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Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 513-533

Economic growth, poverty reduction, and the role of social policies: The evolution of the World Bank's social development approach

Author keywords

Development strategy; Discursive change; Internal advocates; International organizations; World Bank

Indexed keywords


EID: 37349016647     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01304006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (52)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 37349026798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is often referred to as a shift from the Washington to the post-Washington Consensus. I do not use these terms since they often have a normative connotation. For a detailed description, see Antje Vetterlein, The Politics of Development Discourse: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus, PhD diss, European University Institute, Florence, 2006;
    • This is often referred to as a shift from the Washington to the post-Washington Consensus. I do not use these terms since they often have a normative connotation. For a detailed description, see Antje Vetterlein, The Politics of Development Discourse: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus, PhD diss., European University Institute, Florence, 2006;
  • 2
    • 20644437290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • or Ziya Önis and Fikret Senses, Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus, Development and Change 36, no. 2 (2005): 263-290.
    • or Ziya Önis and Fikret Senses, "Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus," Development and Change 36, no. 2 (2005): 263-290.
  • 4
    • 0033460663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, The Politics, Power and Pathologies of International Organizations, International Organization 53, no. 4 (1999): 707. See also Catherine Weaver in this issue.
    • See Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, "The Politics, Power and Pathologies of International Organizations," International Organization 53, no. 4 (1999): 707. See also Catherine Weaver in this issue.
  • 6
    • 37349101836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On NGO influence, see, for example, R. J. O'Brien, A. M. Goetz, and M. A. Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), who coined the term complex multilateralism to address these developments.
    • On NGO influence, see, for example, R. J. O'Brien, A. M. Goetz, and M. A. Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), who coined the term "complex multilateralism" to address these developments.
  • 8
    • 37349122669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 9
  • 12
    • 37349003958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OED, An OED Review of Social Development in Bank Activities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004). Referring to social staff includes staff in other social units, such as Social Protection, which was the first to have a Bankwide SSP.
    • OED, An OED Review of Social Development in Bank Activities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004). Referring to "social" staff includes staff in other "social" units, such as Social Protection, which was the first to have a Bankwide SSP.
  • 13
    • 37349042389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am only depicting Bank-internal discourse on the relationship between the social and poverty rather than offering an academic opinion. Sometimes social development seems to be equated with poverty reduction in Bank discourse
    • I am only depicting Bank-internal discourse on the relationship between the social and poverty rather than offering an academic opinion. Sometimes social development seems to be equated with poverty reduction in Bank discourse.
  • 15
    • 37349032354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 35.
  • 16
    • 37349046547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 19
    • 37349102545 scopus 로고
    • Adjustment with Growth: The Fund, the Bank, and the Country Experiences
    • World Bank and IMF, June
    • World Bank and IMF, "Adjustment with Growth: The Fund, the Bank, and the Country Experiences," Finance and Development (June 1987): 7.
    • (1987) Finance and Development , pp. 7
  • 20
    • 37349096482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alleviation of Poverty; or World Bank and IMF
    • See
    • See Demery and Addison, Alleviation of Poverty; or World Bank and IMF, "Adjustment with Growth."
    • Adjustment with Growth
    • Demery1    Addison2
  • 22
    • 0003478365 scopus 로고
    • World Bank, 1990 Washington, DC: World Bank
    • World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990).
    • (1990) World Development Report
  • 23
    • 37349020862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barber Conable, Address to the Board of Governors, in World Bank, ed., Summary Proceedings: 1990 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990), pp. 12-20.
    • Barber Conable, "Address to the Board of Governors," in World Bank, ed., Summary Proceedings: 1990 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990), pp. 12-20.
  • 25
    • 37349092899 scopus 로고
    • Poverty Reduction and Bank Operations
    • World Bank, Economic Advisory Staff, Report No. 8491 Washington, DC: World Bank
    • World Bank, Economic Advisory Staff, Poverty Reduction and Bank Operations, Report No. 8491 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1990), p. 3.
    • (1990) , pp. 3
  • 26
    • 85040896973 scopus 로고
    • World Bank, World Bank Policy Paper Washington, DC: World Bank
    • World Bank, Assistance Strategies to Reduce Poverty, World Bank Policy Paper (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991), p. 12.
    • (1991) Assistance Strategies to Reduce Poverty , pp. 12
  • 27
    • 0038211541 scopus 로고
    • Social Development Is Economic Development
    • Washington, DC: World Bank
    • Nancy Birdsall, Social Development Is Economic Development, WPS 1123, Policy Research Department (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993).
    • (1993) Policy Research Department , vol.WPS 1123
    • Birdsall, N.1
  • 31
    • 37349095144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. v.
    • Ibid., p. v.
  • 33
    • 37349040239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Development Update: Making Development More Inclusive and Effective
