Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: An evidence-based review

Behavioural Neurology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 105-117

  Frank, Madeleine ^a   Cavanna, Andrea Eugenio ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

behavioural treatments; exposure with response prevention; habit reversal training; massed negative practice; supportive psychotherapy; Tourette syndrome

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSERTIVE TRAINING; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXPOSURE WITH RESPONSE PREVENTION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HABIT REVERSAL TRAINING; HUMAN; MASSED NEGATIVE PRACTICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RELAXATION TRAINING; SELF MONITORING; SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY; TENSION REDUCTION TECHNIQUE;

EID: 84876900370     PISSN: 09534180     EISSN: 18758584     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/BEN-120309     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
2. nd Ed), 2008.
3. Robertson MM. The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 1: The epidemiological and prevalence studies. J Psychosom Res 2008; 65: 461-472.
4. Jankovic J. Phenomenology and classification of tics. In: Neurologic Clinics. Jankovic J (Ed). WH Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 267-275.
5. Cavanna AE, Critchley HD, Orth M, Stern JS, Young M-B, Robertson MM. Dissecting the Gilles de la Tourette spectrum: A factor analytic study on 639 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82: 1320-1323.
6. Lombroso PJ, Scahill L. Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Dev 2008; 30: 231-237.
7. Robertson MM. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tics and Tourette's syndrome: The relationship and treatment implications. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 15: 1-11.
8. Robertson MM. Mood disorders and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: An update on prevalence, etiology, comorbid-ity, clinical associations, and implications. J Psychosom Res 2006; 61: 349-358.
9. Frank M, Piedad J, Rickards H, Cavanna AE. The role of impulse control disorders in Tourette syndrome: An exploratory study. J Neurol Sci 2011; 310: 276-278.
10. Cavanna AE, Robertson MM, Critchley HD. Schizotypal personality traits in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116: 385-391.
11. Singer HS. Tourette's syndrome: From behavior to biology. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 149-159.
12. Frey KA, Albin RL Neuroimaging of Tourette's syndrome. J Child Neurol 2006; 21: 672-677.
13. Himle MB, Woods DW, Piacentini JC, Walkup JT. Brief review of habit reversal training for Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol 2006; 21: 719-725.
14. Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain 2000; 123: 425-462.
15. Silva RR, Munoz DM, Barickman J, Friedhoff AJ. Environmental factors and related fluctuation of symptoms in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995; 36: 305-312.
16. Döpfner M, Rothenberger A. Behavior therapy in tic-disorders with co-existing ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007(Suppl 1) 16:I/89-I/99. doi: 10.007/s00787-007-1011-7.
17. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7): e1000097.
18. Carr JE, Chong IM. Habit reversal treatment of tic disorders: A methodological critique of the literature. Behav Modif 2005; 29: 858-875.
19. Azrin NH, Nunn RG. Habit reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behav Res Ther 1973; 11: 619-628.
20. Woods DW, Miltenberger RG. Habit reversal: A review of applications and variations. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1995; 26: 123-131.
21. Azrin NH, Nunn RG, Frantz SE. Habit reversal vs. negative practice: Treatment of nervous tics. Behav Ther 1980; 11: 169-178.
22. Miltenberger RG, Fuqua RW, McKinley T. Habit reversal with muscle tics: replication and component analysis. Behav Ther 1985; 16: 39-50.
23. O'Connor K, Gareau D, Borgeat F. A comparison of a behavioural and a cognitive-behavioural approach to the management of chronic tic disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother 1997; 4: 105-117.
24. Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Coffey BJ, Bohne A, Peterson AL, Baer L. Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette's disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1175-1177.
25. Verdellen CW, Keijsers GP, Cath DC, Hoogduin CA. Exposure with response prevention versus habit reversal in Tourette's syndrome: A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 2004; 42 (5): 501-511.
26. Deckersbach T, Rauch S, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S. Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy in Tourette's disorder: a randomized control trial and predictors of treatment response. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44(8): 1079-1090.
27. Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Chang S, Ginsburg GS, Deckersbach T, Dziura J, Levi-Pearl S, Walkup JT. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 303: 1929-1937.
28. Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Piacentini J, Woods DW, Deckers-bach T, Sukhodolsky DG, Chang S, Liu H, Dziura J, Walkup JT, Scahill L. Randomized trial of behaviour therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 795-803.
29. Ollendick TH. Self-monitoring and self-administered over-correction: the modification of nervous tics in children. Behav Modif 1981; 5: 75-84.
