Fertility in Austria, Germany and Switzerland: Is there a common pattern?

Comparative Population Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2-3, 2011, Pages 263-304

  Sobotka, Tomáš ^a  

^a VIENNA INSTITUTE OF DEMOGRAPHY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Austria; Childlessness; Family; Fertility; Germany; Switzerland

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878383642     PISSN: 18698980     EISSN: 18698999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-11en     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Adsera, Alicia 2005: Vanishing children: From high unemployment to low fertility in developed countries. In: American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 95,2: 189-193.
2. Apps, Patricia; Rees, Ray 2004: Fertility, taxation and family policy. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 106,4: 745-763 [doi: 10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.00386.x].
3. Basten, Stuart; Huinink, Johannes; Klüsener, Sebastian 2011: Spatial variation of subnational fertility trends in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 36,2-3: [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-08en].
4. Becker, Oliver Arránz; Lois, Daniel; Nauck, Bernhard 2010: Differences in fertility patterns between East and West German women. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 35,1: 7-34 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-02en].
5. Berlin Institut 2007: Not am Mann. Von Helden der Arbeit zur neuen Unterschicht? Lebenslagen junger Erwachsener in wirtschaftlichen Abstiegsregionen der neuen Bundesländer. Berlin: Berlin Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung.
6. Bernardi, Laura; Klärner, Andreas; von der Lippe, Holger 2008: Job insecurity and the timing of parenthood: A comparison between eastern and western Germany. In: European Journal of Population 24: 287-313 [doi: 10.1007/s10680-007-9127-5].
7. Birg, Herwig; Filip, Detlef; Flöthmann, Ernst-Jü rgen 1990: Paritätsspezifische Kohortenanalyse des generativen Verhaltens in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nach dem 2. Weltkrieg. IBS-Materialen No. 30. Bielefeld: Institut für Bevölkerungsforschung und Sozialpolitik.
8. Bongaarts, John; Feeney, Griffith 1998: On the quantum and tempo of fertility. In: Population and Development Review 24,2: 271 291 [doi: 10.2307/2807974].
9. Buber, Isabella; Berghammer, Caroline; Prskawetz, Alexia 2011: Doing science, forgoing childbearing? Evidence from a sample of female scientists in Austria. VID Working Papers 01/2011. Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography.
10. Caldwell, John C. 2008: Three fertility compromises and two transitions. In: Population Research and Policy Review 27: 427-446 [doi: 10.1007/s11113-008-9071-z].
11. Cassens, Insa; Luy, Marc; Scholz, Rembrandt (Eds.) 2009: Die Bevölkerung in Ost-und Westdeutschland. Demografische, gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen seit der Wende. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
12. Chesnais, Jean-Claude 1992: The demographic transition. Stages, patterns, and the economic implications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Cohen, Joel E.; Kravdal, Øystein; Keilman, Nico 2011: Childbearing impeded education more than education impeded childbearing among Norwegian women. In: PNAS Early Edition [doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107993108].
14. Conrad, Christoph; Lechner, Michael; Werner, Welf 1996: East German fertility after unification: Crisis or adaptation? In: Population and Development Review 22,2: 331-358.
15. Council of Europe 2002: Recent demographic developments in Europe 2002. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
16. Council of Europe 2006: Recent demographic developments in Europe 2005. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
17. Dorbritz, Jürgen 2003: Polarisierung versus Vielfalt. Lebensformen und Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland-eine Auswertung des Mikrozensus. In: Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 28,2-4: 403-421.
18. Dorbritz, Jürgen 2008: Germany: Family diversity with low actual and desired fertility. In: Demographic Research 19,17: 557-598 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.17].
19. Dorbritz, Jürgen 2011: Kinderzahlen bei Frauen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund im Kontext von Lebensformen und Bildung. In: Bevölkerungsforschung Aktuell 01-2011, 32: 7-12.
