Periodontal systemic associations: Review of the evidence

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 40, Issue SUPPL. 14, 2013, Pages

  Linden, Gerard J ^a   Lyons, Amy ^b   Scannapieco, Frank A ^b  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

cancer; chronic kidney disease; cognitive impairment; metabolic syndrome; obesity; periodontitis; pneumonia; respiratory disease; rheumatoid arthritis

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CROSS INFECTION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; HUMAN; NUTRITION; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTITIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CROSS INFECTION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; NUTRITION SURVEYS; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PERIODONTITIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 84877021027     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: 1600051X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12064     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Ahn, J., Segers, S., &, Hayes, R. B., (2012) Periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis serum antibody levels and orodigestive cancer mortality. Carcinogenesis 33, 1055-1058.
2. Albandar, J. M., (2011) Underestimation of periodontitis in NHANES surveys. Journal of Periodontology 82, 337-341.
3. Allen, E. M., Matthews, J. B., O' Halloran, D. J., Griffiths, H. R., &, Chapple, I. L., (2011) Oxidative and inflammatory status in Type 2 diabetes patients with periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 894-901.
4. Altman, D. G., &, Bland, J. M., (1995) Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. British Medical Journal 311, 485-485.
5. Al-Zahrani, M. S., Bissada, N. F., &, Borawski, E. A., (2003) Obesity and periodontal disease in young, middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Periodontology 74, 610-615.
6. Arkema, E. V., Karlson, E. W., &, Costenbader, K. H., (2010) A prospective study of periodontal disease and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 37, 1800-1804.
7. Arora, M., Weuve, J., Fall, K., Pedersen, N. L., &, Mucci, L. A., (2010) An exploration of shared genetic risk factors between periodontal disease and cancers: A prospective co-twin study. American Journal of Epidemiology 171, 253-259.
8. Azarpazhooh, A., &, Leake, J. L., (2006) Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health. Journal of Periodontology 77, 1465-1482.
9. Bahekar, A. A., Singh, S., Saha, S., Molnar, J., &, Arora, R., (2007) The prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease is significantly increased in periodontitis: A meta-analysis. American Heart Journal 154, 830-837.
10. Blennow, K., de Leon, M. J., &, Zetterberg, H., (2006) Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 368, 387-403.
11. Borgnakke, W., Ylostalo, P., Taylor, G., &, Genco, R., (2013) Effect of periodontal disease on diabetes: Systematic review of epidemiologic observational evidence. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40 (Suppl 14), 135-152.
12. Broadbent, A., (2009) Causation and models of disease in epidemiology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40, 302-311.
13. Buhlin, K., Mantyla, P., Paju, S., Peltola, J. S., Nieminen, M. S., Sinisalo, J., &, Pussinen, P. J., (2011) Periodontitis is associated with angiographically verified coronary artery disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 1007-1014.
14. Chaffee, B. W., &, Weston, S. J., (2010) Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontology 81, 1708-1724.
15. Chambrone, L., Guglielmetti, M. R., Pannuti, C. M., &, Chambrone, L. A., (2011a) Evidence grade associating periodontitis to preterm birth and/or low birth weight: I. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 795-808.
16. Chambrone, L., Pannuti, C. M., Guglielmetti, M. R., &, Chambrone, L. A., (2011b) Evidence grade associating periodontitis with preterm birth and/or low birth weight: II. A systematic review of randomized trials evaluating the effects of periodontal treatment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 902-914.
17. Chen, L. P., Chiang, C. K., Peng, Y. S., Hsu, S. P., Lin, C. Y., Lai, C. F., &, Hung, K. Y., (2011) Relationship between periodontal disease and mortality in patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 57, 276-282.
18. Coussens, L. M., &, Werb, Z., (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420, 860-867.
19. Craven, D. E., (2006) Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults. Sowing seeds of change. Chest 130, 251-260.
20. D'Aiuto, F., Sabbah, W., Netuveli, G., Donos, N., Hingorani, A. D., Deanfield, J., &, Tsakos, G., (2008) Association of the metabolic syndrome with severe periodontitis in a large US population-based survey. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, 3989-3994.
