN&PJ_RCN=710487 (http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_LANG=EN&PJ_RCN=710487).
52. European Community Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General (ECEID-G). 2012. Note to the Attention of the Members of the Technical Committee on Motor Vehicle http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/environ ment/mac/note-macs-april-2012_en.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/environ ment/mac/note-macs-april-2012_en.pdf).
53. Fahey, W.D. and Hegglin, M.I. 2011. Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2010. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. Reprinted from World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 52, Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. (coordinating lead authors)
54. Farman, J.S., Gardiner, B.G. and Shanklin, J.D. 1985. Large losses of total ozone in antarctic reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature, 315: 207 - 10. doi: 10.1038/315207a0
55. Fischer, S.K., Hughes, P.J., Fairchild, P.D., Kusik, C.L., Dieckmann, J.T., McMahon, E.M. and Hobday, N. 1991. Energy and Global Warming Impacts of CFC Alternative Technologies, Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
56. Fisk, D. 1934. Exploring the Upper Atmosphere, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
57. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M. and Van Dorland, R. 2007. " Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing ". In Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
58. Franklin, B. June 17, 1758 1758. Cooling by Evaporation. Letter to John Lining June 17, 1758, London http://www.waughfamily.ca/Montgomery/benfranklin1758.htm
59. Gaved, A. 2010. General Motors to Use New Car Refrigerant from 2013 http://www.racplus.com/news/refrigeration/general-motors-to-use-new-car-refrigerant-from-2013/8603813.article (http://www.racplus.com/news/refrigeration/general-motors-to-use-new-car-refrigerant-from-2013/8603813.article).
60. Gibson, G.V. and Smilor, R.W. 1992. Technology Transfer in Consortia and Strategic Alliances, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
61. Gladstone, J. 1998. John Gorrie, The visionary. ASHRAE J., December: 29 - 35.
62. Glas, J. P. 1989. Protecting the ozone layer: A perspective from industry. In Technology and Environment, 137-155. Washington, DC: National Academy Press http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1407&page=137 (http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1407&page=137).
63. Gale A. J. 2006. PHMSA Interpretation #06-0097, PHMSA Response Letter 11 July, 2006. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.ebdc7a8a7e39f2e55cf2031050248a0c/?vgnextoid=381ac0515d544110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextchannel=aa8cd3c1af814110VgnVCM10 00009ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print
64. GM. 2010. GM First to Market Greenhouse Gas-Friendly Air Conditioning Refrigerant in U.S. Inside News Forum http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f12/gm-first-market-greenhouse-gas-friendly-air-conditioning-refrigerant-u-s-93968/ (http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f12/gm-first-market-greenhouse-gas-friendly-air-conditioning-refrigerant-u-s-93968/).
65. Götz, F.W.P. 1931. Das Atmospharische Ozon. Ergebnisse der KomschenPhysik, 1: 180 - 235.
66. Götz, F.W.P., A.R. Meetham, and G.M.B. Dobson. 1934. The vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. Proc. R. Society London Ser. A 145(855): 416-46. doi:10.1098/rspa.1934.0109 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935512 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935512).
67. Hammer, H., I. Lazaridis, S. Morgenstern, J. Wertenbach, and S. Wöhrl. 2012. R1234yf-A new, safe and environmentally friendly refrigerant for mobile air conditioning www.rivoiragas.it/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Presentazione%20Euro pean%20Automotive%20AC%20Convention.pdf (http://www.rivoiragas.it/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Presentazione%20Euro pean%20Automotive%20AC%20Convention.pdf).
