Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk factors, environmental influences and oncogenesis

Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 195-210

  Al Bahrani, Redha ^a   Abuetabh, Yasser ^a   Zeitouni, Nikolas ^a   Sergi, Consolato ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; UVOMORULIN;

ANASTOMOSIS; ARTICLE; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; BILE DUCT STONE; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOGENICITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS; BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILIARY TRACT; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA; CHOLELITHIASIS; FASCIOLA HEPATICA; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTERLEUKIN-6; LIVER; PETROLEUM; PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; RISK FACTORS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84878210747     PISSN: 00917370     EISSN: 15508080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Khan SA, Tomas HC, Davidson BR, Taylor-Robinson SD. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet 2005;366:1303-1314.
2. Olnes MJ, Erlich R. A review and update on cholangiocarci-noma. Oncology 2004;66:167-179.
3. Cazals-Hatem D, Rebouissou S, Bioulac-Sage P, Bluteau O, Blanche H, Franco D, Monges G, Belghiti J, Sa Cunha A, Laurent-Puig P, Degott C, Zucman-Rossi J. Clinical and molecular analysis of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcino-mas. J Hepatol 2004;41:292-298.
4. Tullo A, D'Erchia AM, Honda K, Kelly MD, Habib NA, Saccone C, Sbisa E. New p53 mutations in hilar cholangiocar-cinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30:798-803.
5. Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA (Eds.): World Health Organization Classifcation of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. IARC Press: Lyon 2000
6. Reinhardt MJ, Strunk H, Gerhardt T, Roedel R, Jaeger U, Bucerius J, Sauerbruch T, Biersack HJ, Dumoulin FL. Detection of Klatskin's tumor in extrahepatic bile duct strictures using delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT: preliminary results for 22 patient studies. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1158-1163.
7. Charbel H, Al-Kawas FH. Cholangiocarcinoma: epidemiolo-g y, risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2011;13:182 -187.
8. Nakeeb A, Pitt HA, Sohn TA, Coleman J, Abrams RA, Piantadosi S, Hruban RH, Lillemoe KD, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL. Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Ann Surg 1996;224:463-73.
9. Hammill C W, Wong LL. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a malignancy of increasing importance. J Am Coll Surg 2008;207:594-603.
10. Shin HR, Oh JK, Masuyer E, Curado MP, Bouvard V, Fang Y, Wiangnon S, Sripa B, Hong ST. Comparison of incidence of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma--focus on East and South-Eastern Asia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010 ;11:1159 -116 6.
11. Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, Morgan R, McGlynn KA. Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 2005;128:620-626.
12. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, El-Serag HB, Shaib YH, Hsing AW, Davila JA, McGlynn KA. Risk factors for intrahepatic and ex-trahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population-based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1221-1228.
13. Chung YE, Kim MJ, Park YN, Choi JY, Pyo JY, Kim YC, Cho HJ, Kim KA, Choi SY. Varying appearances of cholangiocarci-noma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2009;29:683-700.
14. Srivatanakul P, Parkin DM, Jiang YZ, Khlat M, Kao-Ian UT, Sontipong S, Wild C. Te role of infection by Opisthorchis viverrini, hepatitis B virus, and afatoxin exposure in the etiology of liver cancer in Tailand. A correlation study. Cancer 1991;68:2411-2417.
15. Yossepowitch O, Gotesman T, Assous M, Marva E, Zimlichman R, Dan M. Opisthorchiasis from imported raw fsh. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:2122-2126.
16. Pinlaor S, Ma N, Hiraku Y, Yongvanit P, Semba R, Oikawa S, Murata M, Sripa B, Sithithaworn P, Kawanishi S. Repeated infection with Opisthorchis viverrini induces accumulation of 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine in the bile duct of hamsters via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:1535-1542.