20. Dorbritz, Jürgen; Ruckdeschel, Kerstin 2007: Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland-Ein europäischer Sonderweg? Daten, Trends, und Gründe. In: Konietzka, Dirk; Kreyenfeld, Michaela (Eds.): Ein Leben ohne Kinder. Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften: 45-81.
21. Dorbritz, Jürgen; Ruckdeschel, Kerstin 2009: Die langsame Annäherung-Demografisch relevante Einstellungsunterschiede und der Wandel in den Lebensformen in West und Ostdeutschland. In: Cassens, Insa; Luy, Marc; Scholz, Rembrandt (Eds.): Die Bevölkerung in Ost-und Westdeutschland. Demografische, gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen seit der Wende. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften: 261-294.
22. Dorbritz, Jürgen; Schwarz, Karl 1996: Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland-ein Massenphänomen? Analysen zu Erscheinungsformen und Ursachen. In: Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 21,3: 231-261.
23. Eckhard, Jan 2006: Kinderlosigkeit durch Partnerschaftslosigkeit. Der Wandel der Partnerschaftsbiographien und Zusammenhänge mit der Geburtenentwicklung. In: Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 31,1: 105-126.
24. Ehmer, Josef 2011: The significance of looking back. Fertility before the "fertility decline". In: Historical Social Research 36,2: 11-34.
25. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta 1999: Social foundations of postindustrial economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta 2009: The Incomplete Revolution. Adapting to Women's new Roles. Cambridge: Polity Press.
27. Eurostat 2010, 2011: Data on live births, fertility rates and female population by age. Eurostat's online Statistics Database. URL: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu, April 2010, March 2011, July 2011 and November 2011.
28. Festy, Patrick 1979: La fécondité des pays occidentaux de 1870 à 1970. Travaux et Documents No. 85. Paris: INED-PUF.
29. Frejka, Tomas 2010: Cohort overlays of evolving childbearing patterns: how postponement and recuperation are reflected in period fertility trends. MPIDR Working Paper WP 2010-026. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
30. Frejka, Tomas; Sardon, Jean-Paul 2004: Childbearing trends and prospects in low-fertility countries: A cohort analysis. European Studies of Population 13. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: Chapter 5: 89-124.
31. Geburtenbarometer 2011: Geburtenbarometer: Monitoring of Fertility in Austria and Vienna. Online database. Vienna Institute of Demography. URL: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/barometer, July 2011.
32. Geserick, Christine 2011: Ablösung vom Elternhaus. Ergebnisse aus dem Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) 2008/09. Working Paper Nr. 76/2011. Vienna: Austrian Institute for Family Studies.
33. Goldin, Claudia 2006: The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family. In: American Economic Review 96,2: 1-2 [doi: 10.1257/000282806777212350].
34. Goldstein, Joshua R.; Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2011: Has East Germany overtaken West Germany? Recent trends in order-specific fertility. In: Population and Development Review 37,3: 453-472 [doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00430.x].
35. Goldstein, Joshua; Lutz, Wolfgang; Testa, Maria Rita 2003: The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe. In: Population Research and Policy Review 22,5-6: 479-496 [doi: 10.1023/B:POPU.0000020962.80895.4a].
36. Goldstein, Joshua R.; Sobotka, Tomáš; Jasilioniene, Aiva 2009: The end of lowest-low fertility? In: Population and Development Review 35,4: 663-700 [doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00304.x].
37. Goldstein, Joshua R. et al. 2010: Familie und Partnerschaft in Ost-und Westdeutschland: Ergebnisse im Rahmen des Projektes "Demographic differences in life course dynamics in eastern and western Germany". Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
38. Goldstein, Joshua R.; Rößger, Felix; Jaschinski, Ina; Prskawetz, Alexia 2011: Fertility Forecasting in the German-speaking World: Recent Experience and Opportunities for Improvement. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 36,2-3 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-09en].
39. Heiland, Frank; Prskawetz, Alexia; Sanderson, Warren C. 2005: Do the more-educated prefer smaller families? VID Working Papers 03/2005. Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography.
