Global governance and development ideology: The United Nations and the World Bank on the left-right spectrum

Global Governance

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 249-275

  Joshi, Devin ^a   O'Dell, Roni Kay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

Author keywords

Center; Development; Global governance; Governance; Ideology; Left; Right; United Nations; World Bank

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877244620     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: 19426720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01902006     Document Type: Review

References (189)

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77. Antjie Vetterlein, "Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction, and the Role of Social Policies: The Evolution of the World Bank's Social Development Approach, " Global Governance 13, no. 4 (2007): 513-533.
78. Catherine Weaver and Susan Park, "The Role of the World Bank in Poverty Alleviation and Human Development in the Twenty-first Century: An Introduction, " Global Governance 13, no. 4 (2007): 461-468.
79. M. Rodwan Abouharb and David L. Cingranelli, "The Human Rights Effects of World Bank Structural Adjustment, 1981-2000, " International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2006): 233-262.
80. Susan Engel, "The International Development Institutions and Regionalism: The Case of South-East Asia, " Australian Journal of International Affairs 64, no. 1 (2010): 55-69.
81. Susan Engel, The World Bank and the Post-Washington Consensus in Vietnam and Indonesia (New York: Routledge, 2010).
82. Andrew Gamble, "The Western Ideology, " Government and Opposition 44, no. 1 (2009): 1-19.
83. Katherine Marshall, The World Bank: From Reconstruction to Development to Equity (New York: Routledge, 2008).
84. Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds., Reinventing the World Bank (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).
85. Roland Rich, "The World Bank Under James Wolfensohn, " in Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds., Reinventing the World Bank (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 53.
86. World Bank staff conceded to one of the authors at a workshop titled "Short Course on Social and Political Analysis at the World Bank" (Boston, August 2008) that the "culture of loan approval" was still pervasive in the Bank. See, for example, Steve Berkman, The World Bank and the Gods of Lending (Sterling, VA: Kumarian, 2008).
87. Susan Engel, The World Bank and the Post-Washington Consensus in Vietnam and Indonesia (New York: Routledge, 2010), p. 56.
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103. See UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 1990: Concept and Measurement of Human Development (New York: UN Development Programme, 1990).
104. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Anchor, 1999).
105. Devin Joshi, "Does China's Recent 'Harmonious Society' Discourse Reflect a Shift Towards Human Development?" Journal of Political Ideologies 17, no. 2 (2012): 169-187.
106. Devin Joshi, "The Impact of India's Regional Parties on Voter Turnout and Human Development, " Journal of South Asian Development 7, no. 2 (2012): 139-160.
107. Richard Ponzio, "UNDP Experience in Long-term Democracy Assistance, " in Edward Newman and Roland Rich, eds., UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2004), pp. 208-230, at 212.
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124. Roger A. Coate, "John W. Holmes Lecture: Growing the Third UN for People-centered Development-The United Nations, Civil Society, and Beyond, " Global Governance 15, no. 2 (2009): 153-168.
125. Hans-Martin Jaeger, "Global Civil Society and the Political Depoliticization of Global Governance, " International Political Sociology 1, no. 3 (2007): 257-277.
126. Jean-Philippe Thérien, "The Politics of International Development: Towards a Grand Compromise?" in Steven Bernstein and Louis Pauly, eds., Global Liberalism and Political Order: Toward a New Grand Compromise? (Albany: SUNY Press, 2007).
127. Noël and Thérien, Left and Right.
128. See Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, "Reducing Inequality: The Missing MDG: A Content Review of PRSPs and Bilateral Donor Policy Statements, " IDS Bulletin 41, no. 1 (2010): 26-35.
129. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, "Theory and Policy in International Development: Human Development and Capability Approach and the Millennium Development Goals, " International Studies Review 13, no. 1 (2011): 122-132.
130. Fukuda-Parr and Hulme, "International Norm Dynamics. "
131. Jan Vandemoortele, "The MDG Story: Intention Denied, " Development and Change 42, no. 1 (2011): 1-21.
132. Anthony Payne and Nicola Phillips, Development (Cambridge: Polity, 2010), p. 124.
133. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr argues "the new [post-Washington] consensus has adopted the normative ideas of the capability approach but not the causative ideas. These normative ideas were used to provide a new narrative for international development, not a new policy framework. " Fukuda-Parr, "Theory and Policy, " p. 122.
134. See also Jean-Philippe Thérien and Vincent Pouliot, "The Global Compact: Shifting the Politics of International Development, " Global Governance 12, no. 1 (2006): 55-75.
135. Coate, "John W. Holmes Lecture".
136. Kléber Ghimire, "The United Nations World Summits and Civil Society Activism, " European Journal of International Relations 17, no. 1 (2011): 75-95.
137. Heupel, "With Power Comes Responsibility".
138. Weiss, Carayannis, and Jolly, "The 'Third' United Nations. "
139. Bäckstrand, "Democratizing Global Environmental Governance?".
140. Nelson, The World Bank.
141. Rich, "Situating the UN Democracy Fund. "
142. Michèle Griffin, "The Helmet and the Hoe: Linkages Between United Nations Development Assistance and Conflict Management, " Global Governance 9, no. 2 (2003): 199-217.
143. Marshall, The World Bank, p. 53.
