When physical similarity matters: Mechanisms underlying affective learning generalization to the evaluation of novel faces

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 661-669

  Verosky, Sara C ^a   Todorov, Alexander ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Automaticity; Face learning; Overgeneralization; Perceptual similarity; Trait impressions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877041777     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.02.004     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Andersen S.M., Cole S.W. "Do I know you?": The role of significant others in general social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:384-399.
2. Bargh J.A. The four horsemen of automaticity: Intention, awareness, efficiency, and control as separate issues. Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1, Basic processes 1994, 1-40. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed. R.S. Wyer, T.K. Srull (Eds.).
3. Baron S.G., Gobbini M.I., Engell A.D., Todorov A. Amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex responses to appearance-based and behavior-based person impressions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2011, 6:572-581.
4. Berk M.S., Andersen S.M. The impact of past relationships on interpersonal behavior: Behavioral confirmation in the social-cognitive process of transference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:546-562.
5. Bliss-Moreau E., Barrett L.F., Wright C.I. Individual differences in learning the affective value of others under minimal conditions. Emotion 2008, 8:479-493.
6. Carlston D.E., Skowronski J.J. Saving in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 66:840-856.
7. Carlston D.E., Skowronski J.J., Sparks C. Savings in relearning II: On the formation of behavior-based trait associations and inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 69:420-436.
8. Crawford M.T., Skowronski J.J., Stiff C., Scherer C.R. Interfering with inferential, but not associative processes underlying spontaneous trait inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007, 33:677-690.
9. DeBruine L.M. Facial resemblance enhances trust. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 2002, 269:1307-1312.
10. DeBruine L.M. Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: Context-specific effects of facial resemblance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 2005, 272:919-922.
11. Ferreira M.B., Garcia-Marques L., Sherman S.J., Sherman J.W. Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:797-813.
12. Fuhrman R.W., Bodenhausen G.V., Lichtenstein M. On the trait implications of social behaviors: Kindness, intelligence, goodness, and normality ratings for 400 behavior statements. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 1989, 21:587-597.
13. Goldstone R.L., Steyvers M. The sensitization and differentiation of dimensions during category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 2001, 130:116-139.
14. Günaydin G., Zayas V., Selcuk E., Hazan C. I like you but I don't know why: Objective facial resemblance to significant others influences snap judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012, 48:350-353.
15. Hill T., Lewicki P., Czyzewska M., Schuller G. The role of learned inferential encoding rules in the perception of faces: Effects of nonconscious self-perpetuation of a bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1990, 26:350-371.
16. Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 1991, 30:513-541.
17. Kayser A. Heads 1997, Abbeville Press, New York.
18. Kraus M.W., Chen S. Facial-feature resemblance elicits the transference effect. Psychological Science 2010, 21:518-522.
19. Langlois J.H., Kalakanis L., Rubenstein A.J., Larson A., Hallam M., Smoot M. Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:390-423.
20. Lewicki P. Nonconscious biasing effects of single instances on subsequent judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1985, 48:563-574.
21. McCarthy R.J., Skowronski J.J. The interplay of controlled and automatic processing in the expression of spontaneously inferred traits: A PDP analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011, 100:229-240.
22. Montepare J.M., Dobish H. The contribution of emotion perceptions and their overgeneralizations to trait impressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 2003, 27:237-254.
23. O'Toole A.J. Cognitive and computational approaches to face recognition. Handbook of face perception 2011, 15-30. Oxford University Press, Oxford. A. Calder, J.V. Haxby, M. Johnson, G. Rhodes (Eds.).
24. Oosterhof N.N., Todorov A. The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:11087-11092.
25. Oosterhof N.N., Todorov A. Shared perceptual basis of emotional expressions and trustworthiness impressions from faces. Emotion 2009, 9:128-133.
26. Payne B.K. Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:181-192.
27. Payne B.K. What mistakes disclose: A process dissociation approach to automatic and controlled processes in social psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:1073-1092.
28. Quine W.V. Natural kinds. Ontological relativity and other essays 1969, 114-138. Columbia University Press, New York. W.V. Quine (Ed.).
29. Rhodes G., Jeffery L. Adaptive norm-based coding of facial identity. Vision Research 2006, 46:2977-2987.
30. Rhodes G., Leopold D.A. Adaptive norm-based coding of face identity. Handbook of face perception 2011, 263-286. Oxford University Press, Oxford. A. Calder, J.V. Haxby, M. Johnson, G. Rhodes (Eds.).
31. Rudoy J.D., Paller K.A. Who can you trust? Behavioral and neural difference between perceptual and memory-based influences. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2009, 3:16.
32. Said C., Sebe N., Todorov A. Structural resemblance to emotional expressions predicts evaluation of emotionally neutral faces. Emotion 2009, 9:260-264.
33. Skowronski J.J., Carlston D.E., Mae L., Crawford M.T. Spontaneous trait transference: Communicators take on the qualities they describe in others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:837-848.
34. Steyvers M. Morphing techniques for generating and manipulating face images. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 1999, 31:359-369.
35. Tanner R.J., Maeng A. A tiger and a president: Imperceptible celebrity facial cues influence trust and preference. Journal of Consumer Research 2012, 39:769-783.
36. Todorov A., Olson I.R. Robust learning of affective trait associations with faces when the hippocampus is damaged, but not when the amygdala and temporal pole are damaged. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2008, 3:195-203.
37. Todorov A., Said C.P., Engell A.D., Oosterhof N.N. Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12:455-460.
38. Todorov A., Uleman J.S. Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:1051-1065.
39. Todorov A., Uleman J.S. The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors' faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2003, 39:549-562.
40. Todorov A., Uleman J.S. The person reference process in spontaneous trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:482-493.
41. Valentine T. A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology 1991, 43:161-204.
42. Verosky S.C., Todorov A. Generalization of affective learning about faces to perceptually similar faces. Psychological Science 2010, 21:779-785.
43. Zebrowitz L.A. Physical appearance as a basis of stereotyping. Foundations of stereotypes and stereotyping 1996, 79-120. Guilford Press, New York. N. MacRate, M. Hewstone, C. Stangor (Eds.).
44. Zebrowitz L.A., Bronstad P.M., Lee H.K. The contribution of face familiarity to ingroup favoritism and stereotyping. Social Cognition 2007, 25:306-338.
45. Zebrowitz L.A., Fellous J., Mignault A., Andreoletti C. Trait impressions as overgeneralized responses to adaptively significant facial qualities: Evidence from connectionist modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2003, 7:194-215.
46. Zebrowitz L.A., Kikuchi M., Fellous J.M. Facial resemblance to emotions: Group differences, impression effects, and race stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 98:175-189.
47. Zebrowitz L.A., McDonald S.M. The impact of litigants' baby-facedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts. Law and Human Behavior 1991, 15:603-623.
48. Zebrowitz L.A., Montepare J.M. Social psychological face perception: Why appearance matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:1497-1517.
49. Zebrowitz L.A., Wieneke K., White B. Mere exposure and racial prejudice: Exposure to other-race faces increases liking for strangers of that race. Social Cognition 2008, 26:259-275.