68. Harrison, H. 1970. Stratospheric ozone with added water vapour: Influence of high-altitude aircraft. Science, 170 (3959): 734 - 36. doi: 10.1126/science.170.3959.734
69. Harry, H.W. 1999. The First Century of Air Conditioning. ASHRAE Code 90415, Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
70. Hartley, W.N. 1880. On the probable absorption of the solar ray by atmospheric ozone. Chemical News, 268 November 26
71. Henne, A.L. and Fox, C.J. 1951. Ionization constants of fluorinated acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73 (5): 2323 - 25. doi: 10.1021/ja01149a122
72. Henne, S., Shallcross, D.E., Reimann, S., Xiao, P., Brunner, D., 'Doherty, S. O and Buchmann, B. 2012. Future emissions and atmospheric fate of HFO-1234yf from mobile air conditioners in Europe. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46 (3): 1650 - 58. doi: 10.1021/es2034608
73. Hidy, G.M., Brook, J.R., Chow, J.C., Green, M.C., Husar, R.B., Lee, C., Scheffe, R.D., Swanson, A. and Watson, J.G. 2009. Remote sensing of particulate pollution from space: Have we reached the promised land?: A critical review. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59 (10): 1130 - 39. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1130
74. Hill, R.W. and Papasavva, S. 2005. Life Cycle Analysis Framework; A Comparison of HFC-134a, HFC-134a Enhanced, HFC-152a, R744, R744 Enhanced, and R290. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1511, doi: 10.4271/2005-01-1511
75. Hoff, R.M. and Christopher, S.A. 2009. Remote sensing of particulate pollution from space: Have we reached the promised land? A critical review. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59 (6): 645 - 75. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.6.645
76. Hoffpauir, E. 2012. Personal communication with author, Lansdale, PA: Mobile Air Conditioning Society Worldwide (MACS).
77. Homer. 850 BC. The Iliad and The Odyssey. Reprinted 2007, Blacksburg, VA: Wilder Publications. ISBN-10:1934451460
78. Hu, A., Y. Xu, C. Tebaldi, W. M. Washington, and V. Ramanathan 2013. Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise, Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1869
79. Institute for Governance & Sustainability. 2013. Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, Washington, DC: IGSD.
80. Industrial Hydrocarbons, Inc. 2012. Aerosol Product Storage and Warehousing www.industrialhydrocarbons.com/storage.htm (http://www.industrialhydrocarbons.com/storage.htm).
81. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2005. Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
82. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/images/uploads/SREX-All_FINAL.pdf (http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/images/uploads/SREX-All_FINAL.pdf).
83. International Energy Agency. 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012, Paris, France: International Energy Agency.
84. J & E Hall International. 2012. History: More Than 200 Years of Progress and Achievement http://www.jehall.co.uk/about/history.jsp (http://www.jehall.co.uk/about/history.jsp).
85. Johnson, V.H. 2002. Fuel Used for Vehicle Air Conditioning: A State-by-State Thermal Comfort-Based Approach. SAE Technical Series Paper 2002-01-1957, doi: 10.4271/2002-01-1957
86. Johnston, H.S. 1971. Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust. Science, 173 (3996): 517 - 22. doi: 10.1126/science.173.3996.517
87. Kanter, D., Mauzerall, D.L., Ravishankara, A.R., Daniel, J.S., Portmann, R.W., Grabiel, P.M., Moomaw, W.R. and Galloway, J.N. 2013. A post-Kyoto partner: Considering the stratospheric ozone regime as a tool to manage nitrous oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., doi: 10.1073/pnas.12222231110
88. Kauffman, G.B. 1989. Midgley: Saint or serpent?. Chemtech Magazine, 19 (12): 717 - 25.
89. Kauffman, J.M. 1997. " Domestic and international linkages in global environmental politics: A case-study of the Montreal Protocol ". In Internationalization of Environmental Protection, Edited by: Schreurs, M.A. and Economy, E. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
90. Khattatov, V. 2002. " How common concern for the environment led to cooperation in space ". In Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History, Edited by: Andersen, S.O. and Sarma, K.M. London, UK: Earthscan Press (official publication of the United Nations Environment Programme).
91. Kripke, M.L. 1974. Antigenicity of murine skin tumors induced by ultraviolet light. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 53: 1333 - 36.
