Economic recession and fertility in the developed world

Population and Development Review

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 267-306

  Sobotka, Tomáš ^a   Skirbekk, Vegard ^b   Philipov, Dimiter ^a  

^a VIENNA INSTITUTE OF DEMOGRAPHY   (Austria)

^b INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS CYCLE; CHILDBEARING; ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; ECONOMIC IMPACT; FERTILITY; FINANCIAL CRISIS; GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT; HIGHER EDUCATION; UNEMPLOYMENT;

BIRTH RATE; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; ECONOMIC RECESSION; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FERTILITY; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW;

BIRTH RATE; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; ECONOMIC RECESSION; FERTILITY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PUBLIC HEALTH;

EID: 79959513250     PISSN: 00987921     EISSN: 17284457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00411.x     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Aassve, Arnstein, Francesco C. Billari, and Zsolt Spéder. 2006. "Societal transition, policy changes and family formation: Evidence from Hungary," European Journal of Population 22(2): 127-152.
2. Aassve, Arnstein and Trude Lappegård. 2009. "Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway," European Journal of Population 25(1): 67-88.
3. Abowd, John M. and Thomas Lemieux. 1993. "The effects of product market competition on collective bargaining agreements: The case of foreign competition in Canada," Quarterly Journal of Economics 108: 983-1014.
4. Adsera, Alicia. 2004. "Changing fertility rates in developed countries: The impact of labour market institutions," Journal of Population Economics 17(1): 1-27.
5. Adsera, Alicia. 2005. "Vanishing children: From high unemployment to low fertility in developed countries," American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 95(2): 189-193.
6. Adsera, Alicia. 2010. "Where are the babies? Labor market conditions and fertility in Europe," European Journal of Population 27(1): 1-32.
7. Adsera, Alicia and Alicia Menendez. 2009. "Fertility changes in Latin America in the context of economic uncertainty," IZA Discussion Paper 4019, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn .
8. Ahn, Namkee and Pedro Mira. 2001. "Job bust, baby bust? Evidence from Spain," Journal of Population Economics 14: 505-521.
9. Andersson, Gunnar. 2000. "The impact of labour-force participation on childbearing behaviour: Pro-cyclical fertility in Sweden during the 1980s and the 1990s," European Journal of Population 16(4): 293-333.
10. Andorka, Rudolf. 1978. Determinants of Fertility in Advanced Societies. London Methuen & Co.
11. Baizán, Pau, Francesca Michielin, and Francesco C. Billari. 2002. "Political economy and life course patterns: The heterogeneity of occupational, family, and household trajectories of young Spaniards," Demographic Research 6: 191-240.
12. Becker, Gary S. 1960. "An economic analysis of fertility," in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries. Universities-National Bureau, UMI, pp. 225-256.
13. Becker, Gary S. 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Harvard University Press.
14. Beets, Gijs and Frans Willekens. 2009. "The global economic crisis and international migration: An uncertain outlook," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2009: 19-37.
15. Bengtsson, Tommy, Cameron Campbell, and James Z. Lee (eds.). 2004. Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. Cambridge, MA MIT Press.
16. Berkowitz King, Rosalind. 2005. "The case of American women: Globalization and the transition to adulthood in an individualistic regime," in Hans-Peter Blossfeld, Erik Klijzing, Melinda Mills, and Karin Kurz (eds.), Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society. London/New York Routledge Advances in Sociology Series, pp. 305-325.
17. Bernardi, Laura, Andreas Klärner, and Holger von der Lippe. 2008. "Job insecurity and the timing of parenthood: A comparison between Eastern and Western Germany," European Journal of Population 24: 287-313.
18. Bhaumik, Sumon K. and Jeffrey B. Nugent. 2002. "Does economic uncertainty have an impact on decisions to bear children? Evidence from Eastern Germany," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2002-037, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock .
19. Billari, Francesco C. and Hans-Peter Kohler. 2004. "Patterns of low and very low fertility in Europe," Population Studies 58(2): 161-176.