40. Heuveline, Patrick; Timberlake, Jeffrey M; Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. 2003: Shifting childrearing to single mothers: Results from 17 western countries. In: Population and Development Review 29,1: 47-71 [doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2003.00047.x].
41. Hoem, Jan; Neyer, Gerda; Andersson, Gunnar 2006: Education and childlessness: the relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59. In: Demographic Research 14,15: 331-380 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.15].
42. Höpflinger, François 2010: Ehe und Familien im Umbruch-Wird die 'normale' Familie bald zum Ausnahmefall? URL: http://www.hoepflinger.com/fhtop/EheFamilie2010B.pdf, November 2011.
43. Huinink, Johannes 1989: Das Zweite Kind. Sind wir auf dem Weg zur Ein-Kind-Familie? In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie 18,3: 192-207.
44. Huinink, Johannes 2002: Polarisierung der Familienentwicklung in europäischen Ländern im Vergleich. In: Schneider, Norbert F.; Matthias-Bleck, Heike (Eds.): Elternschaft heute. Gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und individuelle Gestaltungsaufgaben. Opladen: Leske + Budrich: 49-74.
45. Human Fertility Database 2010, 2011. URL: www.humanfertility.org, April 2010, March 2011 and July 2011.
46. Human Mortality Database 2010: Mortality tables for Switzerland. URL: http://www.mortality.org, May 2010.
47. Iacovou, Maria; Skew, Alexandra 2010: Household structure in the EU. Methodologies and working papers. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
48. Karaman Örsal, Deniz Dilan; Goldstein, Joshua R. 2010: The increasing importance of economic conditions for fertility. MPIDR Working Paper WP 2010-014. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
49. Kemkes-Grottenthaler, Ariane 2003: Postponing or rejecting parenthood? Results from a survey among female academic professionals. In: Journal of Biosocial Science 35: 213-226 [doi: 10.1017/S002193200300213X].
50. Kirk, Dudley 1946: Europe's Population in the Interwar Years. Geneva: League of Nations.
51. Klein, Thomas; Nauck, Bernhard 2005: Families in Germany. In: Adams, Bert N.; Trost, Jan (Eds.): Handbook of World Families. Thousand Oaks/London: Sage: 283-312.
52. Kohler, Hans-Peter; Billari, Francesco C.; Ortega, José Antonio 2002: The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. In: Population and Development Review 28,4: 641 680 [doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x].
53. Kohls, Martin; Naderi, Robert; Schmid, Susanne 2010: Migrantinnen zwischen Herkunftsund Zielland? Eine Analyse der Fertilität von türkischen Migrantinnen in Deutschland. Paper presented at DGD-Jahrestagung in Rostock, 3-5 March 2010.
54. Konietzka, Dirk; Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2002: Women's employment and non-marital childbearing: A comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s. In: Population-E 57,2: 331-358.
55. Konietzka, Dirk; Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2005: Nichteheliche Mutterschaft und soziale Ungleichheit im familialistischen Wohlfahrtsstaat: zur sozioökonomischen Differenzierung der Familienformen in Ost-und Westdeutschland. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 57,1: 32-61 [doi: 10.1007/s11577-005-0110-z].
56. Konietzka, Dirk; Kreyenfeld, Michaela (Eds.) 2007: Ein Leben ohne Kinder. Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
57. Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2002: Parity specific birth rates for West Germany: An attempt to combine survey data and vital statistics. In: Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 27,3: 327-357.
58. Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2004: Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An analysis with data from the German Fertility and Family Survey. In: Demographic Research, Special Collection 3,11: 275-318 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2004.S3.11].
59. Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2005: Economic uncertainty and fertility postponement. Evidence form German panel data. MPIDR Working Paper WP 2005-034. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
60. Kreyenfeld, Michaela 2010: Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany. In: European Sociological Review 26,3:351-366 [doi: 10.1093/esr/jcp026].
61. Kreyenfeld, Michaela; Bastin, Sonja 2010: Nichteheliche Elternschaft. In: Goldstein, Joshua R. et al. (Eds.): Familie und Partnerschaft in Ost-und Westdeutschland: Ergebnisse im Rahmen des Projektes "Demographic differences in life course dynamics in eastern and western Germany". Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research: 26.
