Focal malformations of cortical development: A most relevant etiology of epilepsy in children

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 111, Issue , 2013, Pages 549-565

  Palmini, André ^a   Holthausen, Hans ^b  

^a PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^b Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876800459     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00058-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (61)

1. Andermann F. Chronic Encephalitis and Epilepsy: Rasmussen's Syndrome 1991, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
2. Barkovich A.J., Kuzniecky R.I., Bollen A.W., et al. Focal transmantle dysplasia: a specific malformation of cortical development. Neurology 1997, 49:1148-1152.
3. Barkovich A.J., Kuzniecky R.I., Jackson G.D., et al. Classification system for malformations of cortical development: update 2001. Neurology 2001, 57:2168-2178.
4. Barkovich A.J., Kuzniecky R.I., Jackson G.D., et al. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development. Neurology 2005, 65:1873-1887.
5. Berg A.T., Berkovic S.F., Brodie M.J., et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2009, 51:676-685.
6. Besson P., Andermann F., Dubeau F., et al. Small focal cortical dysplasia lesions are located at the bottom of a deep sulcus. Brain 2008, 131:3246-3255.
7. Blümcke I., Pieper T., Pauli E., et al. A distinct variant of focal cortical dysplasia type I characterised by magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathological examination in children with severe epilepsies. Epileptic Disord 2010, 12:172-180.
8. Blümcke I., Thom M., Aronica E., et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia 2011, 52:158-174.
9. Boonyapisit K., Najm I., Klem G., et al. Epileptogenicity of focal malformations due to abnormal cortical development: direct electrocorticographic-histopathologic correlations. Epilepsia 2003, 44:69-76.
10. Cepeda C., Hurst R., Flores-Hernandez J., et al. Morphological and electrophysiological characterization of abnormal cell types in pediatric cortical dysplasia. J Neurosci Res 2003, 72:472-486.
11. Cepeda C., André V.M., Levine M.S., et al. Epileptogenesis in pediatric cortical dysplasia: the dysmature cerebral developmental hypothesis. Epilepsy Behav 2006, 9:219-235.
12. Chassoux F., Devaux B., Landre E., et al. Stereoelectroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia: a 3D approach to delineating the dysplastic cortex. Brain 2000, 123:1733-1751.
13. Chassoux F., Rodrigo S., Semah F., et al. FDG-PET improves surgical outcome in negative MRI Taylor-type focal cortical dysplasias. Neurology 2010, 75:2168-2175.
14. Crino P.B. Focal brain malformations: seizures, signaling, sequencing. Epilepsia 2009, 50:3-8.
15. Cross J.H., Jayakar P., Nordli D., et al. Proposed criteria for referral and evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery: recommendations of the Subcommission for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery. Epilepsia 2006, 47:952-959.
16. Dubeau F., Palmini A., Fish D., et al. The significance of electrocorticographic findings in focal cortical dysplasia: a review of their clinical, electrophysiological and neurochemical characteristics. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1998, 48:77-96.
17. Dupont P., Van Paesschen W., Palmini A., et al. Ictal perfusion patterns associated with single MRI-visible focal dysplastic lesions: implications for the noninvasive delineation of the epileptogenic zone. Epilepsia 2006, 47:1550-1557.
18. Flores-Sarnat L. Hemimegalencephaly: Part 1. Genetic, clinical and imaging aspects. J Child Neurol 2002, 17:373-384.
19. Flores-Sarnat L. Hemimegalencephaly syndrome. Malformations of the Nervous System 2008, 87:153-176. Elsevier Edinburgh, London, NY, Toronto. H.B. Sarnat, P. Curatolo (Eds.).
20. Flores-Sarnat L., Sarnat H.B., Dvila-Gutiérrez G., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: Part 2. Neuropathology suggests a disorder of cellular lineage. J Child Neurol 2003, 18:776-785.
21. Gambardella A., Palmini A., Andermann F., et al. Usefulness of focal rhythmic discharges on scalp EEG of patients with focal cortical dysplasia and intractable epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996, 98:243-249.
22. Garbelli R., Zucca I., Milesi G., et al. Combined 7-T MRI and histopathologic study of normal and dysplastic samples from patients with TLE. Neurology 2011, 76:1177-1185.
23. Harvey A.S., Cross J.H., Shinnar S., et al. Defining the spectrum of international practice in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia 2004, 49:146-155.
24. Hildebrandt M., Pieper T., Winkler P., et al. Neuropathological spectrum of cortical dysplasia in children with severe focal epilepsies. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2005, 110:1-11.
25. Holthausen H., Strobl K. Reorganization of the sensorimotor system in children with infantile hemiplegia and after hemispherectomy. Plasticity in Epilepsy: Dynamic Aspects of Brain Function 1999, 201-220. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Lippincott. H. Stefan, F. Andermann, P. Chauvel (Eds.).
26. Holthausen H., May T.W., Adams C.T.B., et al. Seizures post-hemispherectomy. Paediatric Epilepsy Syndromes and their Surgical Treatment 1997, 749-773. John Libey & Co, London. I. Tuxhorn, H. Holthausen, H. Boenigk (Eds.).
27. Janszky J., Ebner A., Kruse B., et al. Functional organization of the brain with malformations of cortical development. Ann Neurol 2003, 53:759-767.
28. Jeha L.E., Najm I., Bingaman W., et al. Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery. Brain 2007, 130:574-584.
