CFC and Halon replacements in the environment

Journal of Fluorine Chemistry

Volumn 100, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 163-173

  McCulloch, Archie ^a  

^a AKZO NOBEL CENTRAL RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

CFC substitutes; Climate change; Environmental chemistry; Global warming; Halon substitutes; Stratospheric ozone depletion; Trifluoroacetate (environmental)

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000668866     PISSN: 00221139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1139(99)00198-0     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. J.M. Calm, D.A. Didion, Proceedings of the ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, Gaithersburg, 6-7 October 1997.
2. T. Midgley Jr., Ind. Eng. Chem. 29 (1937) 239.
3. J.E. Lovelock, Nature 230 (1971) 379.
4. R.C. McCarthy, F.A. Bower, J.P. Jesson, Atm. Environ. 11 (1977) 491.
5. J.P. Jesson, Proceedings of the NATO Advance Study on Atmosphere Ozone, 1980, p. 373.
6. D.A. Fisher, P.M. Midgley, Atm. Environ. A 27 (1993) 271.
7. A. McCulloch, Atm. Environ. A 26 (1992) 1325.
8. W.B. Neely, J.H. Plonka, Env. Sei. Technol. 12 (1978) 317.
9. P.M. Midgley, Atm. Environ. 23 (1989) 2663.
10. J.E. Lovelock, R.J. Maggs, R.J. Wade, Nature 241 (1973) 194.
11. M.J. Molina, F.S. Rowland, Nature 249 (1974) 810.
12. Stratospheric Ozone, 1996, Sixth Report of the UK Stratospheric Ozone Review Group, DETR, London, 1996.
13. A.R. Ravishankara, A.A. Turnipseed, N.R. Jensen, S. Barone, M. Mills, C.J. Howard, S. Solomon, Science 263 (1994) 71.
14. J.C. Farman, B.G. Gardiner, J.D. Shanklin, Nature 315 (1985) 207.
15. Stratospheric Ozone, 1990, Third Report of the UK Stratospheric Ozone Review Group, HMSO, London, 1990.
16. WMO. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report no. 16, Geneva, 1985.
17. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report no. 18, Geneva, 1988.
18. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report no. 20, Geneva, 1989.
19. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report no. 25, Geneva, 1991.
20. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report no. 37, Geneva, 1994.
21. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report no. 44, Geneva, 1999.
22. P.M. Midgley, A. McCulloch, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 4, chap. 8, part E, Springer, Heidelberg, 1999.
23. A.E. Heathfield, C. Anastasi, P. Pagsberg, A. McCulloch, Atm. Environ. 32 (1998) 711.
24. A.E. Heathfield, C. Anastasi, J. Ballard, D.A. Newnham, A. McCulloch, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 59 (1998) 91.
25. J.M. Hamilton Jr., Adv. Fluorine Chem. 3 (1963) 117.
26. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, UNEP, 1997.
27. Climate Change 1994, Supplementary Report of IPCC, University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
28. Climate Change 1995, Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
29. Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1989.
30. HFA 227 Pharmaceutical Grade, Safety Data Sheet, Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, 1994.
31. J.R. Sand, S.K. Fischer, V.D. Baxter, Energy and Global Warming Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and Emerging Technologies, AFEAS, Washington, 1997.
32. B.R. Decaire, H.T. Pham, R.G. Richard, I.R. Shankland, Proceedings of the Global Business Outlook for CFC Alternatives, Cambridge, 15-16 June 1993, Intertech, Portland.
33. M. McFarland, J. Kaye, Photochem. Photobiol. 55 (1992) 911.
34. Production, Sales and Atmospheric Release of Fluorocarbons through 1996, AFEAS, Washington 1998.
35. A. McCulloch, P.M. Midgley, Atm. Environ. 32 (1998) 1571.
36. M. Verhille, Testimony to the Enquete-Kommission of the Deutscher-Bundestag, Kommission-drucksache 12/6f, 1992.
37. R. McCarthy, Proceedings of the Global Business Outlook for CFC Alternatives, Cambridge, 15-16 June 1993, Intertech, Portland.
38. Carving up the HFC Market, ECN Process Review, October 1993, p. 13.
39. S.K. Fischer, J.J. Tomlinson, P.J. Hughes, Energy and Global Warming Impacts of Not-in-kind and Next Generation CFC and HCFC Alternatives, AFEAS, Washington, 1994.
40. Update on Comparison of Global Warming Implications of Cleaning Technologies Using a Systems Approach, Arthur D. Little Inc., AFEAS, Washington, 1994.
41. P.J. Fraser, D.E. Oram, C.E. Reeves, S.A. Penkett, A. McCulloch, J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 15985.
42. Stratospheric Ozone 1999, Seventh Report of the UK Stratospheric Ozone Review Group, DETR, London, 1999.
43. P.M. Midgley, A. McCulloch, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 4, chap. 5, part E, Springer, Heidelberg, 1999.
44. Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, UNEP, Nairobi, 1998.
45. A. McCulloch, Environ. Monit. Assess. 31 (1994) 167.