62. Kreyenfeld, Michaela; Scholz, Rembrandt; Peters, Frederik; Wlosnewski, Ines 2010: Order-specific fertility rates for Germany: Estimates from perinatal statistics for the period 2001-2008. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 35,2: 207-224 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-06en].
63. Kreyenfeld, Michaela; Zeman, Kryštof; Burkimsher, Marion; Jaschinski, Ina 2011: Fertility data for German-speaking countries. What is the potential? Where are the pitfalls? In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 36,2-3 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-06en].
64. Kytir, Josef 2006: Demographische Strukturen und Trends 2005. In: Statistische Nachrichten 2006,9: 777-790.
65. League of Nations 1940: Statistical Year-book of the League of Nations 1939-40. Geneva: League of Nations. Tables accessed online, URL: http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le0277ae.pdf, July 2011.
66. Lengerer, Andrea 2011: Partnerlosigkeit in Deutschland. Entwicklung und soziale Unterschiede. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft.
67. Lesthaeghe, Ron 1995: The second demographic transition in western countries: An interpretation. In: Mason Oppenheim, Karen; Jensen, An-Magritt (Eds.): Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Vountries. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 17-62.
68. Liefbroer, Aart C.; Merz, Eva-Maria 2010: Report on analysis of ESS data on cross-national differences in perceived norms concerning fertility-related behaviour. Report for the REPRO project, URL: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/repro/norms.html, March 2011.
69. Liefbroer, Aart C.; Merz, Eva-Maria 2011: Report on analysis of ESS data on cross-national differences in the timing and quantum of fertility. Report D6.18 for the REPRO project. URL: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/repro/cross-national-fertility.html, March 2011.
70. Luy, Marc; Pötzsch, Olga 2010: Estimates of the Tempo-adjusted Total Fertility Rate in Western and Eastern Germany, 1955-2008. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 35,3: 605-636 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-14en].
71. Mammey, Ulrich; Schwarz, Karl 2002: The demographic characteristics of the immigrant population in Germany. In: Haug, Werner; Compton, Paul; Courbage, Youssef (Eds.): The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations. In: Population Studies 38. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing: 193-243.
72. Mayer, Karl Ulrich; Schulze, Eva 2009: Delaying parenthood in East and West Germany. A mixed-methods study of the onset of childbirth and the vocabulary of motives of women of the birth cohort of 1971. Working Paper, Nr. 123, 2009. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung.
73. Milewski, Nadja 2010: Immigrant fertility in West Germany: Is there a socialization effect in transitions to second and third births? In: European Journal of Population 26:297-323 [doi: 10.1007/s10680-010-9211-0].
74. Myrskylä, Mikko; Goldstein, Joshua R.; Cheng, Yen-Hsin Alice 2012: New cohort fertility forecasts for the developed world. MPIDR Working Paper WP 2012-014. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
75. Neuwirth, Norbert; Baierl, Andreas; Kaindl, Markus; Rille-Pfeiffer, Christiane 2010: Der Kinderwunsch in Österreich. Umfang, Struktur und wesentliche Determinanten. Eine Analyse anhand des GGP. Forschungsbericht Nr. 5. Vienna: Austrian Institute for Family Studies.
76. st Century. A state of art in demography. Brussels: VUBPRESS: 91-114.
77. OECD 2011a: OECD Family Database. SF1.1: Family size and household composition. URL: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/22/41919509.pdf, March 2011.
78. OECD 2011b: Doing Better for Families. Paris: OECD Publishing.
79. Perelli-Harris, Brienna et al. 2010a: The educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation in Europe. In: Population and Development Review 36,4: 775-801 [doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00357.x].
80. Perelli-Harris, Brienna et al. 2010b: The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe: emergence of a pattern of disadvantage? MPIDR Working Paper WP 2010-004. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
81. Philipov, Dimiter; Bernardi, Laura 2011: Reproductive decisions: concepts and measurement in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 36,2-3 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-14en].