92. Laszlo, P. 2001. Salt: Grain of Life. Translated from the 1998 original by Mary Beth Mader, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
93. Le Prestre, P.G., Reid, J.D. and Morehouse, E.T. Jr. 1998. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models and Prospects, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
94. Leeds, A.R. 1879. Lines of discovery in the history of ozone, with an index of its literature, and an appendix upon the literature of peroxide of hydrogen. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1 (1): 363 - 91. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1879.tb55134.x
95. Link, A.N. and Scott, J.T. 2001. Public/private partnerships: Stimulating competition in a dynamic market. Int. J. Ind. Organization, 19 (5): 763 - 94. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7187
96. Lorentzen, G. and Pettersen, J. 1993. A new, efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning. Int. J. Refrigeration, 16 (1): 4 - 12. doi: 10.1016/0140-7007(93)90014-Y
97. Lovelock, J.E. 1971. Atmospheric fluorine compounds as indication of air movements. Nature, 230 (5293): 379 doi: 10.1038/230379a0
98. Lovelock, J.E., Maggs, R.J. and Wade, R.J. 1973. Halogenated hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic. Nature, 241: 194 - 96. doi:10.1038/241194a0 (as cited in Kowalok, M.E. 1993. Common threads: Research lessons from acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming. Environment 35(6):12-38. doi:10.1080/00139157.1993.9929107
99. Luderer, G., Bosetti, V., Jakob, M., Leimbach, M., Steckel, J. C., Waisman, H. and Edenhofer, O. 2012. The economics of decarbonizing the energy system: Results and insights from the RECIPE model intercomparison. Climatic Change, 114 (1): 9 - 37. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0105-x
100. Luecken, D.J., Waterland, R.L., Papasavva, S., Taddonio, K.N., Hutzell, W.T., Rugh, J.P. and Andersen, S.O. 2010. Ozone and TFA impacts in north america from degradation of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), a potential greenhouse gas replacement. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (1): 343 - 48. doi: 10.1021/es902481f
101. Luedecke, C. 2004. The First International Polar Year (1882-83): A big science experiment with small science equipment. Proc. Int Commission on History of Meteorology., http://www.meteohistory.org/2004proceedings1.1/pdfs/06luedecke.pdf.
102. McCarthy, R. 1972. DuPont business correspondence
103. McCulloch, A. 1999. CFC and halon replacements in the environment. J. Fluorine Chem., 100 (1-2): 163 - 73. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1139(99)00198-0
104. McDonald, J.E. 1971. Relationship of skin cancer incidence to thickness of ozone layer. Statement submitted to hearings before the House Subcommittee on Transportation Appropriations (Mar 2, 1971). Cong. Rec., 117: 7252
105. McNeil, M.A., Letschert, V.E. and de la Rue du Can, S. 2008. Global Potential of Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling Programs, Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Environmental Energy Technologies Division.
106. Meinshausen, M., Meinshausen, N., Hare, W., Raper, S.C.B., Frieler, K., Knutti, R., Frame, D.J. and Allen, M.R. 2009. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C. Nature, 458: 1158 - 62. doi: 10.1038/nature08017
107. Mercedes-Benz. 2012. Re: Part 573 Defect Information Report. Letter from Mercedes-Benz to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Division, Washington, DC, dated 28 September 2012 http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM427727/RCDNN-12V478-4113.pdf (http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM427727/RCDNN-12V478-4113.pdf).
108. Metz, B., Kuijpers, L., Solomon, S., Andersen, S.O., Davidson, O., Pons, J., de Jager, D., Kestin, T., Manning, M. and Meyer, L. 2005. Safeguarding the Stratospheric Ozone Layer and the Global Climate: Issues Relating to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
109. Meyer, L.M., Dong, X., Wegener, A. and Soderberg, P. 2008. Dose dependent cataractogenesis and maximum tolerable dose (MTD. (2.3:16)) for UVR 300 nm- induced cataract in C57BL/6J mice. Exp. Eye Res., 86: 282 - 89. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.10.019
110. Miller, A. and Mintzer, I. 1986. The Sky Is the Limit: Strategies for Protecting the Ozone Layer, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
111. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2011. Climate Change: Mobile Air Conditioners http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/topics/climate-change/regulatory-initiatives-programs-and-policies/climate-change-mobile-air-conditioners.html?menuid=&redirect=1 (http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/topics/climate-change/regulatory-initiatives-programs-and-policies/climate-change-mobile-air-conditioners.html?menuid=&redirect=1).