29. Jonas R., Nguyen S., Hu B., et al. Cerebral hemispherectomy: hospital course, seizure, developmental, language, and motor outcomes. Neurology 2004, 62:1712-1721.
30. Kim D.W., Lee S.K., Chu K., et al. Predictors of surgical outcome and pathologic considerations in focal cortical dysplasia. Neurology 2009, 72:211-216.
31. King M., Stephenson J.B., Ziervogel M., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: a case for hemispherectomy?. Neuropediatrics 1985, 16:46-55.
32. Kloss S., Pieper T., Pannek H., et al. Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome. Neuropediatrics 2002, 33:21-26.
33. Krsek P., Maton B., Korman B., et al. Different features of histopathological subtypes of pediatric focal cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2008, 63:758-769.
34. Krsek P., Maton B., Jayakar P., et al. Incomplete resection of focal cortical dysplasia is the main predictor of poor postsurgical outcome. Neurology 2009, 72:217-223.
35. Krsek P., Pieper T., Karlmeier A., et al. Different presurgical characteristics and seizure outcomes in children with focal cortical dysplasia type I or II. Epilepsia 2009, 50:125-137.
36. Krsek P., Jahodova A., Maton B., et al. Low-grade focal cortical dysplasia is associated with prenatal and perinatal brain injury. Epilepsia 2010, 51:2440-2448.
37. Lee S.K., Lee S.Y., Kim K.K., et al. Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of cryptogenic neocortical epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2005, 58:525-532.
38. Lerner J.T., Salomon N., Hauptman J.S., et al. Assessment and surgical outcomes for mild type I and severe type II cortical dysplasia: a critical review and the UCLA experience. Epilepsia 2009, 50:1310-1335.
39. Lombroso C.T. Can early postnatal closed head injury induce cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2000, 41:245-253.
40. Morioka T., Nishio S., Ishibashi H., et al. Intrinsic epileptogenicity of focal cortical dysplasia as revealed by magnetoencephalography and electrocorticography. Epilepsy Res 1999, 33:177-187.
41. Paladin F., Chiron C., Dulac O., et al. Electroencephalographic aspects of hemimegalencephaly. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989, 31:377-383.
42. Palmini A. The concept of the epileptogenic zone: a modern look at Penfield and Jasper's views on the role of interictal spikes. Epileptic Disord 2006, 8:S10-S15.
43. Palmini A. Electrophysiology of the focal cortical dysplasias. Epilepsia 2010, 51:23-26.
44. Palmini A., Luders H.O. Classification issues in malformations caused by abnormalities of cortical development. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2002, 13:1-16. vii.
45. Palmini A., Andermann F., Olivier A., et al. Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: a study of 30 patients. Ann Neurol 1991, 30:741-749.
46. Palmini A., Andermann F., Olivier A., et al. Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: results of surgical treatment. Ann Neurol 1991, 30:750-757.
47. Palmini A., Andermann E., Andermann F. Prenatal events and genetic factors in epileptic patients with neuronal migration disorders. Epilepsia 1994, 35:965-973.
48. Palmini A., Gambardella A., Andermann F., et al. Operative strategies for patients with cortical dysplastic lesions and intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994, 35:S57-S71.
49. Palmini A., Gambardella A., Andermann F., et al. Intrinsic epileptogenicity of human dysplastic cortex as suggested by corticography and surgical results. Ann Neurol 1995, 37:476-487.
50. Palmini A., Najm I., Avanzini G., et al. Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology 2004, 62:S2-S8.
51. Palmini A., Halasz P., Scheffer I.E., et al. Reflex seizures in patients with malformations of cortical development and refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005, 46:1224-1234.
52. Salomon N., Kung J., Shaw S.J., et al. FDG-PET/MRI coregistration improves detection of cortical dysplasia in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 2008, 71:1594-1601.
53. Sarnat H.B., Flores-Sarnat L. Integrative classification of morphology and molecular genetics in central nervous system malformations. Am J Med Genet 2004, 126A:386-392.
54. Semah F., Picot M.C., Adam C., et al. Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence?. Neurology 1998, 51:1256-1262.
55. Soufflet C., Bulteau C., Delalande O., et al. The nonmalformed hemisphere is secondarily impaired in young children with hemimegalencephaly: a pre- and postsurgery study with SPECT and EEG. Epilepsia 2004, 45:1375-1382.
56. Takashima S., Chan F., Becker L.E., et al. Aberrant neuronal development in hemimegalencephaly: immunohistochemical and Golgi studies. Pediatr Neurol 1991, 7:275-280.
57. Tassi L., Colombo N., Garbelli R., et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome. Brain 2002, 125:1719-1732.
58. Tassi L., Garbelli R., Colombo N., et al. Type I focal cortical dysplasias: surgical outcome is related to histopathology. Epileptic Disord 2010, 12:181-191.
59. Vigevano F. Clinical and EEG characteristics. Dysplasias of Cerebral Cortex and Epilepsy 1996, 285-294. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia. R. Guerrini, F. Andermann, R. Chapicchiet (Eds.).
60. Vigevano F., Fusco L., Holthausen H., et al. The morphological spectrum and variable clinical picture in children with hemimegalencephaly. Paediatric Epilepsy Syndromes and their Surgical Treatment 1997, 377-391. John Libey & Co., London. I. Tuxhorn, H. Holthausen, H. Boenigk (Eds.).
61. Widdess-Walsh P., Jeha L., Nair D., et al. Subdural electrode analysis in focal cortical dysplasia: predictors of surgical outcome. Neurology 2007, 69:660-667.