46. A. McCulloch, Environ. Int. 21 (1995) 353.
47. K. Ballschmiter, Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl. 31 (1992) 487.
48. Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment, University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
49. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios for IPCC and UNEP (1999) from http://sres.ciesin.org
50. T.M.L. Wigley, T. Holt, S.C.B. Raper, STUGE, An Interactive Greenhouse Model, User's Manual, UEA, Norwich, 1991.
51. P.M. de, F. Forster, K.P. Shine, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (1997) 10841.
52. A.R. Ravishankara, S. Solomon, A.A. Turnipseed, R.F. Warren, Science 259 (1993) 194.
53. J. Harnisch, A. Eisenhauer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998) 2401.
54. J. Harnisch, R. Borchers, P. Fabian, M. Maiss, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 295.
55. M.A. Engen, V.A. Wagner, L.J. Sears, E.P. Grimsrud, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 25289.
56. R.E. Weston Jr., Atm. Environ. 30 (1996) 2901.
57. A.G. Straume, R.N. Dietz, E.N. Koffi, K. Nodop, Atm. Environ. 32 (1998) 4109.
58. P. Breloer, 3M Corporation, Personal communication, 1998.
59. J. Harnisch, Proceedings of the Workshop on Successful Partnership to Reduce PFC Emissions from Primary Aluminum Production, May 1996, US EPA, Washington.
60. B.R. Miller, J. Huang, R.F. Weiss, R.G. Prinn, P.J. Fraser, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 13237.
61. S.A. Montzka, J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, T.M. Thompson, A.D. Clarke, L.T. Lock, Nature 398 (1999) 690.
62. P.G. Simmonds, S. O'Doherty, J. Huang, R. Prinn, R.G. Derwent, D. Ryall, G. Nickless, D. Cunnold, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 16029.
63. D.E. Oram, C.E. Reeves, S.A. Penkett, P.J. Fraser, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (1995) 2741.
64. D.E. Oram, C.E. Reeves, W.T. Sturges, S.A. Penkett, P.J. Fraser, R.L. Langenfelds, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 1949.
65. D.E. Oram, W.T. Sturges, S.A. Penkett, A. McCulloch, P.J. Fraser, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998) 35.
66. P.M. Midgley, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 4, RSC, Cambridge, 1995.
67. Proceedings of the STEP-Halocside/AFEAS Workshop, Dublin, AFEAS, Washington, 1993.
68. R.A. Cox, R.E. Huie, M. Hoffman, C.E. Kolb, M. McFarland, A.R. Ravishankara, J.M. Rodriguez, D.J. Wuebbles, Proceedings of the Workshop on Atmospheric Degradation of HCFCs and HFCs, Boulder, November 1993, AFEAS, Washington, 1995.
69. Proceedings of the STEP-Halocside/AFEAS Workshop, Dublin, AFEAS, Washington, 1991.
70. R.A. Cox, O. Rattigan, G.D. Hayman, C.J. Howard, O.-J. Nielsen, H.W Sidebottom, R. Zellner, Workshop on Atmospheric Degradation of HCFCs and HFCs, Boulder, chap. 2, Nov 1993, AFEAS, Washington, 1995.
71. O. Rattigan, O. Wild, R.A. Cox, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 112 (1998) 1.
72. W.C. Keene, M.A.K. Khalil, D.J. Erickson III, A. McCulloch, T.E. Graedel, J.M. Lobert, M.L. Aucott, S.L. Gong, D.B. Harper, G. Kleiman, P.M. Midgley, R.M. Moore, C. Seuzaret, W.T. Sturges, C.M. Benkovitz, V. Koropalov, L.A. Barrie, Y.F. Li, J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 8429.
73. L.L. Sloss, Halogen emissions from coal combustion, IEA Coal Research, London, 1992.
74. T.J. Wallington, M.D. Hurley, J.C. Ball, E.W. Kaiser, Env. Sci. Technol. 26 (1992) 1318.
75. T.J. Wallington, M.D. Hurley, J.M. Fracheboud, J.J. Orlando, G.S. Tyndall, J. Sehested, T.E. Møgelberg, O.J. Nielsen, J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 18116.
76. W.F. Schneider, T.J. Wallington, J.R. Barker, E.A. Stahlberg, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 102 (1998) 1850.
77. J.-C. Boutonnet, P. Bingham, D. Calamari, C. de Rooij, J. Franklin, T. Kawano, J.-M. Libre, A. McCulloch, G. Malinverno, M. Odom, G.M. Rusch, K. Smythe, I. Sobolev, R. Thompson, J. Tiedje, Human Eco. Risk Assess. 5 (1999) 59.
78. T.K. Tromp, M.K.W. Ko, J.M. Rodriguez, N.D. Sze, Nature 376 (1995) 327.
79. V.R. Kotamarthi, J.M. Rodriguez, M.K.W. Ko, T.K. Tromp, N.D. Sze, M.J. Prather, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 5747.
80. D. Bowden, S.L. Clegg, P. Brimblecombe, Chemosphere 32 (1996) 405.
81. H. Frank, D. Renschen, A. Klein, H. Scholl, J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 18 (1995) 83.
82. H. Frank, A. Klein, D. Renschen, Nature 382 (1996) 34.
83. D. Zehavi, J.N. Seiber, C. Wujcik, Am. Chem. Soc. Environ. Chem. Bull. 35 (1995) 190.
84. D. Zehavi, J.N. Seiber, Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 3450.
85. C.E. Wujcik, D. Zehavi, J.N. Seiber, Chemosphere 36 (1998) 1233.
86. L. von Sydow, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Linköping, 1998.