17. Mairiang E, Laha T, Bethony JM, Tinkhamrop B, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P, Tesana S, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. Ultrasonography assessment of hepatobiliary abnormalities in 3359 subjects with Opisthorchis viverrini infection in endemic areas of Tailand. Parasitol Int 2012;61:208-211.
18. Ohshima H, Bandaletova TY, Brouet I, Bartsch H, Kirby G, Ogunbiyi F, Vatanasapt V, Pipitgool V. Increased nitrosamine and nitrate biosynthesis mediated by nitric oxide synthase induced in hamsters infected with liver fuke (Opisthorchis viver-rini). Ca rcinogenesis 1994;15:271-275.
19. Kaewpitoon N, Kaewpitoon SJ, Pengsaa P. Opisthorchiasis in Tailand: review and current status. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:2297-2302.
20. Sripa B, Kaewkes S, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Brindley PJ. Food-borne trematodiases in Southeast Asia epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestation and control. Adv Parasitol 2010;72:305-350.
21. Kim SH, Park YN, Yoon DS, Lee SJ, Yu JS, Noh TW. Composite neuroendocrine and adenocarcinoma of the common bile duct associated with Clonorchis sinensis: a case report. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47:942-944.
22. Yoshida Y. Clonorchiasis--a historical review of contributions of Japanese parasitologists. Parasitol Int 2012;61:5-9.
23. Zhang R, Gao S, Geng Y, Huang D, Yu L, Zhang S, Cheng J, Fu Y. Epidemiological study on Clonorchis sinensis infection in Shenzhen area of Zhujiang delta in China. Parasitol Res 2007;101:179-183.
24. Cho SH, Lee KY, Lee BC, Cho PY, Cheun HI, Hong ST, Sohn WM, Kim TS. Prevalence of clonorchiasis in southern endemic areas of Korea in 2006. Korean J Parasitol 2008;46:133-137.
25. Lim JH, Kim SY, Park CM. Parasitic diseases of the biliary tract. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:1596-1603.
26. Honjo S, Srivatanakul P, Sriplung H, Kikukawa H, Hanai S, Uchida K, Todoroki T, Jedpiyawongse A, Kittiwatanachot P, Sripa B, Deerasamee S, Miwa M. Genetic and environmental determinants of risk for cholangiocarcinoma via Opisthorchis viverrini in a densely infested area in Nakhon Phanom, northeast Tailand. Int J Cancer 2005;117:854-860.
27. Poisonous gift. Economist 2012;401:44-44..
28. Tamavit W, Bhamarapravati N, Sahaphong S, Vajrasthira S, Angsubhakorn S. Efects of dimethylnitrosamine on induction of cholangiocarcinoma in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected Syrian golden hamsters. Cancer Res 1978;38:4634-4639.
29. Sadun EH. Studies on Opisthorchis viverrini in Tailand. Am J Hyg 1955;62:81-115.
30. Sithithaworn P, Andrews RH, Nguyen VD, Wongsaroj T, Sinuon M, Odermatt P, Nawa Y, Liang S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. Te current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int 2012;61:10-16.
31. Palmer LJ, Celedon JC, Weiss ST, Wang B, Fang Z, Xu X. Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with increased risk of childhood asthma and atopy in rural China. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1489-1493.
32. Wu S. Sonographic fndings of ascaris lumbricoides in the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts. Ultrasound Q 2009;25:207-209.
33. Leung J W, Yu AS. Hepatolithiasis and biliary parasites. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1997;11:681-706.
34. Zhou X, Peng W, Crompton DW, Xiong J. Treatment of biliary ascariasis in China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999;93:561-564.
35. Mukhopadhyay M. Biliary ascariasis in the Indian subcontinent: a study of 42 cases. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2009;15:121-124.
36. Hashmi MA, De JK. Biliary ascariasis on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. J Glob Infect Dis 2009;1:144-145.
