Preinjury resilience and mood as predictors of early outcome following mild traumatic brain injury

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 642-652

  McCauley, Stephen R ^a,b,c   Wilde, Elisabeth A ^a,b,c   Miller, Emmy R ^b   Frisby, Melissa L ^a   Garza, Hector M ^a   Varghese, Reni ^a   Levin, Harvey S ^a,b,c   Robertson, Claudia S ^b   McCarthy, James J ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MICHAEL E DEBAKEY VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d MEMORIAL HERMANN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

anxiety; mood; outcome; postconcussion symptoms; resilience; traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER SCALE; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONNOR DAVIDSON RESILIENCE SCALE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOOD; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PTSD CHECKLIST; QUESTIONNAIRE; RIVERMEAD POST CONCUSSION SYMPTOMS QUESTIONNAIRE; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY;

ADULT; AFFECT; BRAIN INJURIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; POST-CONCUSSION SYNDROME; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84876938432     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: 15579042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2393     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. 2003. Report to Congress on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta.
2. Sosin DM, Sniezek JE, and Thurman DJ. (1996). Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991. Brain Inj 10: 47-54. (Pubitemid 26093550)
3. Thurman DJ. (2001). The epidemiology and economics of head trauma In: Head Trauma: Basic, Preclinical, and Clinical Directions. Miller L, Hayes RL (eds). John Wiley and Sons: New York.
4. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, et al. (2004). Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 43: 84-105. (Pubitemid 38268224)
5. Alexander MP. (1995). Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology 45: 1253-1260.
6. Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, et al. (2004). Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehab Med 43: 28-60. (Pubitemid 38268223)
7. Iversen AC, van Staden L, Hughes JH, et al. (2009). The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: Using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry 9: 68.
8. McCauley SR, Boake C, Pedroza C, Brown SA, Levin HS, Goodman HS, and Merritt SG. (2005). Postconcussional disorder: Are the DSM-IV criteria an improvement over the ICD-10? J Nerv Ment Dis. 193: 540-550. (Pubitemid 41140942)
9. McCauley SR, Boake C, Pedroza C, Brown SA, Levin HS, Goodman HS, and Merritt SG. (2008). Correlates of persistent postconcussional disorder: DSM-IV criteria versus ICD-10. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 30: 360-379. (Pubitemid 351317515)
10. Ruff RM, Camenzuli L, and Mueller J. (1996). Miserable minority: Emotional risk factors that influence the outcome of a mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 10: 551-565. (Pubitemid 26289619)
11. Wood RL. (2004). Understanding the 'miserable minority': A diathesis-stress paradigm for postconcussional syndrome. Brain Injury 18: 1135-1153. (Pubitemid 39368973)
12. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization: Geneva.
13. World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization: Geneva.
14. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, D.C.
15. Garden N, and Sullivan KA. (2010). An examination of the base rates of postconcussion symptoms: The influence of demographics and depression. Appl Neuropsychol 17: 1-7.
16. Konrad C, Geburek AJ, Rist F, Blumenroth H, Fischer B, Husstedt I, Arolt V, Schiffbauer H, and Lohmann H. (2010). Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury. Psychol Med1 15.
17. Levin HS, Brown SA, Song JX, et al. (2001). Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder at three months after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 23: 754-769.
18. McCauley SR, Boake C, Levin HS, Contant CF, and Song JX. (2001). Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: Anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 23: 792-808. (Pubitemid 33817415)
19. Rao V, Bertrand M, Rosenberg P, Makley M, Schretlen DJ, Brandt J, and Mielke MM. (2010). Predictors of new-onset depression after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 22: 100-104.
20. Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Luis CA, and Salazar AM. (2007). Long-term morbidities following self-reported mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 29: 585-598. (Pubitemid 47254604)
21. Moore EL, Terryberry-Spohr L, and Hope DA. (2006). Mild traumatic brain injury and anxiety sequelae: A review of the literature. Brain Injury 20: 117-132. (Pubitemid 43158174)
22. Bryant RA, Creamer M, O'Donnell M, Silove D, Clark CR, and McFarlane AC. (2009). Post-traumatic amnesia and the nature of post-traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 15: 862-867.
23. Lishman WA. (1988). Physiogenesis and psychogenesis in the 'postconcussional syndrome.' Brit J Psychiatry 153: 460-469.
24. Silverberg ND, and Iverson GL. (2011). Etiology of the postconcussion syndrome: Physiogenesis and psychogenesis revisited. NeuroRehabilitation 29: 317-329.