    • World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank
    • World Bank, Social Development Update: Making Development More Inclusive and Effective, SDD Paper Series, No. 27 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998).
    • (1998) SDD Paper Series , vol.27
  • 34
    • 37349094251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernest Stern to M. Syeduz-Zaman, 17 May 1982, cited in Devesh Kapur
    • John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, eds, Washington, DC: World Bank
    • Memorandum, Ernest Stern to M. Syeduz-Zaman, 17 May 1982, cited in Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, eds., The World Bank: Its First Half Century (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997), p. 334.
    • (1997) The World Bank: Its First Half Century , pp. 334
    • Memorandum1
  • 35
    • 37349116146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Annual Reports stopped discussing poverty from 1983 until 1986.
    • The Annual Reports stopped discussing poverty from 1983 until 1986.
  • 37
    • 37349073950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In that sense, poverty programs were regarded as unhelpful to careers (Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, p. 350).
    • In that sense, poverty programs were regarded as unhelpful to careers (Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, p. 350).
  • 38
    • 37349009140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1985, only 1 percent of Bank reports mention poverty in their title or abstract, compared with 6 percent in 1980 and 12 percent in 1995; see Robert H. Wade, Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1970-1995
    • In 1985, only 1 percent of Bank reports mention "poverty" in their title or abstract, compared with 6 percent in 1980 and 12 percent in 1995; see Robert H. Wade, "Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1970-1995,"
  • 39
    • 37349116858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, pp. 611-734.
    • in Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank, pp. 611-734.
  • 40
    • 37349063630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 1 (1), available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ EXTABOUTUS/0.,contentMDK:20049563~pagePK:43912~menuPK:58863~piPK:36 602,00.html#I1.
    • Article 1 (1), available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ EXTABOUTUS/0.,contentMDK:20049563~pagePK:43912~menuPK:58863~piPK:36 602,00.html#I1.
  • 42
    • 37349024897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See ibid., p. 234.
    • See ibid., p. 234.
  • 44
    • 37349075301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004
    • Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004.
  • 45
    • 37349022323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 47
    • 37349074607 scopus 로고
    • World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank
    • World Bank, Focus on Poverty (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1982).
    • (1982) Focus on Poverty
  • 49
    • 37349084420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Annual Reports' statistics for sector lending during the 1980s show that in the case of education, for instance, lending is on average about 4.5 percent of total lending (for the period 1980-1989) while for 1982-1984, the numbers were a bit below this average, and in 1987 they dropped significantly (2.5 percent); in 1981 and 1985, respectively, lending amounted to 6 percent and more.
    • The Annual Reports' statistics for sector lending during the 1980s show that in the case of education, for instance, lending volume is on average about 4.5 percent of total lending (for the period 1980-1989) while for 1982-1984, the numbers were a bit below this average, and in 1987 they dropped significantly (2.5 percent); in 1981 and 1985, respectively, lending volume amounted to 6 percent and more.
  • 50
    • 37349132514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Development Network; and OED
    • See
    • See Davis, Social Development Network; and OED, Review of Social Development, p. 67.
    • Review of Social Development , pp. 67
    • Davis1
  • 52
    • 0012651424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When Does Reform Policy Influence Practice? Lessons from the Bankwide Resettlement Review
    • See, for example, Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown, eds, Cambridge: MIT Press
    • See, for example, Jonathan A. Fox, "When Does Reform Policy Influence Practice? Lessons from the Bankwide Resettlement Review," in Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown, eds., The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 303-344.
    • (1998) The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements , pp. 303-344
    • Fox, J.A.1
  • 55
    • 37349050493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several interviews with anonymous World Bank officials, World Bank and IMF headquarters, March
    • Several interviews with anonymous World Bank officials, World Bank and IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, March 2004.
    • (2004)
    • Washington, D.C.1
  • 56
    • 37349129833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank headquarters, Washington, DC, 7 and 8 April 2004
    • Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank headquarters, Washington, DC, 7 and 8 April 2004.
  • 57
    • 37349068032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michael Cernea, Culture? . . . at the World Bank? Letter to a Friend, manuscript, 2004, p. 3. 'ToR' stands for terms of reference.
    • Michael Cernea, "Culture? . . . at the World Bank? Letter to a Friend," manuscript, 2004, p. 3. 'ToR' stands for "terms of reference."
  • 58
    • 37349079364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two of the most significant books are Michael Cernea, Putting People First (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1985);
    • Two of the most significant books are Michael Cernea, Putting People First (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1985);
  • 59
  • 60
    • 37349043084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004
    • Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004.
  • 62
    • 37349015408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several interviews conducted in March/April 2004. See also Davis, Social Development Network.
    • Several interviews conducted in March/April 2004. See also Davis, Social Development Network.