37. Sanai FM, Al-Karawi MA. Biliary ascariasis: report of a complicated case and literature review. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2007;13:25-32
38. Hall GF. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G: an update. Ethn Dis 20 07;17:S2 -40 -5.
39. Sergi C, Jundt K, Seipp S, Goeser T, Teilmann L, Otto G, Otto HF, Hofmann WJ. Te distribution of HBV, HCV and HGV among livers with fulminant hepatic failure of diferent aetiology. J Hepatol 1998;29:861-871.
40. World Health Organization. A63/15. Sixty-Tird World Health Assembly-Viral hepatitis 2010; http://new.paho.org/hq/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=14028&Itemid=2470.pdf.
41. Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2009;49:S56-60.
42. Sy T, Jamal MM. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci 2006;3:41-46.
43. Na B, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qi Z, Tian Y, Lu CC, Yu J, Hanes MA, Kakar S, Huang EJ, Ou JH, Liu L, Yen TS. Transgenic expression of entire hepatitis B virus in mice induces hepato-carcinogenesis independent of chronic liver injury. PLoS One 2011;6:e26240.
44. Srivatanakul P, Honjo S, Kittiwatanachot P, Jedpiyawongse A, Khuhaprema T, Miwa M. Hepatitis viruses and risk of cholan-giocarcinoma in northeast Tailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;11:985-988.
45. Lee TY, Lee SS, Jung SW, Jeon SH, Yun SC, Oh HC, Kwon S, Lee SK, Seo DW, Kim MH, Suh DJ. Hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Korea: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1716-1720.
46. Torbenson M, Yeh MM, Abraham SC. Bile duct dysplasia in the setting of chronic hepatitis C and alcohol cirrhosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:1410-1413.
47. Mori T, Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Gallstone disease: Management of intrahepatic stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 20 06 ; 20:1117-1137.
48. Zhang XJ, Jiang Y, Wang X, Tian FZ, Lv LZ. Comparatively lower postoperative hepatolithiasis risk with hepaticocholedo-chostomy versus hepaticojejunostomy. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2010;9:38-43.
49. Tsui WM, Lam PW, Lee WK, Chan YK. Primary hepatolithia-sis, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, and oriental cholangiohepa-titis: a tale of 3 countries. Adv Anat Pathol 2011;18:318-328.
50. Tocchi A, Mazzoni G, Liotta G, Lepre L, Cassini D, Miccini M. Late development of bile duct cancer in patients who had biliary-enteric drainage for benign disease: a follow-up study of more than 1,000 patients. Ann Surg 2001;234:210-214.
51. Gatto M, Alvaro D. New insights on cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010;2:136-145.
52. Maeda A, Yokoi S, Kunou T, Saeki S, Murata T, Niinomi N, Uesaka K. Bile duct cancer developing 21 years after choledo-choduodenostomy. Dig Surg 2003;20:331-334.
53. Strong RW. Late bile duct cancer complicating biliary-enteric anastomosis for benign disease. Am J Surg 1999;177:472-474.
54. Lee FI, Tarakan J, Vasudev KS, Isaacs PE. Malignant hepatic tumours associated with previous exposure to Torotrast: four cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:1121-1124.
55. Charles MW, Mill AJ, Darley PJ. Carcinogenic risk of hot-particle exposures. J Radiol Prot 2003;23:5-28.
56. Silverman PM, Ram PC, Korobkin M. CT appearance of abdominal thorotrast deposition and Torotrast-induced angio-sarcoma of the liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1983;7:655-658.
57. Cohn SH, Gusmano EA, Robertson JS. Calculation of radiation dose from thorotrast using whole-body gamma-ray spectral data. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1967;145:608-622.
58. Lipshutz GS, Brennan T V, Warren RS. Torotrast-induced liver neoplasia: a collective review. J Am Coll Surg 2002;195:713-718.
59. Stern D, Zamenhof R, Dawson-Hughes B. Spurious dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images in a patient exposed to the contrast agent Torotrast. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:283-285.