20. Billari, Francesco, Piero Manfredi, and Alessandro Valentini. 2000. "Macro-demographic effects of the transition to adulthood: Multistate stable population theory and an application to Italy," Mathematical Population Studies 9(1): 33-63.
21. Billingsley, Sunnee. 2010. "The post-communist fertility puzzle," Population Research and Policy Review 29(2): 193-231.
22. Blossfeld, Hans-Peter and Johannes Huinink. 1991. "Human capital investments or norms of role transition? How women's schooling and career affect the process of family formation," American Journal of Sociology 97: 143-168.
23. Bongaarts, John and Griffith Feeney. 1998. "On the quantum and tempo of fertility," Population and Development Review 24 (2): 271-291.
24. Bühler, Christoph and Ewa Fratczak. 2007. "Learning from others and receiving support: The impact of personal networks on fertility intentions in Poland," European Societies 9(3): 359-382.
25. Bühler, Christoph and Dimiter Philipov. 2005. "Social capital related to fertility: Theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for Bulgaria," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2005: 53-82.
26. Butz, William P. and Michael P. Ward. 1979a. "The emergence of countercyclical U.S. fertility," The American Economic Review 69(3): 318-328.
27. Butz, William P. 1979b. "Will US fertility remain low? A new economic interpretation," Population and Development Review 5 (4): 663-688.
28. Caldwell, John C. 2006. "The Western fertility decline: Reflection from a chronological perspective," Journal of Population Research 23(2): 225-242.
29. Caldwell, John C. 2008. "Three fertility compromises and two transitions," Population Research and Policy Review 27: 427-446.
30. Campbell, Arthur A. 1978. "Baby boom to birth dearth and beyond," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 435, America in the Seventies: Some Social Indicators, pp. 40-60.
31. Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller. 2010. "Migration and the global economic crisis: One year on," Paper available at «.
32. Castro Martin, Teresa. 1992. "Delayed childbearing in contemporary Spain: Trends and differentials," European Journal of Population 8: 217-246.
33. Chang, Ming-Cheng. 2006. "Taiwan's transition from high fertility to lowest-low levels," Asian Journal of Health and Information Sciences 1(1): 1-15.
34. Claessens, Stijn and M. Ayhan Kosse. 2009. "What is a recession?," Finance and Development 46(1), «», accessed 16 July 2010.
35. Clark, Andrew E. and Andrew J. Oswald. 1996. "Satisfaction and comparison income," Journal of Public Economics 61: 359-381.
36. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. 2011. Online database of monthly birth statistics «», accessed 5 January and 2 March 2011.
37. Conrad, Christoph, Michael Lechner, and Welf Werner. 1996. "East German fertility after unification: Crisis or adaptation?," Population and Development Review 22 (2): 331-358.
38. Council of Europe. 2006. Recent Demographic Developments in Europe 2005. Strasbourg Council of Europe Publishing.
39. Cutright, Phillips and Edward Shorter. 1979. "The effects of health on the completed fertility of nonwhite and white U.S. women born from 1867 through 1935," Journal of Social History 13(2): 191-218.
40. d'Addio, Anna C. and Marco M. d'Ercole. 2005. "Trends and determinants of fertility rates: The role of policies," OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers 27, Paris.
41. de Beer, Joop. 1991. "Geboorteontwikkeling wordt beinvloed door vertrouwen in de economic" (Birth trends are affected by confidence in the economy), Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking 39(9): 25-30.
42. De Cooman, Eric, John F. Ermisch, and Heather Joshi. 1987. "The next birth and the labour market: A dynamic model of births in England and Wales," Population Studies 41(2): 237-268.
43. de Jong, A. 1997. "Achergronden van vruchtbaarheidsontwikkelingen" (Variables influencing fertility development), Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking 45(10): 12-24.
44. de la Rica, Sara and Amaia Iza. 2005. "Career planning in Spain: Do fixed-term contracts delay marriage and parenthood?," Review of the Economics of the Household 3: 49-73.
45. Dornbusch, Rudi, Andrea Gentilini, and Francesco Giavazzi. 2000. "Italian labour force participation: Disguised unemployment on campus," presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Economics Association, Bolzano «.
