Trait impressions as overgeneralized responses to adaptively significant facial qualities: Evidence from connectionist modeling

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 194-215

  Zebrowitz, Leslie A ^a   Fellous, Jean Marc ^b   Mignault, Alain ^b   Andreoletti, Carrie ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037703312     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0703_01     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Andersen, S. M., & Berk, M. S. (1998). The social-cognitive model of transference: Experiencing past relationships in the present. Psychological Science, 7, 109-115.
2. Andreoletti, C., Maurice, J. K., & Walen, H. (2001, February). Gender, race, and age: Compound stereotypes across the lifespan. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX.
3. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4. Bartlett, M. S. (2001). Face image analysis by unsupervised learning. Boston: Kluwer Academic.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323-370.
6. Bell, R. Q., & Waldrop, M. F. (1982). Temperament and minor physical anomalies. In R. Porter & G. M. Collins (Eds.), Temperamental differences in infants and young children: CIBA Symposium No. 89 (pp. 206-220). London: Pitman.
7. Berry, D. S. (2000). Attractiveness, attraction, and sexual selection: Evolutionary perspectives on the form and function of physical attractiveness. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 273-342). San Diego, CA: Academic.
8. Best, D. L., & Williams, J. E. (1999). Anticipation of aging: A cross-cultural examination of young adults' views of growing old. In J. Pandey, D. Sinha, & D. P. B. Bhawuk (Eds.), Asian contributions to cross-cultural psychology (pp. 274-288). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
9. Brewer, M. B. Dull, V., & Lui, L. (1981). Perceptions of the elderly: Stereotypes as prototypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 656-670.
10. Campbell, M., Geller, B., Small, A. M., Petti, T. A., & Ferris, S. H. (1978). Minor physical anomalies in young psychotic children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 573-575.
11. Commons, M., & Wilson, M. (1999, October). Fat prejudice as a determinant of African American and White men's preferences in a potential romantic partner. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, St. Louis, MO.
12. Cottrell, G. W., Dailey, M. N., Padgett, C., & Adolphs, R. (2001). Is all face processing holistic? The view from UCSD. In M. J. Wenger & J. T. Townsend (Eds.), Computational, geometric, and process perspectives on facial cognition: Contexts and challenges (pp. 285-345). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
13. Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.
14. Crandall, C. S., & Martinez, R. (1996). Culture, ideology, and antifat attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1165-1176.
15. Cuddy, A. J. C., & Fiske, S. T. (2002). Doddering but dear: Process, content, and function in stereotyping of older persons. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 3-26). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
16. Cummings, C. D., Flynn, D., & Preus, M. (1982). Increased morphological variants in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 373-383.
17. Cunningham, M. R., Barbee, A. P., & Philhower, C. L. (2002). Dimensions of facial physical attractiveness: The intersection of biology and culture. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 193-238). Westport, CT: Ablex.
18. Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A. R., Wu, C., Barbee, A. P., & Druen, P. B. (1995). "Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 261-279.
19. DeJong, W., & Kleck, R. E. (1986). The social psychological effects of over-weight. In C. P. Herman, M. P. Zanna, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 3, pp. 65-87). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
20. Dion, K. K. (1973). Young children's stereotyping of facial attractiveness. Developmental Psychology, 9, 183-188.
21. Dion, K. K. (2002). Cultural perspectives on facial attractiveness. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 239-260). Westport, CT: Ablex.
22. Downs, A. C., & Walz, P. J. (1981). Sex differences in preschoolers' perceptions of young, middle-aged, and elderly adults, Journal of Psychology, 109, 119-122.
23. Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). "What is beautiful is good, but...": A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.
24. Elman, J. L., Bates, E. A., Johnson M. H., Karminoff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K. (1996). Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
25. Endler, J. A., & Basolo, A. L. (1998). Sensory ecology, receiver biases and sexual selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13, 415-420.
26. Enlow, D. H. (1990). Facial growth (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Harcourt Brace.
27. Enquist, M., & Arak, A. (1994, November 10). Symmetry, beauty and evolution. Nature, 372, 169-172.
28. Enquist, M., Ghirlanda, S., Lundqvist, D., & Wachtmeister, C. A. (2002). An ethological theory of attractiveness. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 127-151). Westport, CT: Ablex.