21. Dalla Vecchia, C. F., Susin, C., Rosing, C. K., Oppermann, R. V., &, Albandar, J. M., (2005) Overweight and obesity as risk indicators for periodontitis in adults. Journal of Periodontology 76, 1721-1728.
22. Decramer, M., Janssens, W., &, Miravitlles, M., (2012) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 379, 1341-1351.
23. Demmer, R. T., Jacobs, D. R. Jr, &, Desvarieux, M., (2008) Periodontal disease and incident type 2 diabetes-Results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiologic follow-up study. Diabetes Care 31, 1373-1379.
24. Demmer, R. T., Molitor, J. A., Jacobs, D. R., &, Michalowicz, B. S., (2011) Periodontal disease, tooth loss and incident rheumatoid arthritis: results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiological follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 998-1006.
25. DeStefano, F., Anda, R. F., Kahn, H. S., Williamson, D. F., &, Russell, C. M., (1993) Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. British Medical Journal 306, 688-691.
26. Dietrich, T., &, Garcia, R. I., (2005) Associations between periodontal disease and systemic disease: Evaluating the strength of the evidence. Journal of Periodontology 76, 2175-2184.
27. Dietrich, T., Sharma, P., Walter, C., Weston, P., &, Beck, J., (2013) The epidemiological evidence behind the association between periodontitis and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40 (Suppl 14), 70-84.
28. Eke, P. I., Dye, B. A., Wei, L., Thornton-Evans, G. O., &, Genco, R. J., (2012) Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. Journal of Dental Research 91, 914-920.
29. Eke, P. I., Thornton-Evans, G. O., Wei, L., Borgnakke, W. S., &, Dye, B. A., (2010) Accuracy of NHANES periodontal examination protocols. Journal of Dental Research 89, 1208-1213.
30. Feldman, C., Kassel, M., Cantrell, J., Kaka, S., Morar, R., Mahomed, A. G., &, Philips, J. I., (1999) The presence and sequence of endotracheal tube colonization in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. European Respiratory Journal 13, 546-551.
31. Fisher, M. A., &, Taylor, G. W., (2009) A prediction model for chronic kidney disease includes periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 80, 16-23.
32. Fisher, M. A., Taylor, G. W., Papapanou, P. N., Rahman, M., &, Debanne, S. M., (2008) Clinical and serologic markers of periodontal infection and chronic kidney disease. Journal of Periodontology 79, 1670-1678.
33. Fisher, M. A., Taylor, G. W., West, B. T., &, McCarthy, E. T., (2011) Bidirectional relationship between chronic kidney and periodontal disease: a study using structural equation modeling. Kidney International 79, 347-355.
34. Fitzpatrick, S. G., &, Katz, J., (2010) The association between periodontal disease and cancer: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry 38, 83-95.
35. Flanders, S. A., Collard, H. R., &, Saint, S., (2006) Nosocomial pneumonia: State of the science. American Journal of Infection Control 34, 84-93.
36. Friedewald, V. E., Kornman, K. S., Beck, J. D., Genco, R., Goldfine, A., Libby, P., Offenbacher, S., Ridker, P. M., Van Dyke, T. E., &, Roberts, W. C., (2009) The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Journal of Periodontology 80, 1021-1032.
37. Fukui, N., Shimazaki, Y., Shinagawa, T., &, Yamashita, Y., (2012) Periodontal status and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese. Journal of Periodontology 83, 1363-1371.
38. Gale, E. A. M., Alberti, G., &, Zimmet, P. Z., (2008) Should we dump the metabolic syndrome? British Medical Journal 336, 640-641.
39. Garcia, R. I., Krall, E. A., &, Vokonas, P. S., (1998) Periodontal disease and mortality from all causes in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study. Annals of Periodontology 3, 339-349.
40. Garcia, R. I., Nunn, M. E., &, Vokonas, P. S., (2001) Epidemiologic associations between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Periodontology 6, 71-77.
41. Gauthier, S., Reisberg, B., Zaudig, M., Petersen, R. C., Ritchie, K., Broich, K., Belleville, S., Brodaty, H., Bennett, D., Chertkow, H., Cummings, J. L., de Leon, M., Feldman, H., Ganguli, M., Hampel, H., Scheltens, P., Tierney, M. C., Whitehouse, P., &, Winblad, B., (2006) Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet 367, 1262-1270.