30. Finney JW, Rapoff MA, Hall CL, Christophersen ER. Replication and social validation of habit reversal treatment for tics. Behav Ther 1983; 14: 116-126.
31. Azrin NH, Peterson AL. Habit reversal for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Behav Res Ther 1988; 26: 347-351.
32. Azrin NH, Peterson AL. Reduction of an eye tic by controlled blinking. Behav Ther 1989; 20: 467-473.
33. Sharenow EL, Fuqua RW, Miltenberger RG. The treatment of muscle tics with dissimilar competing response practice. J Appl Behav Analysis 1989; 22: 35-42.
34. Azrin NH, Peterson AL. Treatment of Tourette syndrome by habit reversal: A waiting-list control group comparison. Be-hav Ther 1990; 21: 305-318.
35. Peterson AL, Azrin NH. An evaluation of behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome. Behav Res Ther 1992; 30: 167-174.
36. Carr JE, Bailey JS. A brief behaviour therapy protocol for Tourette syndrome. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1996; 27: 33-40.
37. Carr JE, Bailey JS, Carr CA, Coggin AM. The role of independent variable integrity in the behavioural management of Tourette syndrome. Behav Interv 1996; 11: 35-45.
38. Woods DW, Miltenberger RG, Lumley VA. Sequential application of major habit reversal components to treat motor tics in children. J Appl Behav Anal 1996; 29: 483-493.
39. Clarke MA, Bray MA, Kehle TJ, Truscott SD. A school-based intervention designed to reduce the frequency of tics in children with Tourette's syndrome. School Psych Rev 2001; 30: 11-22.
40. Woods DW, Twohig MP. Using habit reversal to treat chronic vocal tic disorder in children. Behav Intervent 2002; 17: 1-10.
41. Woods DW, Twohig MP, Flessner C, Roloff T (2003) Treatment of vocal tics in children with Tourette syndrome: Investigating the efficacy of habit reversal. J Appl Behav Anal 36: 109-112.
42. Yates AJ. The application of learning theory to the treatment of tics. J Abnorm Psychol 1958; 56(2): 175-182.
43. Frederick CJ. Treatment of a tic by systematic desensitization and massed response evocation. J Behav Ther Ex Psychiatry 1971; 2: 281-283.
44. Nicassio FJ, Liberman RP, Patterson RL, Ramirez E, Sanders N. The treatment of tics by negative practice. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1972; 3: 281-287.
45. Lahey BB, McNees MP, McNees MC. Control of an obscene "verbal tic" through timeout in an elementary school classroom. J Appl Behav Anal 1973; 6(1): 101-104.
46. Tophoff M. Massed practice, relaxation and assertion training in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1973; 4: 71-73.
47. Knepler KN, Sewall S. Negative practice paired with smelling salts in the treatment of a tic. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1974; 5: 189-192.
48. St James-Roberts N, Powell GE. A case-study comparing the effects of relaxation and massed practice upon tic frequency. Behav Res Ther 1979; 17: 401-403.
49. Turpin G, Powell GE. Effects of massed practice and cue-controlled relaxation on tic frequency in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Behav Res Ther 1984; 22: 165-178.
50. Feldman RB, Werry JS. An unsuccessful attempt to treat a tiqueur by massed practice. Behav Res Ther 1966; 4(2): 111-117.
51. Canavan AGM, Powell GE. The efficacy of several treatments of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome as assessed in a single case. Behav Res Ther 1981; 19: 549-556.
52. Crawley B, Powell G. A comparison of the effects of massed practice and relaxation upon the frequency of a facial tic. Be-hav Psychother 1986; 14: 249-257.
53. Hoogduin K, Verdellen C, Cath D. Exposure and response prevention in treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: Four case studies. Clin Psychol Psychother 1997; 4(2): 125-137.
54. Verdellen CWJ, Hoogduin CAL, Kato BS, Keijsers GPJ, Cath DC, Hoijtink HB. Habituation of premonitory sensations during exposure and response prevention treatment in Tourette's syndrome. Behav Modif 2008; 32(2): 215-227.
55. Wetterneck CT, Woods DW. An evaluation of the effectiveness of exposure and response prevention on repetitive behaviors associated with Tourette's syndrome. J Appl Behav Anal 2006; 39: 441-444.
56. Meidinger AL, Miltenberger RG, Himle M, Omvig M, Trainor C, Crosby R. An investigation of tic suppression and the rebound effect in Tourette's disorder. Behav Modif 2005; 29: 716-745.
57. Verdellen CW, Hoogduin CA, Keijsers GP. Tic suppression in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with exposure therapy: The rebound phenomenon reconsidered. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 1601-1606.
58. Shapiro ES, Cole C. Behavior change in the classroom: Self-management interventions. Guilford Press, New York, 1994.
59. Thomas EJ, Abrams KS, Johnson JB. Self-monitoring and reciprocal inhibition in the modification of multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. J Behav Exp Ther Exp Psychiatry 1971; 2: 159-171.
60. Savicki V, Carlin AS. Behavioral treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Int J Child Psychother 1972; 1: 97-109.
61. Hutzell RR, Platzek D, Logue PE. Control of symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome by self-monitoring. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1974; 5: 71-76.
62. Billings A. Self-monitoring in the treatment of tics: A singlesubject analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1978; 9: 339-342.
63. Varni JW, Boyd EF, Cataldo MF. Self-monitoring, external reinforcement, and timeout procedures in the control of high rate tic behaviors in a hyperactive child. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1978; 9: 353-358.