25. Meares S, Shores EA, Taylor AJ, et al. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury does not predict acute postconcussion syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 79: 300-306. (Pubitemid 351303387)
26. Cattelani R, Gugliotta M, Maravita A, and Mazzucchi A. (1996). Post-concussive syndrome: paraclinical signs, subjective symptoms, cognitive functions and MMPI profiles. Brain Injury 10: 187-195. (Pubitemid 26120328)
27. Dischinger PC, Ryb GE, Kufera JA, and Auman KM. (2009). Early predictors of postconcussive syndrome in a population of trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 66: 289-296; discussion 296-287.
28. Luis CA, Vanderploeg RD, and Curtiss G. (2003). Predictors of postconcussion symptom complex in community dwelling male veterans. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 9: 1001-1015. (Pubitemid 37428444)
29. Fenton G, McClelland R, Montgomery A, MacFlynn G, and Rutherford W. (1993). The postconcussional syndrome: Social antecedents and psychological sequelae. Br J Psychiatry 162: 493-497. (Pubitemid 23105922)
30. King NS. (1996). Emotional, neuropsychological, and organic factors: Their use in the prediction of persisting postconcussion symptoms after moderate and mild head injuries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61: 75-81. (Pubitemid 26232032)
31. Mooney G, Speed J, and Sheppard S. (2005). Factors related to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 19: 975-987. (Pubitemid 41701019)
32. Bohnen N, Jolles J, Twijnstra A, Mellink R, and Sulon J. (1992). Coping styles, cortisol reactivity, and performance in a vigilance task of patients with persistent postconcussive symptoms after a mild head injury. Int J Neurosci 64: 97-105.
33. Bryant RA. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and mild brain injury: Controversies, causes and consequences. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 23: 718-728. (Pubitemid 33817409)
34. Evered L, Ruff R, Baldo J, and Isomura A. (2003). Emotional risk factors and postconcussional disorder. Assessment 10: 420-427. (Pubitemid 44534420)
35. Fann JR, Katon WJ, Uomoto JM, and Esselman PC. (1995). Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries. Am J Psychiatry 152: 1493-1499.
36. Gasquoine PG. (1997). Postconcussion symptoms. Neuropsychol Rev 7: 77-85. (Pubitemid 27373015)
37. Hanna-Pladdy B, Berry ZM, Bennett T, Phillips HL, and Gouvier WD. (2001). Stress as a diagnostic challenge for postconcussive symptoms: Sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury or physiological stress response. Clin Neuropsychol 15: 289-304. (Pubitemid 34025260)
38. Karzmark P, Hall K, and Englander J. (1995). Late-onset postconcussion symptoms after mild brain injury: The role of premorbid, injury-related, environmental, and personality factors. Brain Injury 9: 21-26.
39. King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Caldwell FE, and Wade DT. (1999). Early prediction of persisting postconcussion symptoms following mild and moderate head injuries. Br J Clin Psychol 38: 15-25. (Pubitemid 29141930)
40. Stulemeijer M, van der Werf S, Borm GF, and Vos PE. (2008). Early prediction of favourable recovery 6 months after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79: 936-942.
41. Bryant RA, and Harvey AG. (1995). Acute stress response: A comparison of head injured and non-head injured patients. Psychol Med 25: 869-873.
42. Bryant RA, and Harvey AG. (1998). Relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 155: 625-629. (Pubitemid 28225402)
43. Hickling EJ, Gillen R, Blanchard EB, Buckley T, and Taylor A. (1998). Traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary investigation of neuropsychological test results in PTSD secondary to motor vehicle accidents. Brain Injury 12: 265-274. (Pubitemid 28154194)
44. Ohry A, Rattok J, and Solomon Z. (1996). Post-traumatic stress disorder in brain injury patients. Brain Injury 10: 687-695. (Pubitemid 26334955)
45. Harvey AG, and Bryant RA. (2000). Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 157: 626-628. (Pubitemid 30191204)
46. Creamer M, O'Donnell ML, and Pattison P. (2005). Amnesia, traumatic brain injury, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A methodological inquiry. Behav Res Ther 43: 1383-1389. (Pubitemid 41116280)
47. Gil S, Caspi Y, Ben-Ari IZ, Koren D, and Klein E. (2005). Does memory of a traumatic event increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury? A prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 162: 963-969. (Pubitemid 40676210)
48. McNeil JE. (1996). Can PTSD occur with amnesia for the precipitating event? Cog Neuropsychiatry 1: 239-246. (Pubitemid 126683612)
49. Parker RS. (2002). Recommendations for the revision of DSM-IV diagnostic categories for co-morbid posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 17: 131-143. (Pubitemid 36124645)
50. Sbordone RJ, and Liter JC. (1995). Mild traumatic brain injury does not produce post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Injury 9: 405-412.