  • 63
    • 37349108035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank and IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004
    • Interviews with Michael Cernea, World Bank and IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004.
  • 64
    • 37349044499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting People First; and Salmen
    • Among many, see
    • Among many, see Cernea, Putting People First; and Salmen, Listen to the People.
    • Listen to the People
    • Cernea1
  • 65
    • 37349088517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004
    • Interview with anonymous World Bank official, IMF headquarters, Washington, DC, 8 April 2004.
  • 66
    • 37349119919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison with the IMF confirms this result. Staff homogeneity increases loyalty among staff and thus makes the organization more resistant to external pressure; see
    • A comparison with the IMF confirms this result. Staff homogeneity increases loyalty among staff and thus makes the organization more resistant to external pressure; see Vetterlein, Politics of Development Discourse.
    • Politics of Development Discourse
    • Vetterlein1
  • 68
    • 20644458524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic and Social Thinking at the UN in Historical Perspective
    • See, for example
    • See, for example, Louis Emmerji, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, "Economic and Social Thinking at the UN in Historical Perspective," Development and Change 36, no. 2 (2005): 211-235.
    • (2005) Development and Change , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 211-235
    • Emmerji, L.1    Jolly, R.2    Weiss, T.G.3
  • 69
    • 0004130519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For his ideas, see, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • For his ideas, see Amartya K. Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
    • (2001) Development as Freedom
    • Sen, A.K.1
  • 71
    • 37349072311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. A. Wapenhans et al., The Wapenhans Report, Portfolio Management Task Force (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992).
    • W. A. Wapenhans et al., The Wapenhans Report, Portfolio Management Task Force (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992).
  • 72
    • 84858492715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Private capital flows increased from $40.9 billion in 1990 to $256 billion in 1997 - see Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Annual Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998) - whereas multi- and bilateral aid decreased from 57 percent of all net financial flows to developing countries to only 15 percent in the same time span;
    • Private capital flows increased from $40.9 billion in 1990 to $256 billion in 1997 - see Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Annual Report (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998) - whereas multi- and bilateral aid decreased from 57 percent of all net financial flows to developing countries to only 15 percent in the same time span;
  • 74
    • 7244235704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The World Bank Under James Wolfensohn
    • Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds, Ithaca: Cornell University Press
    • Bruce Rich, "The World Bank Under James Wolfensohn," in Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds., Reinventing the World Bank (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 26.
    • (2002) Reinventing the World Bank , pp. 26
    • Rich, B.1
  • 75
    • 37349122668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews with Bank staff in March 2004
    • Interviews with Bank staff in March 2004.
  • 76
    • 0942292005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004. See also Anthony Bebbington, Scott Guggenheim, Elizabeth Olson, and Michael Woolcock, Exploring Social Capital Debates at the World Bank, Journal of Development Studies 40, no. 5 2004, 33-64
    • Interview with Michael Cernea, 8 April 2004. See also Anthony Bebbington, Scott Guggenheim, Elizabeth Olson, and Michael Woolcock, "Exploring Social Capital Debates at the World Bank," Journal of Development Studies 40, no. 5 (2004): 33-64.
  • 78
    • 84858493002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SC reallocated $10 million to the regions and $2 million to ESDVP for these issues.
    • The SC reallocated $10 million to the regions and $2 million to ESDVP for these issues.
  • 83
    • 37349119919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One can distinguish between hard-core or pure economists, soft economists, and noneconomists; see
    • One can distinguish between "hard-core" or pure economists, soft economists, and noneconomists; see Vetterlein, Politics of Development Discourse;
    • Politics of Development Discourse
    • Vetterlein1
  • 84
    • 0034976505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic Policy Distribution and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements
    • and Ravi Kanbur, "Economic Policy Distribution and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements," World Development 29, no. 6 (2001): 1083-1094.
    • (2001) World Development , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 1083-1094
    • Kanbur, R.1
  • 85
    • 37349058056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1998, 75 percent of the 220 staff mapped to the Social Development family indicated that they had been at the Bank for less than three years Davis, Social Development Network, p. 22
    • In 1998, 75 percent of the 220 staff mapped to the Social Development family indicated that they had been at the Bank for less than three years (Davis, Social Development Network, p. 22).
  • 87
    • 33847170135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • or Antje Vetterlein, Change in International Organisation: Innovation or Adaptation? A Comparison of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, in Diane Stone and Christopher Wright, eds., The World Bank and Governance (London: Routledge, 2006).
    • or Antje Vetterlein, "Change in International Organisation: Innovation or Adaptation? A Comparison of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund," in Diane Stone and Christopher Wright, eds., The World Bank and Governance (London: Routledge, 2006).


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