42. Giovino, G. A., Mirza, S. A., Samet, J. M., Gupta, P. C., Jarvis, M. J., Bhala, N., Peto, R., Zatonski, W., Hsia, J., Morton, J., Palipudi, K. M., &, Asma, S., (2012) Tobacco use in 3 billion individuals from 16 countries: an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys. Lancet 380, 668-679.
43. Gomes-Filho, I. S., Santos, C. M. L., Cruz, S. S., Passos, J., Cerqueira, E., Costa, M., Santana, T. C., Seymour, G. J., Santos, C., &, Barreto, M. L., (2009) Periodontitis and nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection: preliminary findings. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 380-387.
44. Gorman, A., Kaye, E. K., Apovian, C., Fung, T. T., Nunn, M., &, Garcia, R. I., (2012) Overweight and obesity predict time to periodontal disease progression in men. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39, 107-114.
45. Graziani, F., Cei, S., La Ferla, F., Vano, M., Gabriele, M., &, Tonetti, M., (2010) Effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney: An exploratory trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 638-643.
46. Grubbs, V., Plantinga, L. C., Crews, D. C., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Saran, R., Heung, M., Patel, P. R., Burrows, N. R., Ernst, K. L., &, Powe, N. R., (2011) Vulnerable populations and the association between periodontal and chronic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6, 711-717.
47. Grubbs, V., Plantinga, L. C., Tuot, D. S., &, Powe, N. R., (2012) Chronic kidney disease and use of dental services in a United States public healthcare system: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrology 13, 16.
48. Grundy, S. M., (2005) Metabolic syndrome scientific statement by the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 25, 2243-2244.
49. Haffajee, A. D., &, Socransky, S. S., (2009) Relation of body mass index, periodontitis and Tannerella forsythia. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 89-99.
50. Han, D. H., Lim, S. Y., Sun, B. C., Paek, D. M., &, Kim, H. D., (2010) Visceral fat area-defined obesity and periodontitis among Koreans. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 172-179.
51. Hayes, C., Sparrow, D., Cohen, M., Vokonas, P. S., &, Garcia, R. I., (1998) The association between alveolar bone loss and pulmonary function: the VA Dental Longitudinal Study. Annals of Periodontology 3, 257-261.
52. Heaton, B., &, Dietrich, T., (2012a) Analytic epidemiology and periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000 58, 112-120.
53. Heaton, B., &, Dietrich, T., (2012b) Causal theory and the etiology of periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000 58, 26-36.
54. Hujoel, P. P., Drangsholt, M., Spiekerman, C., &, Weiss, N. S., (2003) An exploration of the periodontitis-cancer association. Annals of Epidemiology 13, 312-316.
55. Humphrey, L. L., Fu, R., Buckley, D. I., Freeman, M., &, Helfand, M., (2008) Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23, 2079-2086.
56. Hyman, J. J., &, Reid, B. C., (2004) Cigarette smoking, periodontal disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Periodontology 75, 9-15.
57. Ide, M., &, Papapanou, P. N., (2013) Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes-systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40 (Suppl 14), 181-194.
58. Ide, R., Hoshuyama, T., Wilson, D., Takahashi, K., &, Higashi, T., (2011) Periodontal disease and incident diabetes: A seven-year study. Journal of Dental Research 90, 41-46.
59. Ioannidou, E., &, Swede, H., (2011) Disparities in periodontitis prevalence among chronic kidney disease patients. Journal of Dental Research 90, 730-734.
60. Iwasaki, M., Taylor, G. W., Nesse, W., Vissink, A., Yoshihara, A., &, Miyazaki, H., (2012) Periodontal disease and decreased kidney function in Japanese elderly. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 59, 202-209.
61. Kamer, A. R., Morse, D. E., Holm-Pedersen, P., Mortensen, E. L., &, Avlund, K., (2012) Periodontal inflammation in relation to cognitive function in an older adult Danish population. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 28, 613-624.
62. Katancik, J. A., Kritchevsky, S., Weyant, R. J., Corby, P., Bretz, W., Crapo, R. O., Jensen, R., Waterer, G., Rubin, S. M., &, Newman, A. B., (2005) Periodontitis and airway obstruction. Journal of Periodontology 76, 2161-2167.