51. Sbordone RJ, and Ruff RM. (2010). Re-examination of the controversial coexistence of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: Misdiagnosis and self-report measures. Psychol Injury Law 3: 63-76.
52. Hesdorffer DC, Rauch SL, and Tamminga CA. (2009). Long-term psychiatric outcomes following traumatic brain injury: A review of the literature. J Head Trauma Rehabil 24: 452-459.
53. Richardson JD, Naifeh JA, and Elhai JD. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and associated risk factors in Canadian peacekeeping veterans with health-related disabilities. Can J Psychiatry 52: 510-518. (Pubitemid 47403185)
54. Seal KH, Metzler TJ, Gima KS, Bertenthal D, Maguen S, and Marmar CR. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008. Am J Public Health 99: 1651-1658.
55. Iversen AC, Fear NT, Ehlers A, et al. (2008). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychol Med 38: 511-522. (Pubitemid 351354892)
56. Kremen WS, Koenen KC, Boake C, et al. (2007). Pretrauma cognitive ability and risk for posttraumatic stress disorder: A twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 361-368. (Pubitemid 46376787)
57. Brailey K, Vasterling JJ, Proctor SP, Constans JI, and Friedman MJ. (2007). PTSD symptoms, life events, and unit cohesion in U.S. soldiers: Baseline findings from the neurocognition deployment health study. J Trauma Stress 20: 495-503. (Pubitemid 47475499)
58. Smith TC, Ryan MA, Wingard DL, Slymen DJ, Sallis JF, and Kritz-Silverstein D. (2008a). New onset and persistent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ 336: 366-371. (Pubitemid 351300371)
59. Koren D, Norman D, Cohen A, Berman J, and Klein EM. (2005). Increased PTSD risk with combat-related injury: A matched comparison study of injured and uninjured soldiers experiencing the same combat events. Am J Psychiatry 162: 276-282. (Pubitemid 40216207)
60. Sandweiss DA, Slymen DJ, Leardmann CA, et al. (2011). Preinjury psychiatric status, injury severity, and postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68: 496-504.
61. Smith TC, Wingard DL, Ryan MA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Slymen DJ, and Sallis JF. (2008b). Prior assault and posttraumatic stress disorder after combat deployment. Epidemiology 19: 505-512. (Pubitemid 351543532)
62. Maguen S, Turcotte DM, Peterson AL, et al. (2008). Description of risk and resilience factors among military medical personnel before deployment to Iraq. Mil Med 173: 1-9.
63. McLeod DS, Koenen KC, Meyer JM, Lyons MJ, Eisen S, True W, and Goldberg J. (2001). Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use. J Trauma Stress 14: 259-275. (Pubitemid 32641692)
64. Scherrer JF, Xian H, Lyons MJ, et al. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder; combat exposure; and nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, and major depression in male twins. Compr Psychiatry 49: 297-304.
65. van Zuiden M, Geuze E, Willemen HL, et al. (2011). Pre-existing high glucocorticoid receptor number predicting development of posttraumatic stress symptoms after military deployment. Am J Psychiatry 168: 89-96.
66. Young RM, Lawford BR, Noble EP, et al. (2002). Harmful drinking in military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: Association with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Alcohol Alcohol 37: 451-456.
67. Brewin CR, Andrews B, and Valentine JD. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 68: 748-766.
68. Harvey AG, and Bryant RA. (1998). Predictors of acute stress following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 12: 147-154. (Pubitemid 28052462)
69. Bonanno GA. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol 59: 20-28. (Pubitemid 38161473)
70. Lyons J. (1991). Strategies for assessing the potential for positive adjustment following trauma. J Traum Stress 4: 93-111.
71. Rutter M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. Br J Psychiatry 147: 598-611. (Pubitemid 16175701)
72. Kobasa SC. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J Personality Soc Psychol 37: 1-11.
73. Kozlovsky N, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Kotler M, Zohar J, and Cohen H. (2008). The immediate early gene Arc is associated with behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18: 107-116.
74. Adler AB, and Dolan CA. (2006). Military hardiness as a buffer of psychological health on return from deployment. Mil Med 171: 93-98. (Pubitemid 43208652)
75. Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, and Southwick SM. (2009a). Posttraumatic stress disorder mediates the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and health and psychosocial functioning in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. J Nerv Ment Dis 197: 748-753.