112. Minnesota Session Laws. 2008. Mobile Air Conditioner Leakage Rates; Disclosure. 2008 c 296 art 1 s 23. https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/statutes/?id=216H&view=chapter#stat.216H.12 (http://https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/statutes/?id=216H&view=chapter#stat.216H.12)
113. Mobile Air Conditioning Society 2012. The Bumpy Road to R-1234yf. ACtion November/December http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/macs/action_2012 1112/#/0
114. Molina, M. and Rowland, F.S. 1974. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalyzed destruction of ozone. Nature, 249 (5460): 810 - 12. doi: 10.1038/249810a0
115. 2 emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106 (49): 20616 - 21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902568106
116. Montreal Protocol Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. 2009. Task Force Decision XX/8 Report: Assessment of Alternatives to HCFCs and HFCs and Update of the TEAP 2005 Supplement Report Data http://ozone.unep.org/teap/Reports/TEAP_Reports/teap-may-2009-decisionXX-8-task-force-report.pdf (http://ozone.unep.org/teap/Reports/TEAP_Reports/teap-may-2009-decisionXX-8-task-force-report.pdf).
117. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. 25-29 November 2002. Decision XIV/10 UNEP/Ozl.Pro.14/9, 25-29 November, Rome, Italy: Fourteenth MOP to the Montreal Protocol.
118. Morgenstern, O., Braesicke, P., Hurwitz, M.M., 'Connor, F.M. O, Bushell, A.C., Johnson, C.E. and Pyle, J.A. 2008. The world avoided by the Montreal Protocol. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35 (L16811): 5 doi: 10.1029/2008GL034590
119. Nagengast, B. 1997. History of sealed refrigeration systems. ASHRAE J., January: S44 - 52.
120. Nagengast, B. 1988. A historical look at CFC refrigerants. ASHRAE J., XX: 37 - 39.
121. Nagengast, B. 1999. Comfort from a block of ice: A history of comfort cooling using ice. ASHRAE J., 41(2)
122. Narbutt, J., Lesiak, A., Skibinska, M., Wozniacka, A., van Loveren, H., Sysa-Jedrzejowska, A., Lewy-Trenda, I., Omulecka, A. and Norval, M. 2005. Suppression of contact hypersensitivity after repeated exposures of humans to low doses of solar simulated radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 4: 517 - 22. doi: 10.1039/b503166d
123. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2009. New Simulation Shows Consequences of a World Without Earth's Natural Sunscreen." (accessed May 1, 2013) http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/world_avoided.html
124. th Century: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration History http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=2958 (http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=2958).
125. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United Nations Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization, Commission of the European Communities, and Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie. 1985. Atmospheric Ozone 1985: Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change, Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
126. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center. 1996. The Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment http://hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov/Analysis/aircraft/aaoe.html (http://hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov/Analysis/aircraft/aaoe.html).
127. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA. 2000. Ozone Milestones. http://atmos.jpl.nasa.gov/milestones.htm (http://atmos.jpl.nasa.gov/milestones.htm).
128. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NASA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1988. Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel 1988, Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
129. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United Nations Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization, and European Commission. 2011. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/SAP/Scientific_Assessment_2010/01-Contents_Preface.pdf (http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/SAP/Scientific_Assessment_2010/01-Contents_Preface.pdf).
130. National Research Council. 1975. Environmental Impact of Stratospheric Flight, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
131. National Research Council. 1976. Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
132. National Research Council. 1979. Protection against Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone by Chlorofluorocarbons, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
133. National Research Council. 1982. Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
134. National Research Council. 1983. Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
135. Needham, J. 1991. Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
136. 3. Chem. Phys. Lett., 439 (1-3): 18 - 22. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.03.053
137. Newman, P.A., Oman, L.D., Douglass, A.R., Fleming, E.L., Frith, S.M., Hurwitz, M.M., Kawa, S.R., Jackman, C.H., Krotkov, N.A., Nash, E.R., Nielsen, J.E., Pawson, S., Stolarski, R.S. and Velders, G.J.M. 2009. What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated?. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9 (6): 2113 - 28. doi: 10.5194/acp-9-2113-2009
138. Norman, C.S., DeCanio, S.J. and Fan, L. 2008. The Montreal Protocol at 20: Ongoing opportunities for integration with climate protection. Global Environ. Change Hum. Policy Dimens., 18 (2): 330 - 40. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.003
139. Norval, M., Cullen, A.P., de Gruijl, F.R., Longstreth, J., Takizawa, Y., Lucas, R.M., Noonan, F.P. and van der Leun, J.C. 2007. The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 6: 232 - 51. doi: 10.1039/b700018a
140. Oreskes, N. and Conway, E.M. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
141. Oriowo, O.M., Cullen, A.P., Chou, B.R. and Sivak, J.G. 2001. Action spectrum and recovery for in vitro UV-induced cataract using whole lenses. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42: 2596 - 602.
