Implementing the 2013 pad guidelines: Top ten points to consider

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 223-235

  Pun, Brendat ^a   Balas, Michelec ^b   Davidson, Judy ^c  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c SCRIPPS CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

agitation; delirium; guideline; implementation; pain; protocol; sedation

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DIAZEPAM; HALOPERIDOL; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PROPOFOL; QUETIAPINE; SEDATIVE AGENT;

AGITATION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DELIRIUM; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MOBILIZATION; PAIN; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHILOSOPHY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY; PUBLICATION; QT PROLONGATION; REHABILITATION CARE; RESIDENT; SEDATION; TEAM BUILDING; VITAL SIGN;

CRITICAL CARE; DELIRIUM; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION;

EID: 84878405928     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1342985     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. European Medicine Agency Xigris (drotrecogin alfa (activated)) to be withdrawn due to lack of efficacy: PROWESS-SHOCK study shows no gain in 28-day survival of septic shock patients. European Medicines Agency; October 25, 2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news-and-events/news/2011/10/ news-detail-001373.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1. Accessed August 1, 2012
2. Finfer S., Chittock D. R., Su S. Y., et al. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med: 2009; 360 13 1283 1297
3. Barr J., Fraser G. L., Puntillo K., et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Med: 2013; 41 1 263 306
4. Guyatt G. H., Oxman A. D., Vist G. E., et al. GRADE Working Group GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ: 2008; 336 7650 924 926 (Pubitemid 351632017)
5. Jaeschke R., Guyatt G., Dellinger P., et al. Use of GRADE grid to reach decisions on clinical practice guidelines when consensus is elusive. BMJ: 2008; 337 a744 10.1136/bmj.a744
6. Jacobi J., Fraser G. L., Coursin D. B., et al. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), American College of Chest Physicians Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med: 2002; 30 1 119 141 (Pubitemid 34112188)
7. Gemba Velaction continuous Improvement, LLC; 2012. http://www.velaction. com/gemba/. Accessed July 19, 2012
8. Elevator Speeches Prosci, Inc.; 2012. http://www.change-management.com/ tutorial-elevator-speech.htm. Accessed July 19, 2012
9. Milbrandt E. B., Deppen S., Harrison P. L., et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med: 2004; 32 4 955 962 (Pubitemid 38471515)
10. Business Case Wikipedia. 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business- case. Accessed August 31, 2012
11. Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: Report of an expert panel. Washington, DC Interprofessional Education Collaborative: 2011
12. Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) How-to guide: multidisciplinary rounds. 2012. http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/Tools/ HowtoGuideMultidisciplinaryRounds.aspx. Accessed September 14, 2012
13. Dutton R. P., Cooper C., Jones A., Leone S., Kramer M. E., Scalea T. M. Daily multidisciplinary rounds shorten length of stay for trauma patients. J Trauma: 2003; 55 5 913 919 (Pubitemid 38004664)
14. Vazirani S., Hays R. D., Shapiro M. F., Cowan M. Effect of a multidisciplinary intervention on communication and collaboration among physicians and nurses. American journal of critical care: an official publication. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses: 2005; 14 71 77 (Pubitemid 40104940)
15. Pronovost P. J., Berenholtz S. M., Dorman T., Lipsett P. A., Simmonds T., Haraden C. Improving communication in the ICU using daily goals. J Crit Care: 2003; 18 2 71 75 (Pubitemid 36759157)
16. Balas M. C., Vasilevskis E. E., Burke W. J., et al. Critical care nurses' role in implementing the "ABCDE bundleo" into practice. Crit Care Nurse: 2012; 32 2 35 38, 40-47, quiz 48
17. Vasilevskis E. E., Ely E. W., Speroff T., Pun B. T., Boehm L., Dittus R. S. Reducing iatrogenic risks: ICU-acquired delirium and weakness-crossing the quality chasm. Chest: 2010; 138 5 1224 1233