46. Easterlin, Richard A. 1973. "Relative economic status and the American fertility swing," in Eleanor B. Sheldon (ed.), Family Economic Behavior: Problems and Prospects. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott, pp. 170-227.
47. Easterlin, Richard A. 1976. "The conflict between aspirations and resources," Population and Development Review 2(3-4): 417-425.
48. Easterlin, Richard A. 1980. Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. New York Basic Books.
49. Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M., C. Shannon Stokes, and Gretchen T. Cornwell. 2000. "Are there crisis-led fertility declines? Evidence from central Cameroon," Population Research and Policy Review 19(1): 47-72.
50. Eun, Ki-Soo. 2003. "Understanding recent fertility decline in Korea," Journal of Population and Social Security (Population) 1(Supp.): 574-594.
51. Eurostat. 2008. Population and Social Conditions. Online database «», accessed May 2008.
52. Eurostat. 2009. The EU-27 Population Continues to Grow: Data in Focus, 31/2009, Eurostat.
53. Eurostat. 2010. Live births data and annual and quarterly unemployment rates, online statistics database «», accessed 30 August 2010.
54. Eurostat. 2011. Quarterly unemployment rates in Latvia, online statistics database «», accessed 5 January 2011.
55. Fallagas, Matthew E., E.K. Vouloumanou, M.N. Mavros, and D.E. Karageorgopoulos. 2009. "Economic crises and mortality: A review of the literature," The International Journal of Clinical Practice 63(8): 1128-1135.
56. Fischer, Tamar and Aart C. Liefbroer. 2006. "For richer, for poorer: The impact of macroeconomic conditions on union dissolution rates in the Netherlands 1972-1996," European Sociological Review 22(5): 519-532.
57. Fokkema, Tineke, Helga de Valk, Joop de Beer, and Coen van Duin. 2008. "The Netherlands: Childbearing within the context of a "Poldermodel" society," Demographic Research 19(21): 743-794.
58. Francesconi, Marco and Katrin Golsch. 2005. "The process of globalizaton and transitions to adulthood in Britain," in Hans-Peter Blossfeld, Erik Klijzing, Melinda Mills, and Karen Kurz (eds.), Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society. London/New York Routledge Advances in Sociology Series, pp. 249-276.
59. Frejka, Tomas. 2008. "Determinants of family formation and childbearing during the societal transition in Central and Eastern Europe," Demographic Research 19(7): 139-170.
60. Friedman, Debra, Michael Hechter, and Satoshi Kanazawa. 1994. "A theory of the value of children," Demography 31(3): 375-401.
61. Gerber, Theodore P. and Erika B. Cottrell. 2006. "Fertility in Russia, 1985-2001: Insights from individual fertility histories," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, March.
62. Global Property Guide. 2009. Property price change statistics in European countries «», accessed 2 July 2009.
63. Goldin, Claudia and Lawrence F. Katz. 2002. "The power of the pill: Oral contraceptives and women's career and marriage decisions," The Journal of Political Economy 110(4): 730-770.
64. Goldman Sachs. 2008. Global Economics Weekly, 16 April and 14 May.
65. Goldstein, Joshua R. and Michaela Kreyenfeld. 2010. "East Germany overtakes West Germany: Recent trends in order-specific fertility dynamics," MPIDR Working Paper WP 2010-033, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock. «.
66. Goldstein, Joshua R., Tomás Sobotka, and Aiva Jasilioniene. 2009. "The end of 'lowest-low' fertility?," Population and Development Review 35(4): 663-699.
67. Greenwood, Jeremy, Ananth Shesadri, and Giullaume Vandenbroucke. 2006. "The baby boom and baby bust," The American Economic Review 95(1): 183-207.
68. Gustafsson, Siv and Adriaan Kalwij. 2006. Education and Postponement of Maternity: Economic Analysis for Industrialized Countries, Vol. 15, European Studies of Population. Kluwer Academic Publishers/Springer.
69. Guynn, Jessica. 2008. "As joblessness, anxieties rise, rate of birth may fall," Los Angeles Times, 14 December. «.
70. Hamilton, Brady E., Joyce A. Martin, and Stephanie J. Ventura. 2010. "Births: Preliminary data for 2009," National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 59, no 3. Hyattsville, MD National Center for Health Statistics. Available from «.
71. Hellerstein, Judith K. and Melinda S. Morrill. 2010. "Booms, busts, and divorce," Working paper «.
72. Hobcraft, John. 1996. "Fertility in England and Wales: A fifty-year perspective," Population Studies 50(3): 485-524.
73. Hobcraft, John and Kathleen Kiernan. 1995. "Becoming a parent in Europe," Discussion Paper WSP/116, London School of Economics, Toyota Centre, Welfare State Programme.
74. Hoem, Britta. 2000. "Entry into motherhood in Sweden: The influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986-1997," Demographic Research 2, Article 4.
75. Hoem, Britta and Jan M. Hoem. 1996. "Sweden's family policies and roller-coaster fertility," Journal of Population Problems 52(3-4): 1-22. «.
76. Huang, Jr Tsung. 2003. "Unemployment and family behaviour in Taiwan," Journal of Family and Economic Issues 24(1): 27-48.
77. IMF. 2010. World Economic Outlook. April 2010 «.
78. INE. 2010. Vital Statistics and Basic Demographic Indicators. Year 2009. Provisional data. Press release, 22 June, Institute Nacional de Estadística, Madrid «.
79. Jones, Gavin W. 2007. "Delayed marriage and very low fertility in Pacific Asia," Population and Development Review 33(3): 453-478.
80. Kaneko, Ryuichi et al. 2008. "Population projections for Japan: 2006-2055. Outline of results, methods, and assumptions," The Japanese Journal of Population 6(1): 76-114.
81. Kantorová, Vladimíra. 2004. "Family life transitions of young women in a changing society: First union formation and birth of first child in the Czech Republic, 1970-1997," doctoral thesis, Charles University in Prague and Universite de Paris I-Pantheon-Sorbonne.
82. Kharkova, Tatiana and Evgueny Andreev. 2000. "Did the economic crisis cause the fertility decline in Russia: Evidence from the 1994 Microcensus," European Journal of Population 16(3): 211-233.
83. Kirk, Dudley and Dorothy S. Thomas. 1960. "The influence of business cycles on marriage and birth rates," in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries, Universities-National Bureau, UMI, pp. 257-276 «.
84. Kiser, Clyde V. and P. K. Whelpton. 1953. "Résumé of the Indianapolis Study of social and psychological factors affecting fertility," Population Studies 7(2): 95-110.
85. Klasen, Stephan and Andrey Launov. 2006. "Analysis of the determinants of fertility decline in the Czech Republic," Journal of Population Economics 19(1): 25-54.
86. Kohler, Hans-Peter, Francesco C. Billari, and José Antonio Ortega. 2002. "The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s," Population and Development Review 28(4): 641-680.
87. Kohler, Hans-Peter and Iliana Kohler. 2002. "Fertility decline in Russia in the early and mid 1990s: The role of economic uncertainty and labour market crisis," European Journal of Population 18(3): 233-262.
88. Kotowska, Irena, Janina Jóźwiak, Anna Matysiak, and Anna Baranowska. 2008. "Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes?," Demographic Research, 19(22): 795-853.
89. Kravdal, Øystein. 1999. "Does marriage require a stronger economic underpinning than informal cohabitation?," Population Studies 53(1): 63-80.
90. Kravdal, Øystein. 2002. "The impact of individual and aggregate unemployment on fertility in Norway," Demographic Research 6(10): 263-294.
91. Kreyenfeld, Michaela. 2005. "Economic uncertainty and fertility postponement: Evidence from German panel data," MPIDR Working Papers WP 2005-034, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock .
92. Kreyenfeld, Michaela. 2010. "Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany," European Sociological Review 26(3): 351-366.
93. Kulu, Hill and Andres Vikat. 2007. "Fertility differences by housing type: The effect of housing conditions or of selective moves?," Demographic Research 17(26): 775-802.
94. Lee, Ronald. 1990. "The demographic response to economic crisis in historical and contemporary populations," Population Bulletin of the United Nations 1990 (29): 1-15.
95. Leland, John. 2008. "From the housing market to the maternity ward," New York Times, 1 February «.
96. Lesthaeghe, Ron. 1983. "A century of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An exploration of underlying dimensions," Population and Development Review 9(3): 411-435.
97. Lesthaeghe, Ron. 1995. "The second demographic transition in Western countries: An interpretation," in Karen O. Mason and An-Magritt Jensen (eds.), Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries. Oxford Clarendon Press, pp. 17-62.
98. Liefbroer, Aart C. 2005. "Transition from youth to adulthood in the Netherlands," in Hans-Peter Blossfeld, Erik Klijzing, Melinda Mills, and Karin Kurz (eds.), Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society. London/New York Routledge Advances in Sociology Series, pp. 83-103.
99. Livingston, Gretchen and D'Vera Cohn. 2010. "U.S. birth rate decline linked to recession," A Social & Demographic Trends Report, Pew Research Center. «.
100. Lundström, Karin E. 2009. "Labour market status and fertility behaviour for Swedish and foreign-born men and women," paper presented at the workshop on "Economic uncertainty and fertility dynamics," Berlin, 3-4 July.
101. Luscombe, Belinda. 2008. "Will the market kill your marriage?," Time, 23 October «.
102. Lutz, Wolfgang, Vegard Skirbekk, and Maria R. Testa. 2006. "The low fertility trap hypothesis: Forces that may lead to further postponement and fewer births in Europe," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2006: 167-192.
103. Macunovich, Diane J. 1996. "Relative income and price of time: Exploring their effects on US fertility and female labor force participation," Population and Development Review 22(Supp.): 223-257.
104. Martin, Jay. 2004. "'The ultimate vote of confidence': Fertility rates and economic conditions in Australia, 1976-2000," Australian Social Policy 2002-2003. Canberra Commonwealth of Australia, pp. 31-54.
105. Martínez-García, Enrique and Janet Koech. 2010. "A historical look at the labor market during recessions," Economic Letter 5(1), Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
106. Matsukura, Rikiya, Robert D. Retherford, and Naohiro Ogawa. 2007. "Declining fertility in Japan: Its mechanisms and policy responses," Asia-Pacific Population Journal 22(2): 33-50.
107. Matysiak, Anna and Daniele Vignoli. 2008. "Fertility and women's employment: A meta-analysis," European Journal of Population 24: 363-384.
108. McDonald, Peter. 2002. "Sustaining fertility through public policy: The range of options," Population-E 57(3): 417-446.
109. Meron, Monique and Isabelle Widmer. 2002. "Unemployment leads women to postpone the birth of their first child," Population-E 57(2): 301-330.
110. Mills, Melinda, Hans-Peter Blossfeld, and Erik Klijzing. 2005. "Becoming an adult in uncertain times: A 14-country comparison of the losers of globalization," in Hans-Peter Blossfeld, Erik Klijzing, Melinda Mills, and Karen Kurz (eds.), Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society. London/New York Routledge Advances in Sociology Series, pp. 423-441.
111. Mocan, Naci H. 1990. "Business cycles and fertility dynamics in the United States: A vector autoregressive model," Journal of Population Economics 3(2): 125-146.
112. Moorhead, Joanna. 2009. "The Icelandic baby boom-it's all down to economics," The Guardian, 18 August «.
113. Morgan, S. Philip. 1991. "Late nineteenth and early twentieth century childlessness," The American Journal of Sociology 97(3): 779-807.
114. Morgan, S. Philip. 1996. "Characteristic features of modern American fertility," Population and Development Review 22(Supp.): 19-63.
115. Mulder, Clara. 2006. "Population and housing: A two-sided relationship," Demographic Research 15(13): 401-412.
116. Murphy, Michael. 1992. "Economic models of fertility in post-war Britain-A conceptual and statistical re-interpretation," Population Studies 46(2): 235-258.
117. Murphy, Michael. 1993. "The contraceptive pill and women's employment as factors in fertility change in Britain 1963-1980: A challenge to the conventional view," Population Studies 47(2): 221-243.