60. Abrahamson L, O'connor MH, Abrahamson ML. Bilateral alveolar lung carcinoma, associated with the injection of thorotrast. Ir J Med Sci 1950;293:229-235.
61. Harrison JD, Muirhead CR. Quantitative comparisons of cancer induction in humans by internally deposited radionuclides and external radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2003;79:1-13.
62. Zhu AX, Lauwers GY, Tanabe KK. Cholangiocarcinoma in association with Torotrast exposure. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2004;11:430-433.
63. Headley JV, Barrow MP, Peru KM, Derrick PJ. Salting-out effects on the characterization of naphthenic acids from Athabasca oil sands using electrospray ionization. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2011;46:844-854.
64. Grewer DM, Young RF, Whittal RM, Fedorak PM. Naphthenic acids and other acid-extractables in water samples from Alberta: what is being measured? Sci Total Environ 2010;408:5997-6010.
65. Quagraine EK, Peterson HG, Headley JV. In situ bioremedia-tion of naphthenic acids contaminated tailing pond waters in the athabasca oil sands region--demonstrated feld studies and plausible options: a review. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2005;40:685-722.
66. Melvin SD, Trudeau VL. Toxicity of naphthenic acids to wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus). J Toxicol Environ Health A 2012;75:170-173.
67. Rogers V V, Wickstrom M, Liber K, MacKinnon MD. Acute and subchronic mammalian toxicity of naphthenic acids from oil sands tailings. Toxicol Sci 2002;66:347-355.
68. Gentes ML, Waldner C, Papp Z, Smits JE. Efects of exposure to naphthenic acids in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) on the Athabasca oil sands, Alberta, Canada. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2007;70:1182-1190.
69. Young RF, Michel LM, Fedorak PM. Distribution of naph-thenic acids in tissues of laboratory-exposed fsh and in wild fshes from near the Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, Canada. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011;74:889-896.
70. Gagne F, Douville M, Andre C, Debenest T, Talbot A, Sherry J, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, McMaster ME, Parrott J, Bickerton G. Diferential changes in gene expression in rainbow trout he-patocytes exposed to extracts of oil sands process-afected wate and the Athabasca River. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pha rmacol 2012;155:551-559.
71. Michaels A, Levy C. Te medical management of primary scle-rosing cholangitis. Medscape J Med 2008;10:61.
72. Grunnet N, Rasmussen HH, Tage-Jensen U, Norby Rasmussen S. Association of primary sclerosing cholangitis with HLA-DRw52a? Tissue Antigens 1991;38:133-136.
73. Sawalha AH, Potts R, Schmid WR, Scofeld RH, Harley JB. Te genetics of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003;5:324-332.
74. Wang N, Shen N, Vyse TJ, Anand V, Gunnarson I, Sturfelt G, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Elvin K, Truedsson L, Andersson BA, Dahle C, Ortqvist E, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW, Hammarstrom L. Selective IgA defciency in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2011;17:1383-1396.
75. Halliday JS, Djordjevic J, Lust M, Culver EL, Braden B, Travis SP, Chapman RW. A unique clinical phenotype of primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:174-181.
76. Burak K, Angulo P, Pasha TM, Egan K, Petz J, Lindor KD. Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:523-526.
77. Ali JM, Bonomo L, Brais R, Griffiths WJ, Lomas DJ, Huguet EL, Praseedom RK, Jamieson NV, Jah A. Outcomes and diagnostic challenges posed by incidental cholangiocarcinoma after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2011;91:1392-1397.
78. Sergi C, Adam S, Kahl P, Otto HF. Study of the malformation of ductal plate of the liver in Meckel syndrome and review of other syndromes presenting with this anomaly. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000;3:568-583.
79. Sergi C, Adam S, Kahl P, Otto HF. Te remodeling of the primitive human biliary system. Early Hum Dev 2000;58:167-178.