29. Enquist, M., & Johnstone, R. A. (1997). Generalization and the evolution of symmetry preferences. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, 264, 1345-1348.
30. Feingold, A. (1992). Good looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304-341.
31. Fellous, J. M. (1996). A neural code for face representation: From VI receptive fields to IT "face cells." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
32. Fellous, J. M. (1997). Gender discrimination and prediction on the basis of facial metric information. Vision Research, 37, 1961-1973.
33. Friedman, H., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (1992). The contribution of typical sex differences in facial maturity to sex-role stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 430-438.
34. Gangestad, S. W., & Buss, D. M. (1993). Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 89-96.
35. Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual system, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
36. Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
37. Golomb, B. A., Lawrence, D. T., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1991). Sexnet: A neural network identifies sex from human faces. In R. P. Lippman, J. Moody, & D. S. Touretzky (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems. (Vol. 3, pp. 572-577). San Mateo, CA: Kaufmann.
38. Grammer, K., Fink, B., Juette, A., Ronzal, G., & Thornhill, R. (2002). Female faces and bodies: N-dimensional feature space and attractiveness. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 91-125). Westport, CT: Ablex.
39. Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 233-242.
40. Guy, J. D., Majorski, L. V.," Wallace, C. J., & Guy, M. P. (1983). The incidence of minor physical anomalies in adult male schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 9, 571-582.
41. Halberstadt, J., & Rhodes, G. (2000). The attractiveness of non-face averageness: Implications for an evolutionary explanation of the attractiveness of average faces. Psychological Science, 11, 285-289.
42. Hazan, C., & Diamond, L. M. (2000). The place of attachment in human mating. Review of General Psychology, 4, 186-204.
43. Henss, R. (1991). Perceiving age and attractiveness in facial photographs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 933-946.
44. Hildebrandt, K. A., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1979). Facial feature determinants of perceived infant attractiveness. Infant Behavior and Development, 2, 329-339.
45. Hill, T., Lewicki, M., Czyzewska, M., & Schuller, G. (1990). The role of learned inferential encoding rules in the perception of faces: Effects of nonconscious self-perpetuation of a bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 350-371.
46. Hummert, M. L. ( 1994). Physiognomic cues and activation of stereotypes of the elderly in interaction. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39, 5-20.
47. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., & Shaner, J. L. (1997). Stereotyping of older adults: The role of target facial cues and perceiver characteristics. Psychology and Aging, 12, 107-114.
48. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L., & Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults, Journal of Gerontology, 49(5), 240-249.
49. Iwawaki, S., & Lerner, R. M. (1974). Cross-cultural analyses of body-behavior relations: I. A comparison of body build stereotypes of Japanese and American males and females. Psychologica, 17, 75-81.
50. Johnson, D. F., & Pittenger, J. B. (1984). Attribution, the attractiveness stereotype, and the elderly. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1168-1172.
51. Johnstone, R. A. (1994, November 10). Female preference for symmetrical males as a by-product of mate recognition. Nature, 372, 172-175.
52. Kaiser, S., & Wehrle, T. (1992). Automated coding of facial behavior in human-computer interactions with FACS. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 67-84.
53. Kalick, S. M., Zebrowitz, L. A., Langlois, J. H., & Johnson, R. M. (1998). Does human facial attractiveness honestly advertise health? Longitudinal data on an evolutionary question. Psychological Science, 9, 8-13.
54. Kanouse, D. E., & Hanson, L. R. (1972). Negativity in evaluations. In E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, D. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 47-62). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
55. Keating, C. F. (2002). Charismatic faces: Social status cues put face appeal in context. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 153-192). Westport, CT: Ablex.
56. Keating, C. F., & Bai, D. L. (1986). Children's attributions of social dominance from facial cues. Child Development, 57, 1269-1276.
57. Kite, M. E., & Wagner, L. S. (2002). Attitudes toward older adults. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 129-161). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
58. Knutson, B. (1996). Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 165-182.
59. Kogan, N., Stephens, J. W., & Shelton, F. C. (1961). Age differences: A developmental study of discriminability and affective response. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 221-230.
60. Korthase, K. M., & Trenholme, I. (1983). Children's perceptions of age and physical attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 895-900.
61. Koyano, W. (1989). Japanese attitudes toward the elderly: A review of research findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 4, 335-345.
62. Kramer, S., Zebrowitz, L. A., San Giovanni, J. P., & Sherak, B. (1995). Infants' preferences for attractiveness and babyfaceness. In B. G. Bardy, R. J. Bootsma, & Y. Guiard (Eds.), Studies in perception and action III (pp. 389-392). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
63. Krouse, J. P., & Kauffman, J. M. (1982). Minor physical anomalies in exceptional children: A review and critique of research. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 247-264.
64. Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Campbell, S. M., & Johnson, C. L. (1994). Increasing prevalence of over-weight among U.S. adults: The national health and nutrition examination surveys 1960-91. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 205-211.
65. Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 187-208.
66. Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L. E., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A. D., Hallam, M. J., & Smoot, M. T. (2000). Maxims and myths of beauty: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390-423.
67. Langlois, J. H., Ritter, J. M., Roggman, L. A., & Vaughn, L. S. (1991). Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces. Developmental Psychology, 27, 79-84.
68. Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1, 115-121.
69. Levy, B. R. (1999). The inner self of the Japanese elderly: A defense against negative stereotypes of aging. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 48, 131-144.
70. Lewicki, P. (1985). Nonconscious biasing effects of single instances on subsequent judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 563-574.
71. Lyons, M. J., Budynek, J., & Akamatsu, S. (1999). Automatic classification of single facial images. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21, 1357-1362.
72. McArthur, L. Z., & Baron, R. A. (1983). An ecological approach to social perception. Psychological Review, 90, 215-238.
73. Medin, D. L. (1989). Concepts and conceptual structure. American Psychologist, 44, 1469-1481.
74. Medin, D. L., & Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. In S. Vosniadouo & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 179-195). New York: Cambridge University Press.
75. Mignault, A., & Marley, A. A. J. (2001). Holistic connectionist models of the perception of facial expressions of emotion. Unpublished manuscript.
76. Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (1998). Person perception comes of age: The salience and significance of age in social judgments. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 93-163). New York: Academic.
77. Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (2002). A social-developmental view of ageism. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 77-125). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
78. Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. A. (1989). Children's perceptions of babyfaced adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 467-472.
79. Najjar, M. F., & Rowland, M. (1987). Anthropometric reference data and prevalence of over-weight: United States, 1976-1980 (Vital & Health Statistics, Series 11, No. 238). Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
80. Nakayama, K. (1994). James J. Gibson - An appreciation. Pyschological Review, 101, 329-335.
81. Nelson, T. D. (2001). Ageism: A critical review of current research and theory. In T. Nelson (Ed.), The psychology of prejudice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
82. McArthur, L. Z., & Apatow, K. (1983-84). Impressions of babyfaced adults. Social Cognition, 2, 315-342.
83. Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D. M., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In T. Heatherton, R. Kleck, J. G. Hull, & M. Hebl (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 31-61). New York: Guilford.
84. Noesjirwan, J., Gault, U., & Crawford, J. (1983). Beliefs about memory in the aged. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 455-468.
85. O'Toole, A. J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Bartlett, J. C. (1991). Classifying faces by race and sex using an auto-associative memory trained for recognition. In K. J. Hammond & D. Gentner (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Sciences Society (pp. 847-851). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
86. O'Toole, A. J., Price, T., Vetter, T., Bartlett, J. C., & Blanz, V. (1999). 3D shape and 2D surface textures of human faces: The role of "averages" in attractiveness and age. Image and Vision Computing, 18, 9-19.
87. Paulhus, D. L., & Martin, C. L. (1986). Predicting adult temperament from minor physical anomalies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1235-1239.
88. Perrett, D. I., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., Lee, K. J., Rowland, D. A., & Edwards, R. (1999). Symmetry and human facial attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 20, 295-307.
89. Rhodes, G., Proffitt, F., Grady, J. M., & Sumich, A. (1998). Facial symmetry and the perception of beauty. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 659-669.
90. Rhodes, G., & Tremewan, T. (1996). Averageness, exaggeration and facial attractiveness. Psychological Science, 7, 105-110.
91. Rhodes, G., Zebrowitz, L. A., Clark, A., Kalick, S. M., Hightower, A., & McKay, R. (2001). Do facial averageness and symmetry signal health? Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 31-46.
92. Rothblum, E., Miller, C. T., & Garbutt, B. (1988). Stereotypes of obese female job applicants. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 277-283.
93. Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 296-320.