18. Joint Commission Facts about pain management. http://www.jointcommission. org/assets/1/18/pain-management.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2012
19. Chanques G., Viel E., Constantin J. M., et al. The measurement of pain in intensive care unit: comparison of 5 self-report intensity scales. Pain: 2010; 151 3 711 721
20. Gélinas C., Johnston C. Pain assessment in the critically ill ventilated adult: validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool and physiologic indicators. Clin J Pain: 2007; 23 6 497 505 (Pubitemid 46956186)
21. Payen J. F., Bru O., Bosson J. L., et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med: 2001; 29 12 2258 2263 (Pubitemid 34038155)
22. Rose L., Smith O., Gélinas C., et al. Critical care nurses' pain assessment and management practices: a survey in Canada. Am J Crit Care: 2012; 21 4 251 259
23. Bloom B. S., Bloom B. S. Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews. Int J Technol Assess Health Care: 2005; 21 3 380 385 (Pubitemid 41099219)
24. Studer Q. Results That Last: Hardwiring Behaviors That Will Take Your Company to the Top. Hoboken, NJ Wiley & Sons: 2008
25. Roberts R. J., de Wit M., Epstein S. K., Didomenico D., Devlin J. W. Predictors for daily interruption of sedation therapy by nurses: a prospective, multicenter study. J Crit Care: 2010; 25 4 e1 e7
26. Payen J. F., Chanques G., Mantz J., et al. Current practices in sedation and analgesia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter patient-based study. Anesthesiology: 2007; 106 4 687 695, quiz 891-892 (Pubitemid 46555612)
27. Weinert C. R., Calvin A. D. Epidemiology of sedation and sedation adequacy for mechanically ventilated patients in a medical and surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med: 2007; 35 2 393 401 (Pubitemid 46148527)
28. Martin J., Franck M., Sigel S., Weiss M., Spies C. D. Changes in sedation management in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow-up survey. Crit Care: 2007; 11 6 R124
29. Patel R. P., Gambrell M., Speroff T., et al. Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1384 healthcare professionals. Crit Care Med: 2009; 37 3 825 832
30. Dammeyer J. A., Mapili C. D., Palleschi M. T., et al. Nurse-led change: a statewide multidisciplinary collaboration targeting intensive care unit delirium. Crit Care Nurs Q: 2012; 35 1 2 14
31. Desai S. V., Law T. J., Needham D. M. Long-term complications of critical care. Crit Care Med: 2011; 39 2 371 379
32. Provonost P. J., Berenholtz S. M., Needham D. M. Translating evidence into practice: a model for large scale knowledge translation. BMJ: 2008; 337 a1714. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1714
33. Kress J. P., Gehlbach B., Lacy M., Pliskin N., Pohlman A. S., Hall J. B. The long-term psychological effects of daily sedative interruption on critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2003; 168 12 1457 1461 (Pubitemid 38037329)
34. Jackson J. C., Girard T. D., Gordon S. M., et al. Long-term cognitive and psychological outcomes in the awakening and breathing controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2010; 182 2 183 191
35. Needham D. M., Korupolu R. Rehabilitation quality improvement in an intensive care unit setting: implementation of a quality improvement model. Top Stroke Rehabil: 2010; 17 4 271 281
36. Schweickert W. D., Pohlman M. C., Pohlman A. S., et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet: 2009; 373 9678 1874 1882
37. Schweickert W. D., Kress J. P. Implementing early mobilization interventions in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest: 2011; 140 6 1612 1617
38. Jones C., Griffiths R. D., Humphris G., Skirrow P. M. Memory, delusions, and the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after intensive care. Crit Care Med: 2001; 29 3 573 580 (Pubitemid 32225300)
39. Jones C., Bäckman C., Capuzzo M., et al. RACHEL group Intensive care diaries reduce new onset post traumatic stress disorder following critical illness: a randomised, controlled trial. Crit Care: 2010; 14 5 R168
40. Jones C., Backman C., Griffiths R. D. Intensive care diaries and relatives' symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder after critical illness: a pilot study. Am J Crit Care: 2012; 21 3 172 176
41. Garrouste-Orgeas M., Coquet I., Périer A., et al. Impact of an intensive care unit diary on psychological distress in patients and relatives. Crit Care Med: 2012; 40 7 2033 2040