80. Sergi C, Kahl P, Otto HF. Contribution of apoptosis and apop-tosis-related proteins to the malformation of the primitive in-trahepatic biliary system in Meckel syndrome. Am J Pathol 2000 ;156 :1589-1598.
81. Sergi C, Benstz J, Feist D, Nutzenadel W, Otto HF, Hofmann WJ. Bile duct to portal space ratio and ductal plate remnants in liver disease of infants aged less than 1 year. Pathology 2008;40:260-267.
82. Dorn L, Menezes LF, Mikuz G, Otto HF, Onuchic LF, Sergi C. Immunohistochemical detection of polyductin and co-localization with liver progenitor cell markers during normal and abnormal development of the intrahepatic biliary system and in adult hepatobiliary carcinomas. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13:1279-1290.
83. Yamada T, Alpers DH. Atlas of Gastroenterology. 4th ed, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford; 2009.
84. Scott J, Shousha S, Tomas HC, Sherlock S. Bile duct carcinoma: a late complication of congenital hepatic fbrosis. Case report and review of literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1980;73:113-119.
85. Lipsett PA, Pitt HA, Colombani PM, Boitnott JK, Cameron JL. Choledochal cyst disease. A changing pattern of presentation. Ann Surg 1994;220:644-652.
86. Ohtsuka T, Inoue K, Ohuchida J, Nabae T, Takahata S, Niiyama H, Yokohata K, Ogawa Y, Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Tanaka M. Carcinoma arising in choledochocele. Endoscopy 20 01;33: 614-619.
87. van Mil SW, Klomp LW, Bull LN, Houwen RH. FIC1 disease: a spectrum of intrahepatic cholestatic disorders. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21:535-544.
88. Jacquemin E. Role of multidrug resistance 3 defciency in pedi-atric and adult liver disease: one gene for three diseases. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21:551-562.
89. Tompson R, Strautnieks S. BSEP: function and role in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21:545-550.
90. Meier Y, Stieger B, Moore L, Raftos B J, Arnell H, Fischler B, Nemeth A, Papadogiannaskis, Pawlowska J, Cielecka-Kuszyk J, Kluge P, Tompson R, Knisely A. Hepatocellular malignancy in ABCB11/BStP disease (progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, type 2): four patients. Hepatology 2004; 40 (supp1 1): 471A.
91. Kuper H, Lagiou P, Mucci LA, Tamimi R, Benetou V, Trichopoulos D. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in a low risk Caucasian population. Soz Praventivmed 20 01;46:182-185.
92. Forman D, Vincent TJ, Doll R. Cancer of the liver and the use of oral contraceptives. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292:1357-1361.
93. Aljifry M, Abdulelah A, Walsh M, Peltekian K, Alwayn I, Molinari M. Evidence-based approach to cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review of the current literature. J Am Coll Surg 2009;208:134-147.
94. United Nations Environment Programme. Guidelines for the Identifcation of PCBs and Materials Containing PCBs. 1999; http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pdf/PCBident/pcbid1.pdf.
95. Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs): biochemistry, toxicology, and mechanism of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 1984;13:319-395.
96. Safe S, Bandiera S, Sawyer T, Robertson L, Safe L, Parkinson A, Tomas PE, Ryan DE, Reik LM, Levin W. PCBs: structure-function relationships and mechanism of action. Environ Health Perspect 1985;60:47-56.
97. Brown JF,Jr, Mayes BA, Silkworth JB, Hamilton SB. Polychlorinated biphenyls modulated tumorigenesis in Sprague Dawley rats: correlation with mixed function oxidase activities and superoxide (O2* ) formation potentials and implied mode of action. Toxicol Sci 2007;98:375-394.
98. Corfeld A, Meyer P, Kassam S, Mikuz G, Sergi C. SNPs: At the origins of the databases of an innovative biotechnology tool. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2010;2:1-4.
99. Meyer P, Sergi C, Garbe C. Polymorphisms of the BRAF gene predispose males to malignant melanoma. J Carcinog 2003;2:7.