142. Palmer, M. 1973. William Soltau Davidson: A pioneer of New Zealand estate management. N. Z. J. History, 7 (2): 148 - 164.
143. ©: A Tool for Assessing Life Cycle Greenhouse Emissions of Alternative Refrigerants. SAE Technical Series Paper 2008-01-0829, doi: 10.4271/2008-01-0828
144. ©: A tool for assessing the life cycle climate performance of MAC systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (19): 7666 - 72. doi: 10.1021/es100849g
145. ©: Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metric for Mobile Air Conditioning Technology Choice. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 30 (2): 234 - 47. doi: 10.1002/ep.10465
146. Papasavva, S. and Moomaw, W.R. 1998. Life-cycle global warming impact of CFCs and CFC-substitutes for refrigeration. J. Ind. Ecol., 1 (4): 71 - 91. doi: 10.1162/jiec.1997.1.4.71
147. Parson, E.A. 2003. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
148. Parson, E.A. and Greene, O. 1995. The complex chemistry of the international ozone agreements. Environment, 37 (2): 16 - 20. 35-43 doi: 10.1080/00139157.1995.9929219
149. Pearce, F. 2008. Who really discovered the ozone hole?. New Scientist, 2674: 46-47.
150. Prather, M.J., McElroy, M.B. and Wofsy, S.C. 1984. Reductions in ozone at high concentrations of stratospheric halogens. Nature, 312: 227 - 31. doi: 10.1038/312227a0
151. Ramanathan, V. 1975. Greenhouse effect due to chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic implications. Science, 190: 50 - 52. doi: 10.1126/science.190.4209.50
152. Ramanathan, V. 1985. Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change. J. Geophys. Res., 90 (D3): 5547 - 66. doi: 10.1029/JD090iD03p05547
153. Ramanathan, V. and Xu, Y. 2010. The Copenhagen Accord for Limiting Global Warming: Criteria, constraints, and available avenues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107 (18): 8055 - 62. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002293107
154. Ravishankara, A.R. 11 November 2012. Emerging issues: HFCs and Nitrous Oxide, Montreal Protocol Seminar: Protecting Our Atmosphere, Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol 11 November, Geneva, Switzerland
155. Refrigerants, Naturally! 2012. What We Do http://www.refrigerantsnaturally.com/about-us/what-we-do.htm (http://www.refrigerantsnaturally.com/about-us/what-we-do.htm).
156. Rivas, M., Araya, M.C., Duran, V., Rojas, E., Cortes, J. and Calaf, G.M. 2009. Ultraviolet light exposure and skin cancer in the city of Arica, Chile. Mol. Med. Rep., 2 (4): 567 - 72. doi: 10.3892/mmr_00000138
157. Rugh, J., Hovland, V. and Andersen, S.O. April 15 2004. Significant Fuel Savings and Emission Reductions by Improving Vehicle Air Conditioning, April 15, Washington, DC: Presentation at the 15th Annual Earth Technologies Forum and Mobile Air Conditioning Summit.
158. Rugh, J.P. and Farrington, R. 2008. Vehicle Ancillary Load Reduction Project Close-Out Report: An Overview of the Task and a Compilation of the Research Results, NREL Technical Report, Golden, CO: U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
159. International. 2004. Cooperative Research Program. SAE Alternate Refrigerant Cooperative Research Project Phase I http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/cooperative/altsummary-ph1.pdf (http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/cooperative/altsummary-ph1.pdf).