76. Dickstein BD, McLean CP, Mintz J, et al. (2010). Unit cohesion and PTSD symptom severity in Air Force medical personnel. Mil Med 175: 482-486.
77. Phillips CJ, Leardmann CA, Gumbs GR, and Smith B. (2010). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry 10: 52.
78. Green KT, Calhoun PS, Dennis MF, and Beckham JC. (2010). Exploration of the resilience construct in posttraumatic stress disorder severity and functional correlates in military combat veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. J Clin Psychiatry 71: 823-830.
79. Schok ML, Kleber RJ, and Lensvelt-Mulders GJ. (2010). A model of resilience and meaning after military deployment: Personal resources in making sense of war and peacekeeping experiences. Aging Ment Health 14: 328-338.
80. Seligman ME, and Fowler RD. (2011). Comprehensive soldier ritness and the future of psychology. Am Psychol 66: 82-86.
81. Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, and Southwick SM. (2009b). Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depress Anxiety 26: 745-751.
82. Pietrzak RH, and Southwick SM. (2011). Psychological resilience in OEF-OIF Veterans: Application of a novel classification approach and examination of demographic and psychosocial correlates. J Affect Disord 133: 560-568.
83. Polusny MA, Erbes CR, Murdoch M, Arbisi PA, Thuras P, and Rath MB. (2011). Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Psychol Med 41: 687-698.
84. Adler AB, Bliese PD, McGurk D, Hoge CW, and Castro CA. (2009a). Battlemind debriefing and battlemind training as early interventions with soldiers returning from Iraq: Randomization by platoon. J Consult Clin Psychol 77: 928-940.
85. Adler AB, Castro CA, and McGurk D. (2009b). Time-driven battlemind psychological debriefing: A group-level early intervention in combat. Mil Med 174: 21-28.
86. Frappell-Cooke W, Gulina M, Green K, Hacker Hughes J, and Greenberg N. (2010). Does trauma risk management reduce psychological distress in deployed troops? Occup Med (Lond) 60: 645-650.
87. Casey GW, Jr. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: A vision for psychological resilience in the U.S. Army. Am Psychol 66: 1-3.
88. Cornum R, Matthews MD, and Seligman ME. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: Building resilience in a challenging institutional context. Am Psychol 66: 4-9.
89. Wells TS, Miller SC, Adler AB, Engel CC, Smith TC, and Fairbank JA. (2011). Mental health impact of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts: A review of US research, service provision, and programmatic responses. Int Rev Psychiatry 23: 144-152.
90. Reivich KJ, Seligman ME and McBride S. (2011). Master resilience training in the U.S. Army. Am Psychol 66: 25-34.
91. Lester PB, McBride S, Bliese PD and Adler AB. (2011). Bringing science to bear: An empirical assessment of the Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program. Am Psychol 66: 77-81.
92. Tedeschi RG and McNally RJ. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? Am Psychol 66: 19-24.
93. Teasdale G and Jennett B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2: 81-84.
94. Levin HS, O'Donnell VM and Grossman RG. (1979). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. J Nervous Mental Dis 167: 675-684.
95. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. 2007. Health Affairs Memorandum (October 1, 2007). Traumatic Brain Injury: Definition and Reporting.
96. Kay T. (1993). Mild traumatic brain injury committee of the head injury interdisciplinary special interest group of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 8: 86-87.
97. Committee on Injury Scaling. 1998. Abbreviated Injury Scale. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine: Arlington Heights, IL.
98. Bohn MJ, Babor TF, and Kranzler HR. (1995). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. J Stud Alcohol 56: 423-432.
99. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, and Grant M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction 88: 791-804. (Pubitemid 23194530)
100. Bohn MJ, Babor TF, and Kranzler HR. 1991. Validity of the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) in inpatient substance abusers. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting, The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence. Services DoHaH (ed). NIDA Research Monograph: Rockville, MD, pp. 233.
101. Skinner HA. (1982). The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav 7: 363-371. (Pubitemid 13162181)
102. Yudko E, Lozhkina O, and Fouts A. (2007). A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. J Subst Abuse Treat 32: 189-198. (Pubitemid 46240723)
103. Connor KM, and Davidson JR. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 18: 76-82. (Pubitemid 37175584)
104. Radloff LS. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1: 385-401.
105. McCauley SR, Pedroza C, Brown SA, Boake C, Levin HS, Goodman HS, and Merritt SG. (2006). Confirmatory factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) in mildto-moderate traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 20: 519-527. (Pubitemid 43832393)
106. Bryant RA, Moulds ML, and Guthrie RM. (2000). Acute Stress Disorder Scale: A self-report measure of acute stress disorder. Psychol Assess 12: 61-68. (Pubitemid 30414109)
107. Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, and Forneris CA. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther 34: 669-673. (Pubitemid 26316912)
108. Weathers F, Litz B, Herman D, Huska J, and Keane T. 1993. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Utility. In: 9th Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies: San Antonio, TX.