63. Kaye, E. K., Valencia, A., Baba, N., Spiro, A., Dietrich, T., &, Garcia, R. I., (2010) Tooth loss and periodontal disease predict poor cognitive function in older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58, 713-718.
64. Kebschull, M., Demmer, R. T., &, Papapanou, P. N., (2010) "Gum bug, leave my heart alone!" Epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence linking periodontal infections and atherosclerosis. Journal of Dental Research 89, 879-902.
65. Khader, Y. S., Bawadi, H. A., Haroun, T. F., Alomari, M., &, Tayyem, R. F., (2009) The association between periodontal disease and obesity among adults in Jordan. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 18-24.
66. Klareskog, L., Catrina, A. I., &, Paget, S., (2009) Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 373, 659-672.
67. Kongstad, J., Hvidtfeldt, U. A., Gronbaek, M., Stoltze, K., &, Holmstrup, P., (2009) The relationship between body mass index and periodontitis in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Journal of Periodontology 80, 1246-1253.
68. Kshirsagar, A. V., Moss, K. L., Elter, J. R., Beck, J. D., Offenbacher, S., &, Falk, R. J., (2005) Periodontal disease is associated with renal insufficiency in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 45, 650-657.
69. Kshirsagar, A. V., Offenbacher, S., Moss, K. L., Barros, S. P., &, Beck, J. D., (2007) Antibodies to periodontal organisms are associated with decreased kidney function-The dental atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Blood Purification 25, 125-132.
70. Kushiyama, M., Shimazaki, Y., &, Yamashita, Y., (2009) Relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease in Japanese adults. Journal of Periodontology 80, 1610-1615.
71. Kwon, Y. E., Ha, J. E., Paik, D. I., Jin, B. H., &, Bae, K. H., (2011) The relationship between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome among a Korean nationally representative sample of adults. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 781-786.
72. Labeau, S. O., Van de Vyver, K., Brusselaers, N., Vogelaers, D., &, Blot, S. I., (2011) Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia with oral antiseptics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 11, 845-854.
73. Levey, A. S., &, Coresh, J., (2012) Chronic kidney disease. Lancet 379, 165-180.
74. Linden, G. J., Linden, K., Yarnell, J., Evans, A., Kee, F., &, Patterson, C. C., (2012) All-cause mortality and periodontitis in 60-70-year-old men: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39, 940-946.
75. Linden, G., Patterson, C., Evans, A., &, Kee, F., (2007) Obesity and periodontitis in 60-70-year-old men. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34, 461-466.
76. Liu, Z., Zhang, W., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Zhang, L., Song, Y., &, Wang, Z., (2012) Oral hygiene, periodontal health and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39, 45-52.
77. Manau, C., Echeverria, A., Agueda, A., Guerrero, A., &, Echeverria, J. J., (2008) Periodontal disease definition may determine the association between periodontitis and pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 385-397.
78. Matevosyan, N. R., (2011) Periodontal disease and perinatal outcomes. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 283, 675-686.
79. Michaud, D. S., Joshipura, K., Giovannucci, E., &, Fuchs, C. S., (2007) A prospective study of periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in US male health professionals. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99, 171-175.
80. Michaud, D. S., Liu, Y., Meyer, M., Giovannucci, E., &, Joshipura, K., (2008) Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk in male health professionals: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Oncology 9, 550-558.
81. Morita, I., Okamoto, Y., Yoshii, S., Nakagaki, H., Mizuno, K., Sheiham, A., &, Sabbah, W., (2011) Five-year incidence of periodontal disease is related to body mass index. Journal of Dental Research 90, 199-202.
82. Morita, T., Yamazaki, Y., Mita, A., Takada, K., Seto, M., Nishinoue, N., Sasaki, Y., Motohashi, M., &, Maeno, M., (2010) A cohort study on the association between periodontal disease and the development of metabolic syndrome. Journal of Periodontology 81, 512-519.
83. Noble, J. M., Borrell, L. N., Papapanou, P. N., Elkind, M. S. V., Scarmeas, N., &, Wright, C. B., (2009) Periodontitis is associated with cognitive impairment among older adults: analysis of NHANES-III. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 80, 1206-1211.