42. ICU-Diary 2012. http://www.icu-diary.org/diary/start.html. Accessed August 1, 2012
43. Davidson J. E., Daly B. J., Agan D., Brady N. R., Higgins P. A. Facilitated sensemaking: a feasibility study for the provision of a family support program in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Nurs Q: 2010; 33 2 177 189
44. Davidson J. E. Facilitated sensemaking: a strategy and new middle-range theory to support families of intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Nurse: 2010; 30 6 28 39
45. Skrobik Y. Counterpoint: should benzodiazepines be avoided in mechanically ventilated patients? No. Chest: 2012; 142 2 284 287, discussion 287-289
46. Skrobik Y. Rebuttal from Dr Skrobik. Chest: 2012; 142 289 290
47. Ely E. W., Dittus R. S., Girard T. D. Rebuttal from Dr. Ely et al. Chest: 2012; 142 2 287 289
48. Ely E. W., Dittus R. S., Girard T. D. Point: should benzodiazepines be avoided in mechanically ventilated patients? Yes. Chest: 2012; 142 2 281 284, discussion 289-290
49. Devlin J. W., Roberts R. J., Fong J. J., et al. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med: 2010; 38 2 419 427
50. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., text revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association: 2000
51. Pandharipande P., Shintani A., Peterson J., et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology: 2006; 104 1 21 26
52. Balas M. C., Rice M., Chaperon C., Smith H., Disbot M., Fuchs B. Management of delirium in critically ill older adults. Crit Care Nurse: 2012; 32 4 15 26
53. Pennock B. E., Crawshaw L., Maher T., Price T., Kaplan P. D. Distressful events in the ICU as perceived by patients recovering from coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Lung: 1994; 23 4 323 327 (Pubitemid 24242842)
54. Menzel L. K. Factors related to the emotional responses of intubated patients to being unable to speak. Heart Lung: 1998; 27 4 245 252 (Pubitemid 28376107)
55. Tate J. A., Seaman J. B., Happ M. B. Overcoming barriers to pain assessment: communicating pain information with intubated older adults. Geriatr Nurs: 2012; 33 4 310 313
56. Inouye S. K., Bogardus S. T. Jr, Baker D. I., Leo-Summers L., Cooney L. M. Jr. Hospital Elder Life Program The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. J Am Geriatr Soc: 2000; 48 12 1697 1706
57. Inouye S. K., Baker D. I., Fugal P., Bradley E. H. for the HELP Dissemination Project Dissemination of the hospital elder life program: implementation, adaptation, and successes. J Am Geriatr Soc: 2006; 54 10 1492 1499 (Pubitemid 44564142)
58. Asher R. A. The dangers of going to bed. BMJ: 1947; 2 4536 967
59. Needham D. M., Korupolu R., Zanni J. M., et al. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: a quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil: 2010; 91 4 536 542
60. Morris P. E., Goad A., Thompson C., et al. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med: 2008; 36 8 2238 2243
61. Ross A. G., Morris P. E. Safety and barriers to care. Crit Care Nurse: 2010; 30 2 S11 S13
62. Mobilization network 2012. http://www.mobilization-network.org. Accessed August 31, 2012
63. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Team-administered protocol encourages mobility in respiratory intensive care unit patients, leading to shorter length of stay. 2009. http://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id= 2442. Accessed August 31, 2012
64. Pohlman M. C., Schweickert W. D., Pohlman A. S., et al. Feasibility of physical and occupational therapy beginning from initiation of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med: 2010; 38 11 2089 2094
65. Sessler C. N., Gosnell M. S., Grap M. J., et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2002; 166 10 1338 1344 (Pubitemid 35292699)
66. Riker R. R., Fraser G. L., Simmons L. E., Wilkins M. L. Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med: 2001; 27 5 853 858 (Pubitemid 32480513)
67. Ely E. W., Margolin R., Francis J., et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med: 2001; 29 7 1370 1379 (Pubitemid 32641799)
68. Ely E. W., Inouye S. K., Bernard G. R., et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA: 2001; 286 21 2703 2710 (Pubitemid 33135077)
69. Bergeron N., Dubois M. J., Dumont M., Dial S., Skrobik Y. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med: 2001; 27 5 859 864 (Pubitemid 32480514)