64. Wright KM, Miltenberger RG. Awareness training in the treatment of head and facial tics. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1987; 18: 269-274.
65. O'Connor KP, Brault M, Robillard S, Loiselle J, Borgeat F, Stip E. Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural program for the management of chronic tic and habit disorders. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39: 667-681.
66. O'Connor KP, Lavoie ME, Stip E, Borgeat F, Laverdure A. Cognitive-behaviour therapy and skilled motor performance in adults with chronic tic disorder. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2008; 18(1): 45-64.
67. O'Connor KP, Laverdure A, Taillon A, Stip E, Borgeat F, Lavoie M. Cognitive behavioural management of tourette's syndrome and chronic tic disorder in medicated and unmedi-cated samples. Behav Res Ther 2009; 47: 1090-1095.
68. Bergin A, Waranch HR, Brown J, Carson K, Singer HS. Relaxation therapy in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. Pediatr Neurol 1998; 18: 136-142.
69. Friedman S. Self-control in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: Case study with 18-months follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol 1980; 48: 400-402.
70. Michultka DM, Blanchard EB, Rosenblum EL. Stress management and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Biofeedback Self-Regul 1989; 14: 115-123.
71. Zarkowska E, Crawley B, Locke J. A behavioural intervention for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in a severely mentally handicapped girl. J Ment Defic Res 1989; 33: 245-253.
72. Mansdorf IJ. Assertiveness training in the treatment of a child's tics. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1986; 17(1): 29-32.
73. Conelea CA, Woods DW. The influence of contextual factors on tic expression in Tourette's syndrome: A review. J Psycho-som Res 2008; 65: 487-496.
74. Miller AL. Treatment of a child with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome using behavior modification techniques. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1970; 1: 319-321.
75. Rosen M, Wesner C. A behavioural approach to Tourette's syndrome. J Consult Clin Psychol 1973; 41: 308-312.
76. Schulman M. Control of tics by maternal reinforcement. J Be-hav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1974; 5: 95-96.
77. Wagaman JR, Miltenberger RG, Williams DE. Treatment of a vocal tic by differential reinforcement. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1995; 26: 35-39.
78. Woods DW, Himle MB. Creating tic suppression: Comparing the effects of verbal instruction to differential reinforcement. J Appl Behav Analysis 2004; 34(3): 353-356.
79. Packer LE. Tic-related school problems: Impact on functioning, accommodations, and interventions. Behav Modif 2005; 29: 876-899.
80. Himle MB, Woods DW. An experimental evaluation of tic suppression and the tic rebound effect. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43: 1443-1451.
81. Himle MB, Woods DW, Bunaciu L. Evaluating the role of contingency in differentially reinforced tic suppression. J Appl Behav Analysis 2008; 41(2): 285-289.
82. Carr JE, Taylor CC, Wallander RJ, Reiss ML. A functional-analytic approach to the diagnosis of a transient tic disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1996; 27: 291-297.
83. Watson TS, Sterling HE. Brief functional analysis and treatment of a vocal tic. J Appl Behav Analysis 1998; 31: 471-474.
84. Roane HS, Piazza CC, Cercone JJ, Grados M. Assessment and treatment of vocal tics associated with Tourette's syndrome. Behav Modif 2002; 26: 482-498.
85. Scotti JR, Schulman DE, Hojnacki RM. Functional analysis and unsuccessful treatment of Tourette's syndrome in a man with profound mental retardation. Behav Ther 1994; 25: 721-738.
86. Himle MB, Woods DW, Conelea CA, Bauer CC, Rice KA. Investigating the effects of tic suppression on premonitory urge ratings in children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome. Behav Rest Ther 2007; 45: 2964-2976.
87. Evers RAF, Van de Wetering BJM. A treatment model for motor tics based on a specific tension-reduction technique. J Be-hav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1994; 25: 255-260
88. Nagai Y, Goldstein LH, Fenwick PBC, Trimble MR. Clinical efficacy of biofeedback treatment on reducing seizures in adult epilepsy: A preliminary randomized controlled study. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5: 216-223.
89. Nagai Y, Cavanna A, Critchley HD. Influence of sympathetic autonomic arousal on tics: Implications for a therapeutic behavioural intervention for Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2009; 67: 599-605.
90. Peterson AL, Azrin NH. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments for Tourette syndrome: A review. Appl Prev Psy-chol 1993; 2(4): 231-242.
91. Cook CR, Blacher J. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for tic disorders. Clin Psychol Sci Prac 2007; 14: 252-267.
92. Cavanna AE, Servo S, Monaco F, Robertson MM. The behavioural spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neu-ropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 21: 13-23.
93. Cavanna AE, Schrag A, Morley D, Orth M, Robertson MM, Joyce E, Critchley HD, Selai C. The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome-Quality of Life scale (GTS-QOL): Development and validation. Neurology 2008; 71: 1410-1416.
94. Bate KS, Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson, Bhullar N. The efficacy of habit reversal therapy for tics, habit disorders, and stuttering: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31: 865-871.