Effects of obesity on the biomechanics of walking at different speeds

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 39, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 1632-1641

  Browning, Raymond C ^a,b   Kram, Rodger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Body mass; Knee; Locomotion; Net muscle moments; Osteoarthritis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GROUND REACTION FORCE; HUMAN; KINEMATICS; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; LEG MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; OBESITY; TREADMILL; VELOCITY; WALKING;

ACCELERATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BIOMECHANICS; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMANS; KNEE JOINT; MALE; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE; WALKING; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 34548450184     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318076b54b     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. ANDRIACCHI, T. P. Dynamics of knee malalignment. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 25:395-403, 1994.
2. BALIUNAS, A. J., D. HURWITZ, A. RYALS, et al. Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 10:573-579, 2002.
3. BELLI, A., P. BUI, A. BERGER, A. GEYSSANT, and J. R. LACOUR. A treadmill ergometer for three dimensional ground reaction force measurement during walking. J. Biomech. 34:105-112, 2001.
4. BIEWENER, A. A., C. T. FARLEY, T. J. ROBERTS, and M. TEMANER. Muscle mechanical advantage of human walking and running: implications for energy cost. J. Appl. Phys. 97:2266-2274, 2004.
5. BROWNING, R. C., E. A. BAKER, J. A. HERRON, and R. KRAM. Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking. J. Appl. Phys. 100:390-398, 2006.
6. BROWNING, R. C., and R. KRAM. Energetic cost and preferred speed of walking in obese vs. normal weight women. Obes. Res. 13:891-899, 2005.
7. DE LEVA, P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertial parameters. J. Biomech. 29:1223-1230, 1996.
8. DEVITA, P., and T. HORTOBAGYI. Obesity is not associated with increased knee joint torque and power during level walking. J. Biomech. 36:1355-1362, 2003.
9. DING, C., F. M. CICUTTINI, F. SCOTT, H. COOLEY, and G. JONES. Knee structural alteration and BMI: a cross-sectional study. Obes. Res. 13:350-361, 2005.
10. DONELAN, J. M., R. KRAM, and A. D. KUO. Mechanical and metabolic determinants of the preferred step width in human walking. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 268:1985-1992, 2001.
11. DONELAN, J. M., D. W. SHIPMAN, R. KRAM, and A. D. KUO. Mechanical and metabolic requirements for active lateral stabilization in human walking. J. Biomech. 37:827-835, 2004.
12. DURKIN, J. L., and J. J. DOWLING. Analysis of body segment parameter differences between four human populations and the estimation errors of four popular mathematical models. J. Biomed. Eng. 125:515-522, 2003.
13. ETTINGER, W. H., and R. F. AFABLE. Knee osteoarthritis: the pathogenesis of physical disability and the role of exercise as an intervention. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26:1435-1440, 1994.
14. FELSON, D. T., R. C. LAWRENCE, P. A. DIEPPE, et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights: part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann. Intern. Med. 133:635-646, 2000.
15. GRIFFIN, T. M., and F. GUILAK. The role of mechanical loading in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 33:195-200, 2005.
16. GRIFFIN, T. M., T. J. ROBERTS, and R. KRAM. Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J. Appl. Physiol. 95:172-183, 2003.
17. HILL, J. O., and J. C. PETERS. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 280:1371-1374, 1998.
18. HILL, J. O., H. R. WYATT, G. W. REED, and J. C. PETERS. Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Science 299:853-855, 2003.
