-
1
-
-
37349026798
-
-
This is often referred to as a shift from the Washington to the post-Washington Consensus. I do not use these terms since they often have a normative connotation. For a detailed description, see Antje Vetterlein, The Politics of Development Discourse: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus, PhD diss, European University Institute, Florence, 2006;
-
This is often referred to as a shift from the Washington to the post-Washington Consensus. I do not use these terms since they often have a normative connotation. For a detailed description, see Antje Vetterlein, The Politics of Development Discourse: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus, PhD diss., European University Institute, Florence, 2006;
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
20644437290
-
-
or Ziya Önis and Fikret Senses, Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus, Development and Change 36, no. 2 (2005): 263-290.
-
or Ziya Önis and Fikret Senses, "Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus," Development and Change 36, no. 2 (2005): 263-290.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
0033460663
-
-
See Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, The Politics, Power and Pathologies of International Organizations, International Organization 53, no. 4 (1999): 707. See also Catherine Weaver in this issue.
-
See Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, "The Politics, Power and Pathologies of International Organizations," International Organization 53, no. 4 (1999): 707. See also Catherine Weaver in this issue.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
37349101836
-
-
On NGO influence, see, for example, R. J. O'Brien, A. M. Goetz, and M. A. Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), who coined the term complex multilateralism to address these developments.
-
On NGO influence, see, for example, R. J. O'Brien, A. M. Goetz, and M. A. Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), who coined the term "complex multilateralism" to address these developments.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
37349122669
-
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
85041062731
-
-
World Bank
-
World Bank, Empowering People, p. 1.
-
Empowering People
, pp. 1
-
-
-
12
-
-
37349003958
-
-
OED, An OED Review of Social Development in Bank Activities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004). Referring to social staff includes staff in other social units, such as Social Protection, which was the first to have a Bankwide SSP.
-
OED, An OED Review of Social Development in Bank Activities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004). Referring to "social" staff includes staff in other "social" units, such as Social Protection, which was the first to have a Bankwide SSP.
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
37349042389
-
-
I am only depicting Bank-internal discourse on the relationship between the social and poverty rather than offering an academic opinion. Sometimes social development seems to be equated with poverty reduction in Bank discourse
-
I am only depicting Bank-internal discourse on the relationship between the social and poverty rather than offering an academic opinion. Sometimes social development seems to be equated with poverty reduction in Bank discourse.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
37349032354
-
-
Ibid., p. 35.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
37349046547
-
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
37349102545
-
Adjustment with Growth: The Fund, the Bank, and the Country Experiences
-
World Bank and IMF, June
-
World Bank and IMF, "Adjustment with Growth: The Fund, the Bank, and the Country Experiences," Finance and Development (June 1987): 7.
-
(1987)
Finance and Development
, pp. 7
-
-
-
20
-
-
37349096482
-
Alleviation of Poverty; or World Bank and IMF
-
See
-
See Demery and Addison, Alleviation of Poverty; or World Bank and IMF, "Adjustment with Growth."
-
Adjustment with Growth
-
-
Demery1
Addison2
-
22
-
-
0003478365
-
-
World Bank, 1990 Washington, DC: World Bank
-
World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990).
-
(1990)
World Development Report
-
-
-
23
-
-
37349020862
-
-
Barber Conable, Address to the Board of Governors, in World Bank, ed., Summary Proceedings: 1990 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990), pp. 12-20.
-
Barber Conable, "Address to the Board of Governors," in World Bank, ed., Summary Proceedings: 1990 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990), pp. 12-20.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
37349092899
-
Poverty Reduction and Bank Operations
-
World Bank, Economic Advisory Staff, Report No. 8491 Washington, DC: World Bank
-
World Bank, Economic Advisory Staff, Poverty Reduction and Bank Operations, Report No. 8491 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990), p. 3.
-
(1990)
, pp. 3
-
-
-
26
-
-
85040896973
-
-
World Bank, World Bank Policy Paper Washington, DC: World Bank
-
World Bank, Assistance Strategies to Reduce Poverty, World Bank Policy Paper (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991), p. 12.
-
(1991)
Assistance Strategies to Reduce Poverty
, pp. 12
-
-
-
27
-
-
0038211541
-
Social Development Is Economic Development
-
Washington, DC: World Bank
-
Nancy Birdsall, Social Development Is Economic Development, WPS 1123, Policy Research Department (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993).
-
(1993)
Policy Research Department
, vol.WPS 1123
-
-
Birdsall, N.1
-
31
-
-
37349095144
-
-
Ibid., p. v.
-
Ibid., p. v.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
37349040239
-
Social Development Update: Making Development More Inclusive and Effective
-
World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank
-
World Bank, Social Development Update: Making Development More Inclusive and Effective, SDD Paper Series, No. 27 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998).