144. Carlos Santiso, "Promoting Democratic Governance and Preventing the Recurrence of Conflict: The Role of the United Nations Development Programme in Post-conflict Peace-building, " Journal of Latin American Studies 34, no. 3 (2002): 555-586.
145. Malloch-Brown, The Unfinished Revolution.
146. Thérien and Pouliot, "The Global Compact. "
147. Weaver, The Hypocrisy Trap.
148. Shahid Yusuf, Development Economics Through the Decades: A Critical Look at Thirty Years of the World Development Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008).
149. Fukuda-Parr, "Theory and Policy".
150. Thomas G. Weiss, David P. Forsythe, Roger A. Coate, and Kelly-Kate Pease, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 5th ed. (Boulder: Westview, 2012).
151. The WDR is produced by the World Bank's Development Economics Unit and the HDR by UNDP's Human Development Reports Office.
152. Considering the great diversity of organizations within the UN system, the HDRs are likely to be more reflective of UNDP ideology than of other UN organs. See, for example, Jolly et al., UN Contributions.
153. Murphy, United Nations Development Programme
154. Yusuf, Development Economics
155. Weiss et al., The United Nations.
156. Harry Eckstein, "Case Studies and Theory in Political Science, " in Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, vol. 7: Political Science: Scope and Theory (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975).
157. Catherine Weaver, "The Hypocrisy of International Organizations: The Rhetoric, Reality, and Reform of the World Bank" (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2003).
158. See Ian Roberts, R. Wentz, and P. Edwards, "Car Manufacturers and Global Road Safety: A Word Frequency Analysis of Road Safety Documents, " Injury Prevention 12, no. 5 (2006): 320-322.
159. Devin Joshi and William Smith, "Education and Inequality: Implications of the World Bank's Education Strategy 2020, " in Alexander Wiseman and Christopher Collins, eds., Education Strategy in the Developing World: A Conversation About the World Bank's Education Policy Revision (Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2012).
160. See Ian Budge, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, and Eric Tanenbaum, Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
161. Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, and Michael McDonald, Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990-2003 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
162. Abraham Kaplan and J. M. Goldsen, "The Reliability of Content Analysis Categories, " in Harold D. Lasswell, Nathan Leites, and associates, eds., Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics (New York: George W. Stewart, 1949), p. 83.
163. William J. Starosta, "Qualitative Content Analysis: A Burkean Perspective, " in W. B. Gudykunst and Y. Y. Kim, eds., Methods for Intercultural Communication (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984).
164. Robert P. Weber, Basic Content Analysis, 2nd ed. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990).
165. Budge et al., Mapping Policy Preferences.
166. Bobbio, Left and Right.
167. Bobbio, Left and Right, p. 6.
168. John Rawls's theory of justice suggests that rights and freedoms are essential to a fair society in which people have equal rights and equal basic liberties (first principle) and in which, if they exist, inequalities are arranged in a way that is to "everyone's advantage and attached to positions and offices open to all" (second principle). The difference principle furthermore argues that equal distribution of goods and resources is preferred unless the system makes all groups better off. See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 52-73.
169. For further discussion and critique of Rawls's views see Sen, Development as Freedom, pp. 63-67.
170. See, for example, Budge et al., Mapping Policy Preferences.
171. See C. M. Bradshaw and J. R. Graham, "Localization of Social Work Practice, Education and Research: A Content Analysis, " Social Development Issues 29, no. 2 (2007): 92-111.
172. Mélanie Levasseur, Lucie Richard, Lise Gauvin, and Émilie Raymond, "Inventory and Analysis of Definitions of Social Participation Found in the Aging Literature: Proposed Taxonomy of Social Activities, " Social Science and Medicine 71, no. 12 (2010): 2141-2149.
173. The historical role of leftist socialist movements pushing for human rights is chronicled in Micheline Ishay, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
174. They may have multiple meanings or act differently as an adjective or noun depending on the context.
175. Alexander L. George, "Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Content Analysis, " in I. Sola Pool, ed., Trends in Content Analysis (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1959), p. 23.
176. Following Michel Foucault's guidelines, we looked for "permanent and coherent concepts" and "the identity and persistence of themes. " Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language (New York: Pantheon, 1972), pp. 34-35.
177. Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989).
178. Judy H. Gray and Iain L. Dentsen, "Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Using Latent and Manifest Variables, " Quality and Quantity 32, no. 4 (1998): 419-431.
179. Foucault, Archaeology of Knowledge, p. 28.
180. When we counted "democratic, " we excluded all instances in which the word was part of a state name as in Democratic Republic of Congo.
181. One particular report, the HDR 1990, favored an unregulated market, and strongly commended the shifts taking place in that historic year from planned economies to reliance on market mechanisms. For this report, a clear outlier, we coded the HDR as a 2.
182. Jolly et al., UN Contributions, p. 185.
183. Malloch-Brown, Unfinished Revolution, p. 124.
184. Pincus and Winters, Reinventing the World Bank, p. 14.
185. Robert Wade, "Showdown at the World Bank, " New Left Review 2, no. 7 (2001): 124-137.
186. Weaver, Hypocrisy Trap, p. 56.
187. Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank.
188. Marshall, The World Bank
189. Murphy, United Nations Development Programme.