84. Ortiz, P., Bissada, N. F., Palomo, L., Han, Y. W., Al-Zahrani, M. S., Panneerselvam, A., &, Askari, A., (2009) Periodontal therapy reduces the severity of active rheumatoid arthritis in patients treated with or without tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Journal of Periodontology 80, 535-540.
85. de Pablo, P., Chapple, I. L. C., Buckley, C. D., &, Dietrich, T., (2009) Periodontitis in systemic rheumatic diseases. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 5, 218-224.
86. de Pablo, P., Dietrich, T., &, McAlindon, T. E., (2008) Association of periodontal disease and tooth loss with rheumatoid arthritis in the US population. Journal of Rheumatology 35, 70-76.
87. Page, R. C., &, Eke, P. I., (2007) Case definitions for use in population based surveillance of periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 78, 1387-1399.
88. Paju, S., &, Scannapieco, F. A., (2007) Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections. Oral Diseases 13, 508-512.
89. Pischon, N., Pischon, T., Kroeger, J., Guelmez, E., Kleber, B. M., Bernimoulin, J. P., Landau, H., Brinkmann, P. G., Schlattmann, P., Zernicke, J., Buttgereit, F., &, Detert, J., (2008) Association among rheumatoid arthritis, oral hygiene, and periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 79, 979-986.
90. Preshaw, P. M., (2009) Definitions of periodontal disease in research. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 1-2.
91. Preshaw, P. M., Alba, A. L., Herrera, D., Jepsen, S., Konstantinidis, A., Makrilakis, K., &, Taylor, R., (2012) Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia 55, 21-31.
92. Raghavendran, K., Mylotte, J. M., &, Scannapieco, F. A., (2007) Nursing home-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: the contribution of dental biofilms and periodontal inflammation. Periodontology 2000 44, 164-177.
93. Reeves, A. F., Rees, J. M., Schiff, M., &, Hujoel, P., (2006) Total body weight and waist circumference associated with chronic periodontitis among adolescents in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160, 894-899.
94. Rothman, K. J., &, Greenland, S., (2005) Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. American Journal of Public Health 95, S144-S150.
95. Russell, A. R., (1956) A system for classification and scoring for prevalence surveys of periodontal disease. Journal of Dental Research 35, 350-359.
96. Safdar, N., Crnich, C. J., &, Maki, D. G., (2005) The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: its relevance to developing effective strategies for prevention. Respiratory Care 50, 725-739.
97. Saxlin, T., Ylostalo, P., Suominen-Taipale, L., Aromaa, A., &, Knuuttila, M., (2010) Overweight and obesity weakly predict the development of periodontal infection. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 1059-1067.
98. Scannapieco, F. A., Bush, R. B., &, Paju, S., (2003) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Annals of Periodontology 8, 54-69.
99. Scannapieco, F. A., &, Ho, A. W., (2001) Potential associations between chronic respiratory disease and periodontal disease: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Journal of Periodontology 72, 50-56.
100. Scannapieco, F. A., Papandonatos, G. D., &, Dunford, R. G., (1998) Associations between oral conditions and respiratory disease in a national sample survey population. Annals of Periodontology 3, 251-256.
101. Scannapieco, F. A., Stewart, E. M., &, Mylotte, J. M., (1992) Colonization of dental plaque by respiratory pathogens in medical intensive-care patients. Critical Care Medicine 20, 740-745.
102. Scott, D. L., Wolfe, F., &, Huizinga, T. W. J., (2010) Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 376, 1094-1108.
103. Shimazaki, Y., Egami, Y., Matsubara, T., Koike, G., Akifusa, S., Jingu, S., &, Yamashita, Y., (2010) Relationship between obesity and physical fitness and periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 81, 1124-1131.
104. Shimazaki, Y., Saito, T., Yonemoto, K., Kiyohara, Y., Iida, M., &, Yamashita, Y., (2007) Relationship of metabolic syndrome to periodontal disease in Japanese women: The Hisayama study. Journal of Dental Research 86, 271-275.
105. Shultis, W. A., Weil, E. J., Looker, H. C., Curtis, J. M., Shlossman, M., Genco, R. J., Knowler, W. C., &, Nelson, R. G., (2007) Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30, 306-311.