160. SAE International. 2012. SAE International Cooperative Research Project Offers Update on R1234yf Refrigerant. Press release, December 14 http://www.sae.org/servlets/pressRoomOBJECT_TYPE=PressReleases&PAGE=showRelease&RELEASE _ID=1941
161. SAE International. 2013. HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycle/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems http://standards.sae.org/j2788_201301
162. SAE. 2013a. SAE International CRP1234-4 Analysis of R-1234yf Nears Completion. (accessed May 2, 2013) http://www.sae.org/servlets/pressRoom?OBJECT_TYPE= PressReleases&PAGE=showRelease&RELEASE_ID=2063
163. Schneider, S.H., Semenov, S., Patwardhan, A., Burton, I., Magadza, C.H.D., Oppenheimer, M., Pittock, A.B., Rahman, A., Smith, J.B., Suarez, A. and Yamin, F. 2007. " Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change ". In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 779 - 810. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
164. Schwartz, W. 2001. Emissions of Refrigerant R-134a from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, prepared for the German Federal Environment Office http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3110.pdf (http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3110.pdf).
165. Schwartz, W., and J. Harnisch. 2003. Final Report on Establishing Leakage Rates of Mobile Air Conditioners, prepared for the European Commission (DG Environment) http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eccp/docs/leakage_rates_final_report_en.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eccp/docs/leakage_rates_final_report_en.pdf).
166. Schwarz, W., B. Gschrey, A. Leisewitz, A. Herold, S. Gores, I. Papst, J. Usinger, D. Oppelt, I. Croiset, P.H. Pedersen, D. Colbourne, M. Kauffeld, K. Kaar, and A. Lindborg. 2011. Preparatory Study for a Review of Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases: Final Report. European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gas/docs/2011_study_en.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gas/docs/2011_study_en.pdf).
167. Scientific Assessment Panel. 2010. The 2010 Assessment of the Scientific Assessment Panel, Nairobi, Kenya: Montreal Protocol Ozone Secretariat.
168. Scott, J.T. 2008. The National Cooperative Research and Production Act. Issues Competition Law Policy, 2: 1297 - 317. ABA section of Antitrust Law
169. Seidel, S.R. 1996. " Keeping cars cool ". In Ozone Protection in the United States: Elements of Success, Edited by: Cook, E. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
170. Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Vignati, E., van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z. Anenberg, S.C. 2012. Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. Science, 335: 183 doi: 10.1126/science.1210026
171. Singh, A.K., Kumar, M. and Bagai, Atul. 2009. Ozone Protection and National Security-A Military Perspective Toolkit for Defence Forces, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
172. Siegl, W.O. and Wallington, T.J. 2002. R134a emissions from vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 (4): 561 - 66. doi: 10.1021/es011108x
173. Slapper, H., Velders, G.J.M. and Matthijsen, J. 1998. Ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence: A source risk approach. J. Hazard. Mater., 61 (1-3): 77 - 84. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00110-1
174. Solomon, S., Garcia, R.R., Rowland, F.S. and Wuebbles, D.J. 1986. On the depletion of Antarctic ozone. Nature, 321: 755 - 58. doi: 10.1038/321755a0
175. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L. 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
176. Stolarski, R.S. 1999. History of the Study of Atmospheric Ozone http://hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov/Personnel/people/Stolarski_Richard_S./history.html
177. Strutt, R.J. 1918. Ultra-violet transparency of the lower atmosphere, and its relative poverty in ozone. Proc. R. Society London Ser. A, 94 (660): 260 - 68. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1918.0012
178. Sullivan, W. 1975. Ozone depletion seen as a war tool. New York Times, February 28: 20
179. Swaminathan, T. P. A. and Lucas, R. M. 2012. Climate change and health with an emphasis on interactions with ultraviolet radiation: a review. Global Change Biology, 18 (8): 2392 - 2405. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02706.x
180. Teramura, A.H. and Sullivan, J.H. 1991. " Potential impacts of increased solar UV-B on global plant productivity ". In Photobiology, Edited by: Riklis, E. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
181. Tevini, M. and Morehouse, E.T. 1998. " Effects of UV-B on plants and terrestrial ecosystems ". In Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects, Edited by: Le Prestre, P.G. and Reid, J.D. New York, NY: Springer.