82. Population Reference Bureau 2011: World Population Data Sheet 2011. Washington: Population Reference Bureau.
83. Pötzsch, Olga 2010: Cohort fertility: a comparison of the results of the official birth statistics and of the Microcensus Survey 2008. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 35,1: 185-204 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-05en].
84. Prioux, France; Mazuy, Magali; Barbieri, Magali 2010: Recent demographic developments in France: fewer adults live with a partner. In: Population-E 65, 3: 363-414 [doi: 10.1353/pop.2010.0016].
85. Prskawetz, Alexia et al. 2008: Austria: persistent low fertility since the mid-1980s. In: Demographic Research 19,12: 293-360 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.12].
86. Rosenfeld, Rachel A.; Trappe, Heike; Gornick, Janet C. 2004: Gender and work in Germany: before and after reunification. In: Annual Review of Sociology 30: 103-124 [doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.30012703.110531].
87. Rossier, Clémentine; Brachet, Sara; Salles, Anne 2011: Family policies, norms about gender roles, and fertility decisions in France and Germany. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 9: 259-282 [doi: 101553/populationyearbook2011s259].
88. Salles, Anne 2006: The effects of family policy in the former GDR on nuptiality and births outside marriage. In: Population-E 61,1-2: 141-152 [doi: 10.3917/pope.601.0131].
89. Sardon, Jean-Paul 1991: Generation replacement in Europe since 1900. In: Population: An English selection 3,1990: 15-32.
90. Sarrazin, Thilo 2010: Deutschland schafft sich ab. Wie wir unser Land aufs Spiel setzen. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
91. Schmid, Susanne; Kohls, Martin: 2009: Reproductive behaviour of migrant women in Germany: Data, patterns and determinants. In: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2009: 39-61, [doi: 101553/populationyearbook2009s39].
92. Schmitt, Christian 2004: Kinderlose Männer in Deutschland-Eine sozialstrukturelle Bestimmung auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). Materialien 34. Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Berlin.
93. Schwarz, Karl 2003: Betrachtungen eines Demographen zu Ehe und Familie um das Jahr 2000. In: Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 28,2-4: 423-442.
94. SFSO 1998: Two centuries of Swiss demographic history. Graphic album of the 1860-2050 period. Neuchâtel: Swiss Federal Statistical Office.
95. SFSO 2011: Data on period TFR by citizenship retrieved from the BEVNAT database (table su-d-1.2.2.3.1.2). URL: http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/06/blank/data/01.html, September 2011.
96. Skirbekk, Vegard 2008: Fertility trends by social status. In: Demographic Research 18,5: 145-180 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2008.18.5].
97. Sobotka, Tomáš 2004: Postponement of childbearing and low fertility in Europe. PhD Thesis, University of Groningen. Amsterdam: Dutch University Press.
98. Sobotka, Tomáš 2008: The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe. In: Demographic Research, Special Collection 7,19, Article 9: 225-248 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.9].
99. Sobotka, Tomáš 2009: Sub-replacement fertility intentions in Austria. In: European Journal of Population 25,4: 387-412 [doi: 10.1007/s10680-009-9183-0].
100. Sobotka, Tomáš 2011: Fertility in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989: collapse and gradual recovery. In: Historical Social Research 36,2: 246-296.
101. Sobotka, Tomáš; Buber, Isabella 2009: Kinderlosigkeit. In: Buber, Isabella; Neuwirth, Norbert (Eds.): Familienentwicklung in Österreich. Erste Ergebnisse des "Generations and Gender Survey (GGS)" 2008/09. Vienna: VID and ÖIF: 11.
102. Sobotka, Tomáš; Lutz, Wolfgang 2010: Misleading policy messages derived from the period TFR: should we stop using it? In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 35,3: 637-664 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-15en].
