The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 280, Issue 1756, 2013, Pages

  Ellis, Richard G ^a   Howard, Kevin C ^b   Kram, Rodger ^b  

^a ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Energetics; Limb work; Locomotion; Symmetry

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOMECHANICS; ENERGETICS; LIMB; LOCOMOTION; POWER GENERATION; SYMMETRY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84878353266     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2784     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR. 1977 Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 233, 243-261.
2. Alexander RMcN, Bennet-Clark HC. 1977 Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissues. Nature 265, 114-117.(doi:10.1038/265114a0)
3. Cavagna GA, Saibene FP, Margaria R. 1964 External work in walking. J. Appl. Physiol. 18, 1-9.
4. Cavagna GA, Thys H, Zamboni A. 1976 The sources of external work in level walking and running. J. Physiol. 262, 639-657.
5. Hildebrand M. 1977 Analysis of asymmetrical gaits. J. Mammal. 58, 131-56.(doi:10.2307/1379571)
6. Hildebrand M. 1968 Symmetrical gaits of dogs in relation to body build. J. Morph. 124, 353-359.(doi:10.1002/jmor.1051240308)
7. Hildebrand M. 1976 Analysis of tetrapod gaits: general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In Neural control of locomotion (eds RM Herman, S Grillner, P Stein, DG Stuart), pp. 203-236. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
8. Farley CT, Ferris DP. 1998 Biomechanics of walking and running: center of mass movements to muscle action. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 26, 253-286.
9. Soo CH, Donelan JM. 2010 Mechanics and energetics of step-to-step transitions isolated from human walking. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 4265-4271.(doi:10.1242/jeb.044214)
10. Soo CH, Donelan JM. 2012 Coordination of push-off and collision determine the mechanical work of step-to-step transitions when isolated from human walking. Gait Posture 35, 292-297.(doi:10.1016/j. gaitpost.2011.09.102)
11. Donelan JM, Kram R, Kuo AD. 2002 Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 3717-3727.
12. Kuo AD, Donelan JM, Ruina A. 2005 Energetic consequences of walking like an inverted pendulum. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 33, 88-97.(doi:10.1097/00003677-200504000-00006)
13. Umberger BR, Martin PE. 2007 Mechanical power and efficiency of level walking with different stride rates. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 3255-3265.(doi:10.1242/ jeb.000950)
14. Donelan JM, Kram R, Kuo AD. 2001 Mechanical and metabolic determinants of the preferred step width in human walking. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 1985-1992.(doi:10.1098/rspb. 2001.1761)
15. Minetti AE, Capelli C, Zamparo P, Di Prampero PE, Saibene FP. 1995 Effects of stride frequency on mechanical power and energy expenditure of walking. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27, 1194-1202.(doi:10.1249/00005768-199508000-00014)
16. Molen NH, Rozendal RH, Boon W. 1972 Graphic representation of the relationship between oxygenconsumption and characteristics of normal gait of the human male. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. C 75, 305-314.
17. Zarrugh MY, Radcliffe CW. 1978 Predicting metabolic cost of level walking. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, 215-223.(doi:10.1007/BF00430080)
18. Minetti AE, Alexander RMcN. 1997 Theory of metabolic costs for bipedal gaits. J. Theor. Biol. 186, 467-476.(doi:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0407)
19. Cotes JE, Meade F. 1960 The energy expenditure and mechanical energy demand in walking. Ergonomics 3, 97-119.(doi:10.1080/ 00140136008930473)
20. Donelan JM, Kram R, Kuo AD. 2002 Simultaneous positive and negative external mechanical work in human walking. J. Biomech. 35, 117-124.(doi:10. 1016/S0021-9290(01)00169-5)
21. Sadeghi H, Allard P, Prince F, Labelle H. 2000 Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review. Gait Posture 12, 34-45.(doi:10.1016/ S0966-6362(00)00070-9)
22. Bosch K, Rosenbaum D. 2010 Gait symmetry improves in childhood: a 4-year follow-up of foot loading data. Gait Posture 32, 464-468.(doi:10. 1016/j.gaitpost.2010.07.002)
23. Robinson RO, Herzog W, Nigg BM. 1987 Use of force platform variables to quantify the effects of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry. J. Manip. Physiol. Ther. 10, 172-176.
24. Herzog W, Nigg BM, Read L, Olsson E. 1989 Asymmetries in ground reaction force patterns in normal human gait. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21, 110-114.(doi:10.1249/00005768-198902000- 00020)
25. Brockway JM. 1987 Derivation of formulae used to calculate energy-expenditure in man. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 41C, 463-471.
26. Browning RC, Kram R. 2007 Effects of obesity on the biomechanics of walking at different speeds. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 39, 1632-1641.(doi:10.1249/mss. 0b013e318076b54b)
27. Minetti AE, Cisotti C, Mian OS. 2011 The mathematical description of the body centre of mass 3D path in human and animal locomotion. J. Biomech. 44, 1471-1477.(doi:10.1016/j. jbiomech.2011.03.014)
28. Neptune RR, Zajac FE, Kautz SA. 2004 Muscle mechanical work requirements during normal walking: the energetic cost of raising the body's center-of-mass is significant. J. Biomech. 37, 817-825.(doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.11.001)
29. Hesse S, Reiter F, Jahnke M, Dawson M, Sarkodie- Gyan T, Mauritz KH. 1997 Asymmetry of gait initiation in hemiparetic stroke subjects. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 78, 719-724.(doi:10.1016/S0003- 9993(97)90079-4)
30. Isakov E, Keren O, Benjuya N. 2000 Transtibial amputee gait: time-distance parameters and EMG activity. Prosth. Orthot. Int. 24, 216-220.(doi:10. 1080/03093640008726550)
31. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. 1991 Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am. J. Sports Med. 19, 513-518.(doi:10.1177/ 036354659101900518)
32. McCrory JL, White SC, Lifeso RM. 2001 Vertical ground reaction forces: objective measures of gait following hip arthroplasty. Gait Posture 14, 104-109.(doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00140-0)
33. Waters RL, Mulroy S. 1999 The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait Posture 9, 207-231.(doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00009-0)
34. Srinivasan M. 2011 Fifteen observations on the structure of energy-minimizing gaits in many simple biped models. J. R. Soc Interface 8, 74-98.(doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0544)
35. Doke J, Donelan JM, Kuo AD. 2005 Mechanics and energetics of swinging the human leg. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 439-445.(doi:10.1242/jeb.01408)
36. Minetti AE. 1998 A model equation for the prediction of mechanical internal work of terrestrial locomotion. J. Biomech. 31, 463-468.(doi:10. 1016/S0021-9290(98)00038-4)
37. Nardello F, Ardigò LP, Minetti AE. 2011 Measured and predicted mechanical internal work in human locomotion. Hum. Mov. Sci. 30, 90-104.(doi:10. 1016/j.humov.2010.05.012)
38. Kim CM, Eng JJ. 2003 Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke. Gait Posture 18, 23-28.(doi:10.1016/S0966- 6362(02)00122-4)
39. Hof AL, van Bockel RM, Schoppen T, Postema K. 2007 Control of lateral balance in walking: experimental findings in normal subjects and above-knee amputees. Gait Posture 25, 250-258.(doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost. 2006.04.013)
40. Powers CM, Heino JG, Rao S, Perry J. 1999 The influence of patellofemoral pain on lower limb loading during gait. Clin. Biomech. 14, 722-728.(doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(99)00019-4)
41. Collins JJ, Stewart IN. 1993 Coupled nonlinear oscillators and the symmetries of animal gaits. J. Nonlinear Sci. 3, 349-392.(doi:10.1007/ BF02429870)