182. The Online Imperial Club, 2001. Airtemp: Chrysler's Airy Solution to the Long, Hot Summer http://www.imperialclub.com/Repair/Air/airtemp.htm (http://www.imperialclub.com/Repair/Air/airtemp.htm).
183. U.S. Federal Register 2008. Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone: Alternatives for the Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Sector Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program; Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 82 U.S. Federal Register
184. U.S. Federal Register 2011. Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: New Substitute in the Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Sector Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program; Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 82 U.S. Federal Register
185. U.S. Federal Register 2012. Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Alternative for the Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Sector Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program; Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 82 U.S. Federal Register
186. Nations, United. 2012. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly: The Future We Want, A/res/66/288 http://www.uncsd2012.org/thefuturewewant.html.
187. United Nations Environment Programme. 1978. Ozone Layer Bulletin, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP (UN Document number Na 77-5494, January).
188. United Nations Environment Programme. 1978. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 2, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP (July).
189. United Nations Environment Programme. 1979. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 3 (Volume II, no. 1), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP (UN Document number Na 78-4873, January).
190. United Nations Environment Programme. 1979. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 4 (Volume II, no. 2), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP (July).
191. United Nations Environment Programme. 1980. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 5, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
192. United Nations Environment Programme. 1981. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 6, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
193. United Nations Environment Programme. 1982. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 7, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
194. United Nations Environment Programme. 1984. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 8, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
195. United Nations Environment Programme. 1985. UNEP Ozone Layer Bulletin 9, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
196. United Nations Environment Programme. 1989. Technical Progress on Protecting the Ozone Layer; Report of the Technology Review Panel Pursuant to Article (6) of the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer Under the Auspices of the United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. ISBN: 9280712470.
197. United Nations Environment Programme. 1999. The Implications to the Montreal Protocol of the Inclusion of HFCs and PFCs in the Kyoto Protocol, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
198. United Nations Environment Programme. Decision XXII/Anx III: Annex III -2010. Declaration on The Global Transition Away From Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP (UN Document number UNEP/Ozl.Pro.22/9).
199. United Nations Environment Programme. 2010a. Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion And Its Interactions With Climate Change: 2010 Assessment, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
200. United Nations Environment Programme. 2011. Report of the Combined Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Twenty-Third Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP (UN Doc UNEP/Ozl.Pro.23/11, 8 December 2011).
201. United Nations Environment Programme. 2011a. HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
202. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2012a. Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Nairobi, Kenya: Montreal Protocol Ozone Secretariat.
203. United Nations Environment Programme. 2012b. Proposed Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, Submitted by the United States, Canada and Mexico (UN Doc. UNEP/OzL.Pro.WG.1/32/6, 11 May) ('Proposed Amendment by the U.S., Canada and Mexico')
204. United Nations Environment Programme. 2012c. Proposed Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, Submitted by the Federated States of Micronesia (UN Doc. UNEP/OzL.Pro.WG.1/32/5, 11 May) ('Proposed Amendment by Micronesia')
205. United Nations Environment Programme. 2012d. Report of the Twenty-Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (UN Doc. UNEP/Ozl.Pro.24/10, 16 November 2012)
206. United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone: Summary for Decision Makers, Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
207. United Nations Environment Programme. 2013. Proposed Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, Submitted by the Federated States of Micronesia (UN Doc. UNEP/OzL.Pro.WG.1/33/4) 16 April ('Proposed Amendment by Micronesia')
208. United Nations Environment Programme. 2013a. Proposed Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, Submitted by Canada, Mexico and the United States of America (UN Doc. UNEP/OzL.Pro.WG.1/33/3) 16 April ('Proposed Amendment by Canada, Mexico and the USA')
209. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999a. The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1990-2010, Office of Air and Radiation. EPA 4W-R-99-001. http://www.epa.gov/air/sect812/1990-2010/fullrept.pdf
210. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999b. The Importance of Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning in Climate Protection, Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
211. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Achievements in Stratospheric Ozone Protection: Progress Report, Office of Air and Radiation. EPA 430-R-07-001. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/downloads/spd-annual-report_final.pdf
212. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Comparing the Climate Impacts of Mobile Air Conditioners http://www.epa.gov/cpd/mac/compare.htm. (http://www.epa.gov/cpd/mac/compare.htm.).
213. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Report to Congress on Black Carbon, Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
214. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Defense. 2008. The Importance of Military Organizations in Protecting the Climate, Washington, DC: IGSD.
215. U.S. Patent 7,534,366. 2003. Filed 27 October
216. U.S. Patent 7,279,451. 2004. Filed 29 April
217. van der Leun, J.C. and de Gruijl, F.R. 2002. Climate change and skin cancer. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 1: 324 - 26. doi: 10.1039/b201025a
218. van der Leun, J.C., Piacentini, R.D. and de Gruijl, F.R. 2008. Climate change and human skin cancer. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 7: 730 - 33. doi: 10.1039/b719302e
219. van Hattem, S., Aarts, M.J., Louwman, W.J., Neumann, H.A., Coebergh, J.W., Looman, C.W., Nijsten, T. and de Vries, E. 2009. Increase in basal cell carcinoma incidence steepest in individuals with high socioeconomic status: results of a cancer registry study in The Netherlands. Br. J. Dermatol., 161: 840 - 45. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09222.x
220. VASA. 2009. Hot Air Newsletter. The Mobile AC, Electrical and Cooling Technicians of Australia http://www.vasa.org.au/wp-content/hotair/hot_air_feb09.pdf (http://www.vasa.org.au/wp-content/hotair/hot_air_feb09.pdf).
221. Velders, G. J. M., Andersen, S. O., Daniel, J. S., Fahey, D. W. and McFarland, M. 2007. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104 (12): 4814 - 19. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610328104
222. Velders, G.J.M., Fahey, D.W., Daniel, J.S., McFarland, M. and Andersen, S.O. 2009. The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106: 10949 - 54. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902817106
223. Velders, G.J.M., Ravishankara, A.R., Miller, M.K., Molina, M.J., Alcamo, J., Daniel, J.S., Fahey, D.W., Montzka, S.A. and Reimann, S. 2012. Preserving Montreal Protocol climate benefits by limiting HFCs. Science, 335 (6071): 922 - 23. doi: 10.1126/science.1216414
224. Vojnikovic, B., Njiri, S., Coklo, M., Toth, I., Spanjol, J. and Marinovic, M. 2007. Sunlight andincidence of pterygium on Croatian Island Rab-epidemiological study. Coll. Anthropol., 31 (suppl. 1): 61 - 62.
225. Wang, L., Toda, M., Saito, K., Hori, T., Horii, T., Shiku, H., Kuribayashi, K. and Kato, T. 2008. Post-immune UV irradiation induces Tr1-like regulatory T cells that suppress humoral immune responses. Int. Immunol., 20: 57 - 70. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxm124
226. Weisler, P. 2008. EPA Presses for Faster Switch to A/C Refrigerant R-1234yf. SAE Automotive Engineering International, News Online, 7 April http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/6137 (http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/6137).
227. Weisskopf, M. 1987. Ozone depletion worsens, is linked to man-made gas. Washington Post, October 1: a. 23
228. Wheeler, A.E. 1999. A view of IAQ (indoor air quality) as the century closes. ASHRAE J., November: 35 - 38.
229. Wofsy, S.C. and McElroy, M.B. 1974. HOx, NOx, and ClOx: Their role in atmospheric photochemistry. Can. J. Chem., 52: 1582 - 91. doi: 10.1139/v74-230
230. Wofsy, S.C., McElroy, M.B. and Sze, N.D. 1975. Freon consumption: Implications for atmospheric ozone. Science, 187 (4176): 535 - 36. doi: 10.1126/science.187.4176.535
231. World Meteorological Organization. 2012. WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2011 www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_965_en.html (http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_965_en.html).
232. Young, O.R. 1999. The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes: Causal Connections and Behavioral Mechanisms, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
233. Zaelke, D., Andersen, S.O. and Borgford-Parnell, N. 2012. Strengthening ambition for climate mitigation: The role of the Montreal Protocol in reducing short-lived climate pollutants. Rev. Eur. Commun. Int. Environ. Law, 21 (3): 231 - 42. doi: 10.1111/reel.12010
234. Zerefos, C., Contopoulos, G. and Skalkeas, G. 2009. Twenty Years of Ozone Decline: Proceedings of the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.