118. Neels, Karel. 2010. "Temporal variation in unemployment rates and their association with tempo and quantum of fertility: Some evidence for Belgium, France and the Netherlands," paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, 17 April.
119. Ní Bhrolcháin, Máire and Laurent Toulemon. 2005. "Does postponement explain the trend to later childbearing in France?," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2005: 83-107.
120. Nobles, Jenna and Alison Buttenheim. 2006. "Marriage in periods of crisis," California Center for Population research On-Line Working papers CCPR-017-06 «.
121. OECD. 2005. "Recent house price developments: The role of fundamentals," in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Economic Outlook 78. Paris, pp. 123-150 «.
122. OECD. 2007. International Migration Outlook: Annual Report. Paris OECD Publishing.
123. OECD. 2009a. Time series of the Gross Domestic Product by country extracted from the OECD database on 25 June 2009.
124. OECD. 2009b. "Jobs for Immigrants: Labour market integration in Norway-The labour market integration of immigrants and their children in Norway," Paris «.
125. OECD. 2011. Doing Better for Families. OECD Publishing. «.
126. Ogawa, Naohiro. 2003. "Japan's changing fertility mechanisms and its policy responses," Journal of Population Research 20(1): 89-106.
127. Ogawa, Naohiro and Robert D. Retherford. 1993. "The resumption of fertility decline in Japan: 1973-92," Population and Development Review 19(4): 703-741.
128. Ogura, Seiritsu and Tamotsu Kadoda. 2008. "Labor market policies and fertility of Japanese women: Analysis of municipal data," paper presented at the workshop at Economic Research Institute of Hitotsubashi University, 4 June «.
129. Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincade. 1994. "Women's rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies," Population and Development Review 20(2): 293-342.
130. Oppenheimer, Valerie K., Matthijs Kalmijn, and Nelson Lim. 1997. "Men's career development and marriage timing during a period of rising inequality," Demography 34(3): 311-330.
131. Örsal, Deniz D.K. and Joshua R. Goldstein. 2010. "The increasing importance of economic conditions for fertility," MPIDR Working Paper WP 2010-014, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock .
132. Oswald, Andrew. 1987. "Efficient contracts are on the labour demand curve: Theory and facts," Discussion Paper No. 284, London School of Economics, Centre for Labour Economics.
133. Özcan, Berkay, Karl U. Mayer, and Joerg Lüdicke. 2010. "The impact of unemployment on the transition to parenthood," Demographic Research 23(29): 807-846.
134. Palloni, Alberto, Kenneth Hill, and Guido Pinto Aguirre. 1996. "Economic swings and demographic changes in the history of Latin America," Population Studies 50(1): 105-132.
135. Perelli-Harris, Brienna. 2006. "The influence of informal work and subjective well-being on childbearing in post-Soviet Russia," Population and Development Review 32(4): 729-753.
136. Perelli-Harris, Brienna. 2008. "Ukraine: On the border between old and new in uncertain times," Demographic Research 19(29): 1145-1178.
137. Philipov, Dimiter. 2003. "Fertility in times of discontinuous societal change," in Irena Kotowska and Janina Józwiak (eds.), Population of Central and Eastern Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Warsaw Statistical Publishing Establishment, pp. 665-689.
138. Philipov, Dimiter and Juergen Dorbritz. 2003. "Demographic consequences of economic transition in countries of Central and Eastern Europe," Population Studies 39, Strasbourg Council of Europe Publishing.
139. Philipov, Dimiter and Hans-Peter Kohler. 2001. "Tempo effects in the fertility decline in Eastern Europe: Evidence from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia," European Journal of Population 17(1): 37-60.
140. Philipov, Dimiter, Zsolt Spéder, and Francesco C. Billari. 2006. "Soon, later, or ever? The impact of anomie and social capital on fertility intentions in Bulgaria (2002) and Hungary (2001)," Population Studies 60(3): 289-308.
141. Prioux, France. 2003. "Age at first union in France: A two-stage process of change," Population-E 58, (4-5): 559-578.
142. Ranjan, Priya. 1999. "Fertility behaviour under income uncertainty," European Journal of Population 15(1): 25-43.
143. Retherford, Robert D. Naohiro Ogawa, and Rikiya Matsukura. 2001. "Late marriage and less marriage in Japan," Population and Development Review 27(1): 65-102.
144. Rindfuss, Ronald R. and Sarah R. Brauner-Otto. 2008. "Policies, institutions, and the transition to adulthood: Implications for fertility tempo in low fertility settings," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2008: 57-87.
145. Rindfuss, Ronald R., S. Philip Morgan, and Gray Swicegood. 1988. First Births in America: Changes in the Timing of Parenthood. Berkeley University of California Press.
146. Ryder, Norman. 1980. "Components of temporal variations in American fertility," in Robert W. Hiorns (ed.), Demographic Patterns in Developed Societies, Symposia of the Society for the Study of Human Biology, Vol. 19. London Taylor & Francis, pp. 15-54.
147. Santow, Gigi and Michael Bracher. 2001. "Deferment of first birth and fluctuating fertility in Sweden," European Journal of Population 17: 343-363.
148. Schmähl, Winfried. 2003. "Ageing workforce: Firm strategies and public policy in Germany," Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 28: 575-595.
149. Schøne Pål. 2004. "Labour supply effects of a cash-for-care subsidy," Journal of Population Economics 17: 703-727.
150. Schmitt, Christian. 2008. "Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation: A cross-national perspective," DIW Berlin, Discussion Papers 841.
151. Schultz, T. Paul. 1974. "Changing world prices, women's wages and the fertility transition: Sweden 1860-1910," Journal of Political Economy 93: 1126-1154.
152. Simó Noguera, Carles, Teresa Castro Martin, and Asuncion Soro Bonmati. 2005. "The Spanish case: The effects of the globalization process on the transition to adulthood," in Hans-Peter Blossfeld, Erik Klijzing, Melinda Mills, and Karen Kurz (eds.), Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society. London/New York Routledge Advances in Sociology Series.
153. Simó Noguera, Carles, Katrin Golsch, and Nikolei Steinhage. 2002. "Increasing uncertainty in the Spanish labour market and entry into parenthood," Genus 58 (1): 77-119.
154. Simon, Curtis and Robert Tamura. 2008. "Do higher rents discourage fertility? Evidence from U.S. cities, 1940-2000," MPRA Paper No. 7721 «.
155. Simms, C. 2009. "Economic crisis and mortality" (editorial), The International Journal of Clinical Practice 63(8): 1119-1222.
156. Sinn, Hans-Werner. 1998. "The pay-as-you-go pension system as a fertility insurance and enforcement device," NBER Working Papers 6610, National Bureau of Economic Research.
157. Skirbekk, Vegard. 2008. "Fertility trends by social status," Demographic Research 18(5): 145-180.
158. Skirbekk, Vegard, Hans-Peter Kohler, and Alexia Prskawetz. 2004. "Birth month, school graduation and the timing of births and marriages," Demography 41 (3): 547-556.
159. Skirbekk, Vegard, Marcin Stonawski, and Warren C. Sanderson. 2010. "No country for young men," paper presented at the European Population Conference 2010, Vienna, 4 September.
160. Sobotka, Tomás. 2003. "Re-emerging diversity: Rapid fertility changes in Central and Eastern Europe after the collapse of the communist regimes," Population-E 58 (4-5): 451-486.
161. Sobotka, Tomás. 2004. Postponement of Childbearing and Low Fertility in Europe, PhD Thesis, University of Groningen. Amsterdam Dutch University Press.
162. Sobotka, Tomás. 2008. "The diverse faces of the second demographic transition in Europe," Demographic Research 19(8): 171-224.
163. Sobotka, Tomás and Wolfgang Lutz. 2009. "Misleading policy messages from the period TFR: Should we stop using it?," European Demographic Research Papers 2009-4, Vienna Institute of Demography.
164. South, Scott J. 1985. "Economic conditions and the divorce rate: A time-series analysis of the postwar United States," Journal of Marriage and the Family 47 (1): 31-41.
165. Spengler, Joseph J. 1976. "Adam Smith on population growth and economic development," Population and Development Review 2(2): 167-180.
166. Ström, Sara. 2009. "Housing and first births in Sweden, 1971-2002," Stockholm University, Stockholm Research Reports in Demography 2009: 2.
167. Stuckler, David, Sanjay Basu, Marc Suhrcke, Adam Coutts, and Martin McKee. 2009. "The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: An empirical analysis," Lancet 374(9686): 315-323.
168. Takahashi, Shigesato. 2004. "Demographic investigation of the declining fertility process in Japan," The Japanese Journal of Population 2(1): 93-116.
169. Tausig, Mark and Rudy Fenwig. 1999. "Recession and well-being," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40: 1-16.
170. Teitelbaum, Michael S. 1984. The British Fertility Decline: Demographic Transition in the Crucible of the Industrial Revolution. Princeton University Press.
171. Thévenon, Olivier. 2011. "Family policies in OECD countries: A comparative analysis," Population and Development Review 37(1): 57-87.
172. Timæus, Ian M. and Tom A. Moultrie. 2008. "On postponement and birth intervals," Population and Development Review 34(3): 483-510.
173. Tzanatos, Zafiris and James Simons. 1989. "An economic approach to fertility in Britain since 1860," Journal of Population Economics 2: 121-138.
174. Ueno, Chizuko. 1998. "The declining birth rate: Whose problem?," Review of Population and Social Policy (7): 103-128.
175. UNECE. 1999. "Fertility decline in the transition economies, 1982-1997: Political, economic and social factors," in Economic Survey of Europe 1999, No.1. Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations, New York and Geneva, pp.181-195.
176. UNECE. 2000. "Fertility decline in the transition economies, 1989-1998: Economic and social factors revisited," in Economic Survey of Europe 2000, No. 1. Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations, New York and Geneva, pp. 189-205.
177. UNESCO. 2009. Education for All: Global Monitoring Report. New York UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
178. Van Bavel, Jan. 2001. "Malthusian sinners: Illegitimate fertility and economic crisis-A case study in Leuven, 1846-1856," Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis/Revue Beige d'Histoire Contemporaine 31(3-4): 371-401.
179. Van Bavel, Jan. 2008. "Subreplacement fertility in the West before the baby boom: Current and contemporary perspectives," Interface Demography Working Paper 2008-1, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. «.
180. van de Kaa, Dirk J. 2001. "Postmodern fertility preferences: From changing value orientation to new behavior," Population and Development Review 27(Supp.): 290-331.
181. Van Giersbergen, Noud P.A. and Joop De Beer. 1997. "Geboorteontwikkeling en consumentenvertrouwen: een econometrische analyse" (Birth trends and consumer confidence: An econometric analysis), Maandstatistiek van de Bevolking 1997(11): 23-27.
182. Verick, Sher. 2009. "Who is hardest hit during a financial crisis? The vulnerability of young men and women to unemployment in an economic downturn," IZA Discussion Paper, no. 4359, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn .
183. VID-IIASA. 2010. "European demographic data sheet 2010," Vienna Institute of Demography, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis «.
184. Vikat, Andres. 2002. "Fertility in Finland in the 1980s and 1990s: Analysis of fertility trends by age and parity," Yearbook of Population Research in Finland 38 (2002): 159-178.
185. Vikat, Andres. 2004. "Women's labor force attachment and childbearing in Finland," Demographic Research, Special Collection 3: 177-212.
186. Wachter, Michael L. 1975. "A time-series fertility equation: The potential for a baby-boom in the 1980's," International Economic Review 16(3): 609-624.
187. Wang, Wendy and Rich Morin. 2009. "Home for the holidays .. and every other day," A Social & Demographic Trends Report, Pew Research Center, 24 November. «.
188. White, Lynn K. 1990. "Determinants of divorce: A review of research in the eighties," Journal of Marriage and the Family 47(1): 31-41.
189. Yule, G. Udny. 1906. "On the changes in the marriage- and birth-rates in England and Wales during the past half century; with an inquiry as to their probable causes," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 69(1): 88-147.