100. Isa T, Tomita S, Nakachi A, Miyazato H, Shimoji H, Kusano T, Muto Y, Furukawa M. Analysis of microsatellite instability, K-ras gene mutation and p53 protein overexpression in intrahe-patic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49:604-608.
101. Wang Y, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe H, Ohtsubo K, Wakabayashi T, Sawabu N. Usefulness of p53 gene mutations in the supernatant of bile for diagnosis of biliary tract carcinoma: comparison with K-ras mutation. J Gastroenterol 2002;37:831-839.
102. Itoi T, Takei K, Shinohara Y, Takeda K, Nakamura K, Horibe T, Sanada A, Ohno H, Matsubayashi H, Saito T, Watanabe H. K-ras codon 12 and p53 mutations in biopsy specimens and bile from biliary tract cancers. Pathol Int 1999;49:30-37.
103. Aishima SI, Taguchi KI, Sugimachi K, Shimada M, Sugimachi K, Tsuneyoshi M. c-erbB-2 and c-Met expression relates to cholangiocarcinogenesis and progression of intrahepatic chol-angiocarcinoma. Histopathology 2002;40:269-278.
104. Harnois DM, Que FG, Celli A, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ. Bcl-2 is overexpressed and alters the threshold for apoptosis in a chol-angiocarcinoma cell line. Hepatology 1997;26:884-890.
105. Okaro AC, Deery AR, Hutchins RR, Davidson BR. Te expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and Mcl-1 in benign, dysplastic, and malignant biliary epithelium. J Clin Pathol 2001;54:927-932.
106. Taniai M, Higuchi H, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. p16INK4a promoter mutations are frequent in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and PSC-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1090-1098.
107. Nair SS, Bommana A, Pakala SB, Ohshiro K, Lyon AJ, Suttiprapa S, Periago MV, Laha T, Hotez PJ, Bethony JM, Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Kumar R. Infammatory response to liver fuke Opisthorchis viverrini in mice depends on host master coregulator MTA1, a marker for parasite-induced cholangio-carcinoma in humans. Hepatology 2011;54:1388-1397.
108. Boonmars T, Wu Z, Boonjaruspinyo S, Puapairoj A, Kaewsamut B, Nagano I, Pinlaor S, Yongvanit P, Wonkchalee O, Juasook A, Sudsarn P, Srisawangwong T. Involvement of c-Ski oncoprotein in carcinogenesis of cholangiocacinoma induced by Opisthorchis viverrini and N-nitrosodimethylamine. Pathol Oncol Res 2011;17:219-227.
109. Boonjaraspinyo S, Wu Z, Boonmars T, Kaewkes S, Loilome W, Sithithaworn P, Nagano I, Takahashi Y, Yongvanit P, Bhudhisawasdi V. Overexpression of PDGFA and its receptor during carcinogenesis of Opisthorchis viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Parasitol Int 2012;61:145-150.
110. Prakobwong S, Khoontawad J, Yongvanit P, Pairojkul C, Hiraku Y, Sithithaworn P, Pinlaor P, Aggarwal BB, Pinlaor S. Curcumin decreases cholangiocarcinogenesis in hamsters by suppressing infammation-mediated molecular events related to multistep carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2011;129:88-100.
111. Seol MA, Chu IS, Lee MJ, Yu GR, Cui XD, Cho BH, Ahn EK, Leem SH, Kim IH, Kim DG. Genome-wide expression patterns associated with oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifer-entation of cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2011;11:78.
112. Wang P, Dong Q, Zhang C, Kuan PF, Liu Y, Jeck WR, Andersen JB, Jiang W, Savich GL, Tan TX, Auman JT, Hoskins JM, Misher AD, Moser CD, Yourstone SM, Kim J W, Cibulskis K, Getz G, Hunt HV, Torgeirsson SS, Roberts LR, Ye D, Guan KL, Xiong Y, Qin LX, Chiang DY. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 occur frequently in intrahe-patic cholangiocarcinomas and share hypermethylation targets with glioblastomas. Oncogene 2012.
113. Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W, Kos I, Batinic-Haberle I, Jones S, Riggins GJ, Friedman H, Friedman A, Reardon D, Herndon J, Kinzler K W, Velculescu VE, Vogelstein B, Bigner DD. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med 2009;360:765-773.
114. Marcucci G, Maharry K, Wu YZ, Radmacher MD, Mrozek K, Margeson D, Holland KB, Whitman SP, Becker H, Schwind S, Metzeler KH, Powell BL, Carter TH, Kolitz JE, Wetzler M, Carroll AJ, Baer MR, Caligiuri MA, Larson RA, Bloomfeld CD. IDH1 and IDH2 gene mutations identify novel molecular subsets within de novo cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:2348-2355.
115. Amary MF, Bacsi K, Maggiani F, Damato S, Halai D, Berisha F, Pollock R, O'Donnell P, Grigoriadis A, Diss T, Eskandarpour M, Presneau N, Hogendoorn PC, Futreal A, Tirabosco R, Flanagan AM. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondro-mas but not in other mesenchymal tumours. J Pathol 2011;224:334-343.
116. Shibata T, Kokubu A, Miyamoto M, Sasajima Y, Yamazaki N. Mutant IDH1 confers an in vivo growth in a melanoma cell line with BRAF mutation. Am J Pathol 2011;178:1395-1402.
117. Amary MF, Damato S, Halai D, Eskandarpour M, Berisha F, Bonar F, McCarthy S, Fantin VR, Straley KS, Lobo S, Aston W, Green CL, Gale RE, Tirabosco R, Futreal A, Campbell P, Presneau N, Flanagan AM. Ollier disease and Mafucci syndrome are caused by somatic mosaic mutations of IDH1 and IDH2. Nat Genet 2011;43:1262-1265.
118. Pansuriya TC, van Eijk R, d'Adamo P, van Ruler MA, Kuijjer ML, Oosting J, Cleton-Jansen AM, van Oosterwijk JG, Verbeke SL, Meijer D, van Wezel T, Nord KH, Sangiorgi L, Toker B, Liegl-Atzwanger B, San-Julian M, Sciot R, Limaye N, Kindblom LG, Daugaard S, Godfraind C, Boon LM, Vikkula M, Kurek KC, Szuhai K, French PJ, Bovee JV. Somatic mosaic IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are associated with enchondroma and spindle cell hemangioma in Ollier disease and Mafucci syndrome. Nat Genet 2011;43:1256-1261.
119. Franke W W. Discovering the molecular components of intercellular junctions--a historical view. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009;1:a003061.
120. Giepmans BN, van Ijzendoorn SC. Epithelial cell-cell junctions and plasma membrane domains. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1788:820-831.
121. Ozawa M, Kemler R. Molecular organization of the uvomoru-lin-catenin complex. J Cell Biol 1992;116:989-996.
122. Shapiro L, Weis WI. Structure and biochemistry of cadherins and catenins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009;1:a003053.
123. Pecina-Slaus N. Tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin and its role in normal and malignant cells. Cancer Cell Int 2003;3:17.
124. Meng W, Takeichi M. Adherens junction: molecular architecture and regulation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009;1:a002899.
125. Hirohashi S. Inactivation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1998;153:333-339.
126. Pinho SS, Matos AJ, Lopes C, Marcos NT, Carvalheira J, Reis CA, Gartner F. Sialyl Lewis x expression in canine malignant mammary tumours: correlation with clinicopathological features and E-Cadherin expression. BMC Cancer 2007;7:124.
127. Kim JB, Islam S, Kim YJ, Prudof RS, Sass KM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR. N-Cadherin extracellular repeat 4 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and increased motility. J Cell Biol 2000;151:1193-1206.