-
(1998)
SDD Paper Series
, vol.27
-
-
-
34
-
-
37349094251
-
Ernest Stern to M. Syeduz-Zaman, 17 May 1982, cited in Devesh Kapur
-
John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, eds, Washington, DC: World Bank
-
Memorandum, Ernest Stern to M. Syeduz-Zaman, 17 May 1982, cited in Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, eds., The World Bank: Its First Half Century (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997), p. 334.
-
(1997)
The World Bank: Its First Half Century
, pp. 334
-
-
Memorandum1
-
35
-
-
37349116146
-
-
The Annual Reports stopped discussing poverty from 1983 until 1986.
-
The Annual Reports stopped discussing poverty from 1983 until 1986.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
37349073950
-
-
In that sense, poverty programs were regarded as unhelpful to careers (Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, p. 350).
-
In that sense, poverty programs were regarded as unhelpful to careers (Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, p. 350).
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
37349009140
-
-
In 1985, only 1 percent of Bank reports mention poverty in their title or abstract, compared with 6 percent in 1980 and 12 percent in 1995; see Robert H. Wade, Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1970-1995
-
In 1985, only 1 percent of Bank reports mention "poverty" in their title or abstract, compared with 6 percent in 1980 and 12 percent in 1995; see Robert H. Wade, "Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1970-1995,"
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
37349116858
-
-
in Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, pp. 611-734.
-
in Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, pp. 611-734.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
37349063630
-
-
Article 1 (1), available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ EXTABOUTUS/0.,contentMDK:20049563~pagePK:43912~menuPK:58863~piPK:36 602,00.html#I1.
-
Article 1 (1), available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ EXTABOUTUS/0.,contentMDK:20049563~pagePK:43912~menuPK:58863~piPK:36 602,00.html#I1.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
37349024897
-
-
See ibid., p. 234.
-
See ibid., p. 234.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
37349075301
-
-
Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004
-
Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
37349022323
-
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
37349074607
-
-
World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank
-
World Bank, Focus on Poverty (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1982).
-
(1982)
Focus on Poverty
-
-
-
49
-
-
37349084420
-
-
The Annual Reports' statistics for sector lending during the 1980s show that in the case of education, for instance, lending is on average about 4.5 percent of total lending (for the period 1980-1989) while for 1982-1984, the numbers were a bit below this average, and in 1987 they dropped significantly (2.5 percent); in 1981 and 1985, respectively, lending amounted to 6 percent and more.
-
The Annual Reports' statistics for sector lending during the 1980s show that in the case of education, for instance, lending volume is on average about 4.5 percent of total lending (for the period 1980-1989) while for 1982-1984, the numbers were a bit below this average, and in 1987 they dropped significantly (2.5 percent); in 1981 and 1985, respectively, lending volume amounted to 6 percent and more.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
37349132514
-
Social Development Network; and OED
-
See
-
See Davis, Social Development Network; and OED, Review of Social Development, p. 67.
-
Review of Social Development
, pp. 67
-
-
Davis1
-
52
-
-
0012651424
-
When Does Reform Policy Influence Practice? Lessons from the Bankwide Resettlement Review
-
See, for example, Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown, eds, Cambridge: MIT Press
-
See, for example, Jonathan A. Fox, "When Does Reform Policy Influence Practice? Lessons from the Bankwide Resettlement Review," in Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown, eds., The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 303-344.
-
(1998)
The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements
, pp. 303-344
-
-
Fox, J.A.1
-
55
-
-
37349050493
-
-
Several interviews with anonymous World Bank officials, World Bank and IMF headquarters, March
-
Several interviews with anonymous World Bank officials, World Bank and IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, March 2004.
-
(2004)
-
-
Washington, D.C.1
-
56
-
-
37349129833
-
-
Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank headquarters, Washington, DC, 7 and 8 April 2004
-
Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank headquarters, Washington, DC, 7 and 8 April 2004.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
37349068032
-
-
Michael Cernea, Culture? . . . at the World Bank? Letter to a Friend, manuscript, 2004, p. 3. 'ToR' stands for terms of reference.
-
Michael Cernea, "Culture? . . . at the World Bank? Letter to a Friend," manuscript, 2004, p. 3. 'ToR' stands for "terms of reference."
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
37349079364
-
-
Two of the most significant books are Michael Cernea, Putting People First (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1985);
-
Two of the most significant books are Michael Cernea, Putting People First (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1985);
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
0008530511
-
-
Washington, DC: World Bank
-
and Lawrence Salmen, Listen to the People (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1987).
-
(1987)
Listen to the People
-
-
Salmen, L.1
-
60
-
-
37349043084
-
-
Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004
-
Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004.
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
37349015408
-
-
Several interviews conducted in March/April 2004. See also Davis, Social Development Network.