106. Sjogren, P., Nilsson, E., Forsell, M., Johansson, O., &, Hoogstraate, J., (2008) A systematic review of the preventive effect of oral hygiene on pneumonia and respiratory tract Infection in elderly people in hospitals and nursing homes: Effect estimates and methodological quality of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56, 2124-2130.
107. Stein, P. S., Steffen, M. J., Smith, C., Jicha, G., Ebersole, J. L., Abner, E., &, Dawson, D., (2012) Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 8, 196-203.
108. Stewart, R., Sabbah, W., Tsakos, G., D'Aiuto, F., &, Watt, R. G., (2008) Oral health and cognitive function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Psychosomatic Medicine 70, 936-941.
109. Suvan, J., D'Aiuto, F., Moles, D. R., Petrie, A., &, Donos, N., (2011) Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A systematic review. Obesity Reviews 12, e381-e404.
110. Syrjala, A. M. H., Ylostalo, P., Ruoppi, P., Komulainen, K., Hartikainen, S., Sulkava, R., &, Knuuttila, M., (2012) Dementia and oral health among subjects aged 75 years or older. Gerodontology 29, 36-42.
111. Syrjala, A. M. H., Ylostalo, P., Sulkava, R., &, Knuuttila, M., (2007) Relationship between cognitive impairment and oral health: results of the Health 2000 Health Examination Survey in Finland. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 65, 103-108.
112. Tezal, M., Grossi, S. G., &, Genco, R. J., (2005) Is periodontitis associated with oral neoplasms? Journal of Periodontology 76, 406-410.
113. Tezal, M., Scannapieco, F. A., Wactawski-Wende, J., Hyland, A., Marshall, J. R., Rigual, N. R., &, Stoler, D. L., (2012) Local inflammation and human papillomavirus status of head and neck cancers. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery 138, 669-675.
114. Tezal, M., Sullivan, M. A., Hyland, A., Marshall, J. R., Stoler, D., Reid, M. E., Loree, T. R., Rigual, N. R., Merzianu, M., Hauck, L., Lillis, C., Wactawski-Wende, J., &, Scannapieco, F. A., (2009) Chronic periodontitis and the incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 18, 2406-2412.
115. Tezal, M., Sullivan, M. A., Reid, M. E., Marshall, J. R., Hyland, A., Loree, T., Lillis, C., Hauck, L., Wactawski-Wende, J., &, Scannapieco, F. A., (2007) Chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery 133, 450-454.
116. Timonen, P., Niskanen, M., Suominen-Taipale, L., Jula, A., Knuuttila, M., &, Ylostalo, P., (2010) Metabolic syndrome, periodontal infection and dental caries. Journal of Dental Research 89, 1068-1073.
117. Tonetti, M. S., &, Claffey, N., (2005) Advances in the progression of periodontitis and proposal of definitions of a periodontitis case and disease progression for use in risk factor research-Group C Consensus report of the 5th European workshop in periodontology. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 210-213.
118. Tonetti, M. S., D'Aiuto, F., Nibali, L., Donald, A., Storry, C., Parkar, M., Suvan, J., Hingorani, A. D., Vallance, P., &, Deanfield, J., (2007) Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial function. New England Journal of Medicine 356, 911-920.
119. Van Dyke, T. E., &, van Winkelhoff, A. J., (2013) Infection and Inflammatory Mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40 (Suppl 14), 1-7.
120. Wang, Y. C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S. L., &, Brown, M., (2011) Obesity 2 Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 378, 815-825.
121. Wang, Z., Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Song, Y., Hu, F. B., &, Wang, C., (2009) Periodontal health, oral health behaviours, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 750-755.
122. World Health Organization (2000) Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organization technical report series 894, 1-253.
123. Wu, B., Plassman, B. L., Crout, R. J., &, Liang, J., (2008) Cognitive function and oral health among community-dwelling older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 63, 495-500.
124. Wu, T. J., Trevisan, M., Genco, R. J., Dorn, J. P., Falkner, K. L., &, Sempos, C. T., (2000) Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease-The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its follow-up study. Archives of Internal Medicine 160, 2749-2755.
125. Yu, Y. H., &, Kuo, H. K., (2008) Association between cognitive function and periodontal disease in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56, 1693-1697.