94. Rubenstein, A. J., Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (2002). What makes a face attractive and why: The role of facial averageness in defining facial beauty. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 1-33). Westport, CT: Ablex.
95. Rumelhart, D. E., Smolensky, P., McClelland, J. L., & Hinton, G. E. (1986). Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In J.L. McClelland, D.E. Rumelhart & the PDF Research Group (Eds.). Parallel distributed processing (Vol 2, pp. 7-57). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
96. Ryckman, R. M., Robbins, M. A., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1989). Male and female raters' stereotyping of male and female physiques. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 244-251.
97. Samal, A., & Iyengar, P. A., (1992). Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expressions: A survey. Pattern Recognition, 25, 65-77.
98. Secord, P., & Jourard, S. M. (1956). Mother-concepts and judgments of young women's faces. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 246-250.
99. Shackelford, T. K., & Larsen, R. J. (1999). Facial attractiveness and physical health. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 71-76.
100. Sharma, K. L. (1971). A cross cultural comparison of stereotypes towards older persons. Indian Journal of Social Work, 32, 315-320.
101. Shepard, R. N. (1984). Ecological constraints on internal representation: Resonant kinematics of perceiving, imagining, thinking, and dreaming. Psychological Review, 91, 417-447.
102. Sleet, D. A. (1969). Physique and social image. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 28, 295-299.
103. Smith, E. R. (1996). What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 893-912.
104. Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656-666.
105. Streissguth, A. P., Herman, C. S., & Smith, D. W. (1978). Intelligence, behavior, and dysmorphogenesis in the fetal alcohol syndrome: A report on 20 patients. The Journal of Pediatrics, 92, 363-367.
106. Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1993). Human facial beauty: Averageness, symmetry, and parasite resistance. Human Nature, 4, 237-269.
107. Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1999). Facial attractiveness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 452-460.
108. Todd, J. T., Mark, L. S., Shaw, R. E., & Pittenger, J. B. (1980). The perception of human growth. Scientific American, 24, 106-114.
109. Waldrop, M. F., & Halverson, C. F. (1972). Minor physical anomalies: Their incidence and relation to behavior in a normal and a deviant sample. In R. C. Smart & M. S. Smart (Eds.), Readings in child development and relationships (pp. 146-155). New York: Macmillan.
110. Yzerbyt, V., Rocher, S., & Schadron, G. (1997). Stereotypes as explanations: A subjective essentialistic view of group perception. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 20-50). Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
111. Zebrowitz, L. A. (1990). Social perception. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
112. Zebrowitz, L. A. (1996). Physical appearance as a basis of stereotyping. In N. MacRae, M. Hewstone, & C. Stangor (Eds.), Foundations of stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 79-120). New York: Guilford Press.
113. Zebrowitz, L. A. (1997). Reading faces: Window to the soul? Boulder, CO: Westview.
114. Zebrowitz, L. A., Andreoletti, C., Collins, M. A., Lee, S. Y., & Blumenthal, J. (1998). Bright, bad, babyfaced boys: Appearance stereotypes do not always yield self-fulfilling prophecy effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1300-1320.
115. Zebrowitz, L. A., & Collins, M. A. (1997). Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: The affordances of a Gibsonian approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 204-223.
116. Zebrowitz, L. A., Collins, M. A., & Dutta, R. (1998). Appearance and personality across the lifespan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 736-749.
117. Zebrowitz, L. A., Hall, J. A., Murphy, N. A., & Rhodes, G. (2002). Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 238-249.
118. Zebrowitz, L. A., & Lee, S. Y. (1999). Appearance, stereotype incongruent behavior, and social relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 569-584.
119. Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (1992). Impressions of babyfaced males and females across the lifespan. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1143-1152.
120. Zebrowitz, L. A., Montepare, J. M., & Lee, H. K. (1993). They don't all look alike: Individuated impressions of other racial groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 85-101.
121. Zebrowitz, L. A., Olson, K., & Hoffman, K. (1993). Stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 453-466.
122. Zebrowitz, L. A., & Rhodes, G. (2002). Nature let a hundred flowers bloom: The multiple ways and wherefores of attractiveness. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 261-293). Westport, CT: Ablex.
123. Zebrowitz, L. A., Voinescu, L., & Collins, M. A. (1996). "Wide-eyed" and "crooked-faced": Determinants of perceived and real honesty across the lifespan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1258-1269.