109. Eyres S, Carey A, Gilworth G, Neumann V, and Tennant A. (2005). Construct validity and reliability of the Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Clin Rehabil 19: 878-887. (Pubitemid 41741648)
110. King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, and Wade DT. (1995). The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: A measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol 242: 587-592.
111. Potter S, Leigh E, Wade D, and Fleminger S. (2006). The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: A confirmatory factor analysis. J Neurol 253: 1603-1614. (Pubitemid 46115443)
112. Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Rajaram RD, et al. (2009). Factor analysis of the Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neu 21: 181-188.
113. Bazarian JJ, Wong T, Harris M, Leahey N, Mookerjee S, and Dombovy M. (1999). Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain Injury 13: 173-189. (Pubitemid 29099673)
114. McClelland RJ, Fenton GW, and Rutherford W. (1994). The postconcussional syndrome revisited. J R Soc Med 87: 508-510. (Pubitemid 24285555)
115. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A, et al. (2000). Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6: 568-579. (Pubitemid 30601593)
116. Zlotnick C, Zimmerman M, Wolfsdorf BA, and Mattia JI. (2001). Gender differences in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in a general psychiatric practice. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1923-1925. (Pubitemid 33054791)
117. Breslau N, Davis GC, and Andreski P. (1995). Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: A prospective analysis. Am J Psychiatry 152: 529-535.
118. Evans RW. (1992). The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury. Neurol Clin 10: 815-847.
119. Stogner BL. (2000). Prediction of postconcussional syndrome from personality and health psychology variables. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. 61: 550.
120. Stulemeijer M, Vos PE, Bleijenberg G, and van der Werf SP. (2007). Cognitive complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: Things are not always what they seem. J Psychosom Res 63: 637-645. (Pubitemid 350179845)
121. Dikmen S, Temkin NR, and Armsden G. 1989. Neuropsychological recovery: Relationship to psychosocial functioning and postconcussional complaints. In: Mild Head Injury. Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL (eds). Oxford University Press: New York, pps. 229-241.
122. Russell RW. (1971). The Traumatic Amnesias. Oxford University Press: London.
123. Rutherford WH, Merrett JD, and McDonald JR. (1979). Symptoms at one year following concussion from mild head injuries. Injury 10: 225-230. (Pubitemid 9099559)
124. Binder LM, and Rohling ML. (1996). Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury. Am J Psychiatry 153: 7-10. (Pubitemid 26026151)
125. Cato MA, Brewster J, Ryan T, and Giuliano AJ. (2002). Coaching and the ability to simulate mild traumatic brain injury symptoms. Clin Neuropsychol 16: 524-535. (Pubitemid 36605806)
126. Hou R, Moss-Morris R, Peveler R, Mogg K, Bradley BP, and Belli A. (2012). When a minor head injury results in enduring symptoms: A prospective investigation of risk factors for postconcussional syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83: 217-223.
127. Larrabee GJ. (1997). Neuropsychological outcome, post concussion symptoms, and rorensic considerations in mild closed head trauma. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2: 196-206.
128. Miller L. (2001). Not just malingering: Syndrome diagnosis in traumatic brain injury litigation. NeuroRehabilitation 16: 109-122. (Pubitemid 32831145)
129. Paniak C, Reynolds S, Toller-Lobe G, Melnyk A, Nagy J, and Schmidt D. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between financial compensation and symptoms after treated mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24: 187-193. (Pubitemid 34496867)
130. Slick D, Hopp G, Strauss E, and Thompson GB. 1997. Victoria Symptom Validity Test. Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, FL.
131. Wilk JE, Herrell RK, Wynn GH, Riviere LA, and Hoge CW. (2012). Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion), posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in U.S. soldiers involved in combat Ddployments: Association with postdeployment symptoms. Psychosom Med 74: 249-257.
132. Hutchison M, Mainwaring LM, Comper P, Richards DW, and Bisschop SM. (2009). Differential emotional responses of varsity athletes to concussion and musculoskeletal injuries. Clin J Sport Med 19: 13-19.