128. Lin SY, Xia W, Wang JC, Kwong KY, Spohn B, Wen Y, Pestell RG, Hung MC. Beta-catenin, a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer: its roles in cyclin D1 expression and cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:4262-4266.
129. Tetsu O, McCormick F. Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 1999;398:422-426.
130. Takayama T, Shiozaki H, Shibamoto S, Oka H, Kimura Y, Tamura S, Inoue M, Monden T, Ito F, Monden M. Beta-catenin expression in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1996;148:39-46.
131. Aktary Z, Chapman K, Lam L, Lo A, Ji C, Graham K, Cook L, Li L, Mackey JR, Pasdar M. Plakoglobin interacts with and increases the protein levels of metastasis suppressor Nm23-H2 and regulates the expression of Nm23-H1. Oncogene 2010;29:2118-2129.
132. Rieger-Christ KM, Ng L, Hanley RS, Durrani O, Ma H, Yee AS, Libertino JA, Summerhayes IC. Restoration of plakoglobin expression in bladder carcinoma cell lines suppresses cell migration and tumorigenic potential. Br J Cancer 2005; 92 : 2153-2159.
133. Zhurinsky J, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze'ev A. Diferential mechanisms of LEF/TCF family-dependent transcriptional activation by beta-catenin and plakoglobin. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:4238-4252.
134. Simcha I, Shtutman M, Salomon D, Zhurinsky J, Sadot E, Geiger B, Ben-Ze'ev A. Diferential nuclear translocation and transactivation potential of beta-catenin and plakoglobin. J Cell Biol 1998;141:1433-14 48.
135. Abuetabh Y, Persad S, Nagamori S, Huggins J, Al-Bahrani R, Sergi C. Expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in two cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (OZ and HuCCT1) with difer-ent degree of invasiveness of the primary tumor. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2011;41:217-223.
136. Ashida K, Terada T, Kitamura Y, Kaibara N. Expression of E-cadherin, alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and CD44 (standard and variant isoforms) in human cholangiocarcinoma: an im-munohistochemical study. Hepatology 1998;27:974-982.
137. Kozyraki R, Scoazec JY, Flejou JF, D'Errico A, Bedossa P, Terris B, Fiorentino M, Bringuier AF, Grigioni WF, Feldmann G. Expression of cadherins and alpha-catenin in primary epithelial tumors of the liver. Gastroenterology 1996 ;110:1137-1149.
138. Sugimachi K, Taguchi K, Aishima S, Tanaka S, Shimada M, Kajiyama K, Sugimachi K, Tsuneyoshi M. Altered expression of beta-catenin without genetic mutation in intrahepatic chol-angiocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2001;14:900-905.
139. Settakorn J, Kaewpila N, Burns GF, Leong AS. FAT, E-cadherin, beta catenin, HER 2/neu, Ki67 immuno-expres-sion, and histological grade in intrahepatic cholangiocarcino-ma. J Clin Pathol 2005;58:1249-1254.
140. Ku JL, Yoon KA, Kim IJ, Kim WH, Jang JY, Suh KS, Kim SW, Park YH, Hwang JH, Yoon YB, Park JG. Establishment and characterisation of six human biliary tract cancer cell lines. Br J C ancer 20 02;87:187-193.
141. Ker CG, Sheen PC, Chien CH, Wu CC. Elevation of carcino-embryonic antigen related to biliary malignancy in hepatoli-thiasis. Surg Today 1993;23:496-499.
142. Kubo S, Kinoshita H, Hirohashi K, Hamba H. Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 1995;19:637-641.
143. Gilbert ES, Koshurnikova NA, Sokolnikov M, Khokhryakov VF, Miller S, Preston DL, Romanov SA, Shilnikova NS, Suslova KG, Vostrotin V V. Liver cancers in Mayak workers. Radiat Res 2000;154:246-252.