103. Sobotka, Tomáš; Testa, Maria Rita 2008: Attitudes and intentions towards childlessness in Europe. In: Höhn, Charlotte; Avramov, Dragana; Kotowska, Irena (Eds.): People, Population Change and Policies: Lessons from the Population Policy Acceptance Study-Volume 1. Berlin: Springer: 177-211.
104. Sobotka, Tomáš; Toulemon, Laurent 2008: Changing family and partnership behaviour: common trends and persistent diversity across Europe. In: Demographic Research 19, 6: 85-138 [doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.6].
105. Sobotka, Tomáš; Zeman, Kryštof; Lesthaeghe, Ron; Frejka, Tomas; Neels, Karel 2011: Postponement and recuperation in cohort fertility: Austria, Germany and Switzerland in a European context. In: Comparative Population Studies-Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 36,2-3 [doi: 10.4232/10.CPoS-2011-10en].
106. Sobotka, Tomáš; Skirbekk, Vegard; Philipov, Dimiter 2011: Economic recession and fertility in the developed world. In: Population and Development Review 37,2: 267-306 [doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00411.x].
107. Spieß, Katharina C.; Wrohlich, Katharina 2008: The parental leave benefit reform in Germany: costs and labour market outcomes of moving towards the Nordic model. In: Population Research and Policy Review 27: 575-591 [doi: 10.1007/s11113-008-9086-5].
108. Statistics Austria 2005: Volkszählung 2001. Haushalte und Familien. Vienna: Statistics Austria.
109. Statistics Austria 2011: Demographisches Jahrbuch 2010. Vienna: Statistics Austria.
110. Statistisches Bundesamt 2009: Mikrozensus 2008-Neue Daten zur Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt. URL: https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2009/Kinderlosigkeit/Kinderlosigkeit_Ueb.html, 30 July 2009.
111. Statistisches Bundesamt 2010: 20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit. Wunsch oder Wirklichkeit. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
112. Statistisches Bundesamt 2011: Time series of data on births and fertility rates. Wiesbaden, Statistisches Bundesamt. URL: http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Navigation/Statistiken/Bevoelkerung/GeburtenSterbefaelle/Tabellen.psml, May and August 2011.
113. Stöbel-Richter, Yve; Beutel, Manfred E.; Finck, Carolyn; Brähler, Elmar 2005: The 'wish to have a child', childlessness and infertility in Germany. In: Human Reproduction 20,10: 2850-2857 [doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei121].
114. Toulemon, Laurent 2004: Fertility among immigrant women: new data, new approach. In: Population & Societies 400 (April 2004).
115. UN 2011: World Population Prospects, The 2010 Revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. URL: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Sorting-Tables/tab-sorting_ageing.htm, July 2011.
116. van Bavel, Jan 2010: Choice of study discipline and the postponement of motherhood in Europe: the impact of expected earnings, gender composition, and family attitudes. In: Demography 37,2: 439-458 [doi: 10.1353/dem.0.0108].
117. van de Kaa, Dirk J. 1994: The second demographic transition revisited: Theories and expectations. In: Beets, Gijs et al. (Eds.): Population and family in the Low Countries 1993: Late fertility and other current issues. NIDI/CBGS Publication, No. 30. Berwyn, Pennsylvania/Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger: 81-126.
118. VID-IIASA 2010: European demographic data sheet 2010. Vienna Institute of Demography, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, and Population Reference Bureau. URL: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/datasheet/download/European_Demographic_Data_Sheet_2010.pdf.
119. Wanner, Philippe 2002: The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations in Switzerland. In: Haug, Werner; Compton, Paul; Courbage, Youssef (Eds.): The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations. In: Population Studies 38. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing: 419-496. W
120. irth, Heike; Dümmler, Kerstin 2005: The influence of qualification on women's childlessness in West Germany: age and cohort effects. Analyses with the German Microcensus. ZUMA-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 2005/03. Mannheim: ZUMA.
121. Zeman, Kryštof et al. 2011: Geburtenbarometer Vienna: analysing fertility convergence between Vienna and Austria. VID Working Paper 07/2011. Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography.