Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tics and Tourette's syndrome: The relationship and treatment implications. A commentary

European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-11

  Robertson, Mary M ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Comorbidity treatment; Tics; Tourette's syndrome

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; ATOMOXETINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; CLONIDINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DONEPEZIL; EQUASYM; GUANFACINE; IMIPRAMINE; MELATONIN; MELATONIN DERIVATIVE; METHYLPHENIDATE; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; NORTRIPTYLINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SELEGILINE; TACRINE; TETRABENAZINE; TIAPRIDE;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; COMPULSION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG SAFETY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TIC; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; HUMANS; METHYLPHENIDATE; PROPYLAMINES; TICS; TOURETTE SYNDROME;

EID: 33644693735     PISSN: 10188827     EISSN: 1435165X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-006-0505-z     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Adler LA, Spencer TJ, Milton DR, Moore RJ, Michelson D (2005) Long-term, open-label study of the safety and efficacy of atomoxetine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an interim analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 66(3):294-299
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition Text Revised) (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association
3. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition Text Revised) (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association
4. Ayalon L, Hermesh D, Dagan Y (2002) Case study of circadian rhythm sleep disorder following haloperidol treatment: reversal by risperidone and delatonin. Chronobiol Int 19(5):947-959
5. Banaschewski T, Roessner V, Dittmann RW, Santosh PJ, Rothenberger A (2004) Non-stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 1):I102-I116
6. Barker MJ, Benitez JG, Ternullo S, Juhl GA (2004) Acute oxcarbazepine and atomoxetine overdose with quetiapine. Vet Hum Toxicol 46(3):130-132
7. Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Rapoport JL, Elia J, Amass J (1990) Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviours on stimulant drugs: is there a common vulnerability? Psychiatry Res 33:83-94
8. Bourdon KH, Goodman R, Rae DS, Simpson G, Koretz DS (2005) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: US normative data and psychometric properties. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(6):557-564
9. Brand N, Geenen R, Oudenhoven M, Lindenborn B, van der Ree A, Cohen Kettenis P, Buitelaar JK (2002) Brief report: cognitive functioning in children with Tourette's syndrome with and without comorbid ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol 27(2):203-208
10. Brynska A, Tomaszewicz-Libudzic E, Wolanczyk T (2001) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and acquired toxoplasmosis in two children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 10(3):200-204
11. Buitelaar JK, Danckaerts M, Gillberg C, Zuddas A, Becker K, Bouvard M, Fagan J, Gadoros J, Harpin V, Hazell P, Johnson M, Lerman-Sagie T, Soutullo CA, Wolanczyk T, Zeiner P, Fouche DS, Krikke-Workel J, Zhang S, Michelson D, Stomoxetine International Study Group (2004) A prospective, multi center, open-label assessment of atomoxetine in non-North American children and adolescents with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(4):249-257
12. Bullock GL, Schall U (2005) Dyssomnia in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a critical review. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 39(5): 373-377
13. Cardona F, Romano A, Bollea L, Chiarotti F (2004) Psychopathological problems in children affected by tic disorders: Study on a large Italian population. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(3):166-171
14. Carter As, O'Donnell DA, Schultz RT, Scahill L, Leckman JF, Pauls DL (2000) Social and emotional adjustment in children affected with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: associations with ADHD and family function. Atten Deficit Hyperactivity Disord 47(2): 215-223
15. Castellanos FX, Acosta MT (2004) Tourette syndrome: an analysis of its comorbidity and specialist treatment. Rev Neurol 38(Suppl 1):S124-S130
16. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, et al. (1997) Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36: 589-596
17. Channon S, Sinclair E, Waller D, Healey L, Robertson MM (2004) Social cognition in Tourette's Syndrome: Intact theory of mind and impaired inhibitory functioning. J Autism Dev Disord 34(6): 669-677
18. Cohen-Zion M, Ancoli-Israel S (2004) Sleeping in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of naturalistic and stimulant intervention studies. Sleep Med Rev 8(5):379-402
19. Comings DE, Comings BG (1984) Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: are they genetically related? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23:138-146
20. Cummings DD, Singer HS, Krieger M, Miller TL, Mahone EM (2002) Neuropsychiatric effects of guanfacine in children with mild Tourette Syndrome: a pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol 25(6):325-332
21. Eapen V, Robertson MM (1996) The use of fluoxetine in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive behaviours: preliminary clinical experience. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 20:737-743
22. Efron D, Hiscock H, Sewell JR, Cranswick NE, Vance AL, Tyl Y, Luk ES (2003) Prescribing of psychotropic medications for children by Australian pediatricians and child psychiatrists. Pediatrics 111(2):372-375
23. Escobar R, Soutullo C, San Sebastian J, Fernandez E, Julian I, Lahortiga F (2005) Atomoxetine safety and efficacy in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): initial phase of 10-week treatment in a relapse prevention study with a Spanish sample. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 33(1):26-32
24. Feldman PD, Ruff DD, Allen AJ (2005) Atomoxetine and tics in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(5): 405-406
25. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P (2000) An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3.500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(7):436-447
26. Freeman RD (1997) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the presence of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin Neurophysiol 15:411-420
27. Gadow KD, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Sverd J (1995) School observations of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid tic disorder: effects of methylphenidate treatment. J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:167-176
28. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J (1992) Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder: II. Short-term behavioural effects in school settings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:462-471
29. Goodman R (2001) Pyschometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40(11):1337-1345
30. Goodman R, Ford T, Simmons H, Gatward R, Meltzer H (2003) Using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. Int Rev Psychiatry
31. Himpel S, Banaschewski T, Heise CA, Rothenberger A (2005) The safety of non-stimulant agents for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Drug Saf 4(2):311-321
32. Hoekstra PJ, Steenhuis MP, Troost PW, Korf J, Kallenberg CGM, Minderaa RB (2004) Relative Contribution of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Tic Severity to Social and Behavioural Problems in Tic Disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 25(4):272-279
33. Hoge SK, Biederman J (1986) A case of Tourette's syndrome with symptoms of attention deficit disorder treated with desipramine. J Clin Psychiatry 47(9): 478-479
34. Hornsey H, Banerjee S, Zeitlin H, Robertson MM (2001) The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in 13-14 year-olds in mainstream schools. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42(8):1035-1039
35. Ingrassia A, Turk J (2005) The use of clonidine for severe and intractable sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders - a case series. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14(1):34-40
36. Jagger J, Prusoff BA, Cohen DJ, Kidd KK, Carbonari CM, John K (1982) The epidemiology of Tourette's syndrome: a pilot study. Schizophr Bull 8:267-278
37. Kadesjo B, Gillberg C (2000) Tourette's disorder: epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(5): 548-555
38. Kaplan S, Heiligenstein J, West S, Busner J, Harder D, Dittmann R, Casat C, Wenicke JF (2004) Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. J Atten Disord 8(2):45-52
39. Kelsey DK, Sumner CR, Casat CD, Coury DL, Quintana H, Saylor KE, Sutton VK, Gonzales J, Malcolm SK, Schuh KJ, Allen AJ (2004) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including as assessment of evening and morning behaviour: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 114(7):e1-e8
40. Khalifa N, von Knorring AL (2003) Prevalence of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome in a Swedish school population. Dev Med Child Neurol 45(5): 315-319
41. Knell ER, Comings DE (1993) Tourette's syndrome and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for a genetic relationship. J Clin Psychiatry 54: 331-337
42. Kostanecka-Endress T, Banaschewski T, Kinkelbur J, Wullner I, Lichtblau S, Cohrs S, Ruther E, Woerner W, Hajak G, Rothenberger A (2003) Disturbed sleep in children with Tourette syndrome: a polysomnographic study. J Psychosom Res 55(1):23-29
43. Kurlan R, Como PG, Miller B, Palumbo D, Deeley C, Andresen EM, Eapen S, McDermott MP (2002) The behavioral spectrum of tic disorders. Neurology 59:414-420
44. Ledbetter M (2005) Atomoxetine use associated with onset of a motor tic. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15(2): 331-333
45. Lee TS, Lee TD, Lombroso PJ, King RA (2004) Atomoxetine and tics in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(9):1068-1069
46. Lieh Mak F, Chung SY, Lee P, et al. (1982) Tourette syndrome in the Chinese: a follow-up of 15 cases. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN (eds) Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Advances in Neurology. Vol. 35. New York: Raven Press
47. Lowe TL, Cohen DJ, Detlor J, Kremenitzer MW, Shaywitz BA (1982) Stimulent medications precipitate Tourette's syndrome 247(12):1729-1801
48. Mathai J, Anderson P, Bourne A (2004) Comparing psychiatric diagnoses generated by the strengths and difficulties questionnaire with diagnoses made by clinicians. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 38(8): 639-643
49. Miyazaki S, Uchida S, Mukai J, Nishihara K (2004) Clonidine effects on all-night human sleep: opposite action of low- and medium-dose clonidine on human NREM-REM sleep proportion. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58(2):138-144
50. Moll GH, Eysenbach K, Woerner W, Banaschewski T, Schmidt MH, Rothenberger A (2000) Quantitative and qualititative aspects of obsessive-compulsive behaviour in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder compared with tic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101(5):389-394
51. Owens JA, Rosen CL, Mindell JA (2003) Medication use in the treatment of pediatric insomnia: results of a survey of community-based pediatricians. Pediatrics 111(5 Pt 1):e628-e635
52. Paes AH, Bakker A, Soe-Agnie CJ (1997) Impact of dosage frequency on patient compliance. Diabetes Care 20(10): 1512-1517
53. Pauls DL, Hurst CR, Kruger SD, Leckman JF, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ (1986) Gilles da la Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Evidence against a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 1177-1179
54. Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ (1993) Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:1044-1050
55. Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows-Maclean L, Williams A, Fabiano GA, Morrisey SM, Chronis AM, Forehand GL, Nguyen CA, Hoffman MT, Lock TM, Fielbelkorn K, Coles EK, Panahon CJ, Steiner RL, Meichenbaum DL, Onyango AN, Morse GD (2001) Once-a-day concerta methyl phenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics 107(6):E105