-
Several interviews conducted in March/April 2004. See also Davis, Social Development Network.
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
37349108035
-
-
Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank and IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004
-
Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank and IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
37349044499
-
Putting People First; and Salmen
-
Among many, see
-
Among many, see Cernea, Putting People First; and Salmen, Listen to the People.
-
Listen to the People
-
-
Cernea1
-
65
-
-
37349088517
-
-
Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004
-
Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
37349119919
-
-
A comparison with the IMF confirms this result. Staff homogeneity increases loyalty among staff and thus makes the organization more resistant to external pressure; see
-
A comparison with the IMF confirms this result. Staff homogeneity increases loyalty among staff and thus makes the organization more resistant to external pressure; see Vetterlein, Politics of Development Discourse.
-
Politics of Development Discourse
-
-
Vetterlein1
-
68
-
-
20644458524
-
Economic and Social Thinking at the UN in Historical Perspective
-
See, for example
-
See, for example, Louis Emmerji, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, "Economic and Social Thinking at the UN in Historical Perspective," Development and Change 36, no. 2 (2005): 211-235.
-
(2005)
Development and Change
, vol.36
, Issue.2
, pp. 211-235
-
-
Emmerji, L.1
Jolly, R.2
Weiss, T.G.3
-
69
-
-
0004130519
-
-
For his ideas, see, Oxford: Oxford University Press
-
For his ideas, see Amartya K. Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
-
(2001)
Development as Freedom
-
-
Sen, A.K.1
-
71
-
-
37349072311
-
-
W. A. Wapenhans et al., The Wapenhans Report, Portfolio Management Task Force (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992).
-
W. A. Wapenhans et al., The Wapenhans Report, Portfolio Management Task Force (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992).
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
84858492715
-
-
Private capital flows increased from $40.9 billion in 1990 to $256 billion in 1997 - see Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Annual Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998) - whereas multi- and bilateral aid decreased from 57 percent of all net financial flows to developing countries to only 15 percent in the same time span;
-
Private capital flows increased from $40.9 billion in 1990 to $256 billion in 1997 - see Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Annual Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998) - whereas multi- and bilateral aid decreased from 57 percent of all net financial flows to developing countries to only 15 percent in the same time span;
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
7244235704
-
The World Bank Under James Wolfensohn
-
Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds, Ithaca: Cornell University Press
-
Bruce Rich, "The World Bank Under James Wolfensohn," in Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds., Reinventing the World Bank (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 26.
-
(2002)
Reinventing the World Bank
, pp. 26
-
-
Rich, B.1
-
75
-
-
37349122668
-
-
Interviews with Bank staff in March 2004
-
Interviews with Bank staff in March 2004.
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
0942292005
-
-
Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004. See also Anthony Bebbington, Scott Guggenheim, Elizabeth Olson, and Michael Woolcock, Exploring Social Capital Debates at the World Bank, Journal of Development Studies 40, no. 5 2004, 33-64
-
Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004. See also Anthony Bebbington, Scott Guggenheim, Elizabeth Olson, and Michael Woolcock, "Exploring Social Capital Debates at the World Bank," Journal of Development Studies 40, no. 5 (2004): 33-64.
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
84858493002
-
-
The SC reallocated $10 million to the regions and $2 million to ESDVP for these issues.
-
The SC reallocated $10 million to the regions and $2 million to ESDVP for these issues.
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
37349119919
-
-
One can distinguish between hard-core or pure economists, soft economists, and noneconomists; see
-
One can distinguish between "hard-core" or pure economists, soft economists, and noneconomists; see Vetterlein, Politics of Development Discourse;
-
Politics of Development Discourse
-
-
Vetterlein1
-
84
-
-
0034976505
-
Economic Policy Distribution and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements
-
and Ravi Kanbur, "Economic Policy Distribution and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements," World Development 29, no. 6 (2001): 1083-1094.
-
(2001)
World Development
, vol.29
, Issue.6
, pp. 1083-1094
-
-
Kanbur, R.1
-
85
-
-
37349058056
-
-
In 1998, 75 percent of the 220 staff mapped to the Social Development family indicated that they had been at the Bank for less than three years Davis, Social Development Network, p. 22
-
In 1998, 75 percent of the 220 staff mapped to the Social Development family indicated that they had been at the Bank for less than three years (Davis, Social Development Network, p. 22).
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
33847170135
-
-
or Antje Vetterlein, Change in International Organisation: Innovation or Adaptation? A Comparison of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, in Diane Stone and Christopher Wright, eds., The World Bank and Governance (London: Routledge, 2006).
-
or Antje Vetterlein, "Change in International Organisation: Innovation or Adaptation? A Comparison of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund," in Diane Stone and Christopher Wright, eds., The World Bank and Governance (London: Routledge, 2006).
-
-
-
|