19. HURWITZ, D., A. RYALS, J. CASE, J. BLOCK, and T. P. ANDRIACCHI. The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain. J. Orthop. Res. 20:101-107, 2002.
20. KRAM, R., T. M. GRIFFIN, J. M. DONELAN, and Y. H. CHANG. A force-treadmill for measuring vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:764-769, 1998.
21. LELAS, J. L., G. J. MERRIMAN, P. O. RILEY, and D. C. KERRIGAN. Predicting peak kinematic and kinetic parameters from gait speed. Gait Posture 17:106-112, 2003.
22. MATSAS, A., N. TAYLOR, and H. MCB URNEY. Knee joint kinematics from familiarised treadmill walking can be generalised to over-ground walking in young unimpaired subjects. Gait Posture 11:46-53, 2000.
23. MATTSSON, E., U. E. LARSSON, and S. ROSSNER. Is walking for exercise too exhausting for obese women? Int. J. Obes. 21:380-386, 1997.
24. MESSIER, S. P., A. B. DAVIES, D. T. MOORE, S. E. DAVIS, R. J. PACK, and S. C. KAZMAR. Severe obesity: effects on foot mechanics during walking. Foot Ankle 15:29-34, 1994.
25. MESSIER, S. P., W. H. ETTINGER, T. E. DOYLE, et al. Obesity: effects on gait in an osteoarthritic population. J. Appl. Biomech. 12:161-172, 1996.
26. MIYAZAKI, T., M. WADA, H. KAWAHARA, M. SATO, H. BABA, and S. SHIMADA. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61:617-622, 2002.
27. MURRAY, M. P., G. B. SPURR, S. B. SEPIC, G. M. GARDNER, and L. A. MOLLINGER. Treadmill vs. floor walking: kinematics, electromyogram, and heart rate. J. Appl. Physiol. 59:87-91, 1985.
28. PATE, R. R., S. N. PRATT, and S. N. BLAIR. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273:402-407, 1995.
29. PISCOYA, J. L., B. FERMOR, V. B. KRAUS, T. V. STABLER, and F. GUILAK. The influence of mechanical compression on the induction of osteoarthritis-related biomarkers in articular cartilage explants. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 13:1092-1099, 2005.
30. POWELL, A., A. J. TEICHTAHL, A. E. WLUKA, and F. M. CICUTTINI. Obesity: a preventable risk factor for large joint ostoearthritis which may act through biomechanical factors. Br. J. Sports Med. 39:4-5, 2005.
31. RADIN, E. L., R. B. MARTIN, D. B. BURR, B. CATERSON, R. D. BOYD, and C. GOODWIN. Effects of mechanical loading on the tissues of the rabbit knee. J. Orthop. Res. 2:221-234, 1984.
32. RADIN, E. L., I. L. PAUL, and R. M. ROSE. Role of mechanical factors in pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis. Lancet 1:519-522, 1972.
33. RALSTON, H. J. Energy-speed relation and optimal speed during level walking. Arbeitphysiol. 17:277-283, 1958.
34. RILEY, P. O., G. PAOLINI, U. D. CROCE, K. W. PAYLO, and D. C. KERRIGAN. A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill walking in healthy subjects. Gait Posture 26:17-24, 2007.
35. SPYROPOULOS, P., J. C. PISCIOTTA, K. N. PAVLOU, M. A. CAIRNS, and S. R. SIMON. Biomechanical gait analysis in obese men. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 72:1065-1070, 1991.
36. STOLZE, H., J. P. KUHTZ-BUSCHBECK, C. MONDWURF, et al. Gait analysis during treadmill and overground locomotion in children and adults. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 105:490-497, 1997.
37. TILBURY-DAVIS, D. C., and R. H. HOOPER. The kinetic and kinematic effects of increasing load carriage upon the lower limb. Hum. Mov. Sci. 18:693-700, 1999.
38. VAN INGEN SCHENAU, G. J. Some fundamental aspects of the biomechanics of overground versus treadmill locomotion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 12:257-261, 1980.
39. WHITE, S. C., H. J. YACK, C. A. TUCKER, and H. Y. LIN. Comparison of vertical ground reaction forces during overground and treadmill walking. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30:1537-1542, 1998.
40. WINTER, D. A., and D. G. ROBERTSON. Joint torque and energy patterns in normal gait. Biol. Cybern. 29:137-142, 1978.