56. Phillips L, Appleton RE (2004) Systematic review of melatonin treatment in children with neuro-developmental disabilities and sleep impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 46(11):771-775
57. Pierre CB, Noland EE, Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J (1999) Comparison of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 20(3):170-176
58. Pliszka SR (2003) Non-stimulant treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectr 8(4):253-258
59. Popper CW (1995) Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: pharmacological questions and news reports about sudden death. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 5:157-166
60. Robertson MM (2000) Invited Review. Tourette Syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain 123:425-462
61. Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Eapen V, Fox-Hiley P (2002) Obsessive compulsive behaviour and depressive symptoms in young people with Tourette syndrome. A controlled study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 11(6):261-265
62. Robertson MM, Eapen V (1992) Pharmacologic controversy of CNS stimulants in Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 15: 408-425
63. Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T, Heinrich H, Moll GH, Schmidt MH, Van't Klooster B (2000) Comorbidity in ADHD children: effects of co-existing conduct disorder or tic disorder on event-related brain potentials in an auditory selective-attention risk. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250(2): 101-110
64. Rothenberger A, Kostanecka T, Kinkelbur J, Cohrs S, Woerner W, Hajak G (2001) Sleep and Tourette Syndrome. In: Cohen DJ (ed) Tourette Syndrome
65. Saccomani L, Vercellino F, Rizzo P, Rolando S, Ravera G (1999) Tic disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical and genetic features, comorbidity. Minerva Pediatr 51(4):101-108
66. Sandyk R, Kay SR (1991) The relationship of pineal calcification and melatonin secretion to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia and Tourette's syndrome. Int J Neurosci 58(3-4): 215-247
67. Sangal RB, Sangal JM (2005) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cognitive evoked potential (P300) amplitude predicts treatment response to atomoxetine. Clin Neurophysiol 116(3): 640-647
68. Santosh PJ, Taylor E (2000) Stimulant drugs. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9(Suppl 1):I27-I43
69. Shapiro AK, Shapiro E, Wayne HL (1973) Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with haloperidol: review of 34 cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry (a) 28:92-96
70. Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, Rosenberg LA, Mellits ED, Denckla B (1995) The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Pediatrics (a) 95:74-81
71. Singer HS (2005) Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology. Lancet Neurol 4(3):149-159
72. Snider LA, Seligman LD, Kethen BR, Levitt SJ, Bates LR, Garvey MA, Swedo SE (2002) Tics and Problem Behaviors in Schoolchildren: Prevalence, Characterization, and Associations. Pediatrics 110(2):331-336
73. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wilens TE, Faraone SV (2002) Novel treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. J Clin Psychiatry 63 (Suppl 12):16-22
74. Spencer T, Biederman M, Coffey B, Geller D, Wilens T, Faraone S (1999) The 4-year course of tic disorders in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(9): 842-847
75. Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, O'-Donnell D, Wilens T, Faraone S, Coffey B, Geller D (1998) Disentangling the overlap between Tourette's disorder and ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39(7):1037-1044
76. Spencer T, Biederman J, Kerman K, Steingard R, Wilens T (1993) Desipramine treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32(2):354-360
77. Sukhodolsky DG, Scahill L, Zhang H, Peterson BS, King RA, Lombroso PJ, Katsovich L, Findley D, Leckman JF (2003) Disruptive behaviour in children with Tourette's syndrome: association with ADHD comorbidity, tic severity, and function impairment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(1):98-105
78. Sverd J, Gadow KD, Paolicelli LM (1989) Methylphenidate treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys with Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(4): 574-579; discussion 580-582
79. Swanson J (2003) Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: issues and approaches for improvement. CNS Drugs 17(2):117-131
80. Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Udrea D, Lerner M, Agler D, Flynn D, Fineberg E, Davies M, Kardatzke D, Ram A, Gupta S (1998) Evaluation of individual subjects in the analog classroom setting. I. Examination of graphical and statistical procedures for within-subject ranking response to different delivery patterns of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 34(4):825-832
81. Taylor E, Dopfner M, Sergeant J, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Rothenberger A, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen H-C, Zuddas A (2004) European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder - first upgrade. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl):17-30
82. Taylor E, Sergeant J, Dopfner M, Gunning B, Overmeyer S, Mobius HJ, Eisert HG (1998) Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 7(4):184-200
83. Tjon Pian Gi CV, Broeren JP, Starreveld JS, Versteegh FG (2003) Melatonin for treatment of sleeping disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary open label study. Eur J Pediatr 162(7-8):554-555
84. Wernicke JF, Kratochvil CJ (2002) Safety Profile of Atomoxetine in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry 63(Suppl 12): 50-55
85. World Health Organisation (1992) International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems - Tenth Revision. Geneva
86. Yordanova J, Dumais-Huber C, Rothenberger A, Woerner W (1997) Frontocortical Activity in Children with Comorbidity of Tic Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 41(5):585-594