Hemimegalencephaly syndrome

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 87, Issue , 2007, Pages 153-176

  Flores Sarnat, Laura ^a  

^a ALBERTA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CORTICAL DYSPLASIA; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

BRAIN; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 67649364701     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0072-9752(07)87010-2     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Abdelhalim A.N., Moritani T., Richfield E., et al. Epidermal nevus syndrome: megalencephaly with bihemispheric and cerebellar involvement: imaging and neuropathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27 (2003) 534-537
2. Adamsbaum C., Robain O., Cohen P.A., et al. Focal cortical dysplasia and hemimegalencephaly: histological and neuroimaging correlations. Pediatr Radiol 28 (1998) 583-590
3. Agid R., Lieberman S., Nadjari M., et al. Prenatal MR diffusion-weighted imaging in a fetus with hemimegalencephaly. Pediatr Radiol 36 (2006) 138-140
4. Ahmed I., Tope W.D., Young T.L., et al. Neurocutaneous melanosis in association with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 47 (2002) S196-200
5. Ahmetoglu A., Isik Y., Aynaci O., et al. Proteus syndrome associated with liver involvement: case report. Genet Couns 14 (2003) 221-226
6. Alfonso I., Papazian O., Litt R., et al. Similar brain SPECT findings in subclinical and clinical seizures in two neonates with hemimegalencephaly. Pediatr Neurol 19 (1998) 132-134
7. Alpay F., Kurekci A.E., Gunesli S., et al. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with hemimegalencephaly. Report of a case. Turk J Pediatr 38 (1996) 277-280
8. Antonelli A., Chiaretti A., Amendola T., et al. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human paediatric hemimegalencephaly. Neuropediatrics 35 (2004) 39-44
9. Ardinger H.H., and Bell W.E. Hypomelanosis of Ito. Arch Neurol 43 (1986) 848-850
10. Area G., Pacheco E., Alfonso I., et al. Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in neonates with tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 21 (2006) 280-285
11. Auriemma A., Agostinis C., Bianchi P., et al. Hemimegalencephaly in hypomelanosis of Ito: early sonographic pattern and peculiar MR findings in a newborn. Eur J Ultrasound 12 (2000) 61-67
12. Aydingöz U., Emir S., Karh-Oguz K., et al. Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face with ipsilateral hemimegalencephaly. Pediatr Radiol 32 (2002) 106-109
13. Barkovich A.J. Pediatric Neuroimaging. 4th edn. (2005), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 337-340
14. Battaglia D., Di Rocco C., Iuvone L., et al. Neuro-cognitive development and epilepsy in children with surgically treated hemimegalencephaly. Neuropediatrics 30 (1999) 307-313
15. Bignami A., Palladini G., and Zappelli M. Unilateral megalencephaly with nerve cell hypertrophy. An anatomical and quantitative histochemical study. Brain Res 45 (1968) 103-114
16. Bonioli E.V., Bertolla A., Di Stefano A., et al. Sebaceus nevus syndrome: report of two cases. Pediatr Neurol 17 (1997) 77-79
17. Broumandi D.D., Hayward U.M., Benzian J.M., et al. Best cases from the AFIP. Hemimegalencephaly. RadioGraphics 24 (2004) 843-848
18. Calzolari F., Chirico M., and Tamisari L. Hemimegalencephaly associated with somatic hemihypertrophy and a malformation of the feet: case report. Neuroradiology 38 (1996) 367-370
19. Carreño M., Wyllie E., Bingaman W., et al. Seizure outcome after functional hemispherectomy for malformations of cortical development. Neurology 57 (2001) 331-333
20. Cartwright M.S., McCarthy S.C., and Roach E.S. Hemimegalencephaly and tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology 6 (2005) 1634
21. Casey B. Two rights make a wrong: human left-right malformations. Hum Mol Genet 7 (1998) 1565-1571
22. Chen P.C., and Shu W.C. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with hemimegalencephaly: report of one case. Chung-Hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 37 (1996) 138-141
23. Cheruy M., and Heller F.R. An unusual variant of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Association of total hemihypertrophy, hemimegalencephaly and bilateral extremity enlargement. Acta Chir Belg 87 (1987) 73-76
24. Choi B.H., and Kudo M. Abnormal neuronal migration and gliomatosis cerebri in epidermal nevus syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 53 (1981) 319-325
25. Clancy R.R., Kurtz M.B., Baker D., et al. Neurologic manifestations of the organoid nevus syndrome. Arch Neurol 42 (1985) 236-240
26. Cohen Jr. M.M. The elephant man did not have neurofibromatosis. Proc Greenwood Genet Cent 6 (1987) 187-192
27. Cohen M.M., Neri G., and Weksberg R. Overgrowth Syndromes (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford
28. Cristaldi A., Vigevano F., Antoniazzi G., et al. Hemimegalencephaly, hemihypertrophy and vascular lesions. Eur J Pediatr 154 (1995) 134-137
29. Cruz A., Schirmbeck T., Pina-Neto J.M., et al. Cicatricial upper eyelid retraction in encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. Ophthalm Plast Reconstr Surg 18 (2002) 151-155
30. Curatolo P. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: From Basic Science to Clinical Phenotypes (2003), International Child Neurology Association and MacKeith Press, London
31. Cusmai R., Curatolo P., Mangano S., et al. Hemimegalencephaly and neurofibromatosis. Neuropediatrics 21 (1990) 179-182
32. Dambska M., Wisniewski K., and Sher J.H. An autopsy case of hemimegalencephaly. Brain Dev 6 (1984) 60-64
33. Davis R.L., and Nelson E.J. Unilateral ganglioglioma in a tuberosclerotic brain. Neuropathol Exp Neurol 20 (1961) 571-581
34. De Jong J., Delleman J.W., Houben M., et al. Agenesis of the corpus callosum, infantile spasms, ocular anomalies (Aicardi's syndrome). Neurology 26 (1976) 1152-1158
35. De Lone D.R., Brown W.D., and Gentry L.R. Proteus syndrome: craniofacial and cerebral MRI (1999)
36. De Rosa M.J., Secor D.L., Barsom M., et al. Neuropathologic findings in surgically treated hemimegalencephaly: immunohistochemical, morphometric and ultrastructural study. Acta Neuropathol 84 (1992) 250-260
37. Dhamecha R.D., and Edwards-Brown M.K. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with hemimegalencephaly. J Craniofac Surg 12 (2001) 194-196
38. DiCapua M., Vigevano F., and Wisniewski K. Somatosensory evoked potentials in hemimegalencephy and lissencephaly: anatomo-functional correlations. Brain Dev 15 (1993) 253-257
39. Dietrich R.B., Glidden D.E., Roth G.M., et al. The Proteus syndrome: CNS manifestations. Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 987-990
40. Di Rocco C., and Iannelli A. Hemimegalencephaly and intractable epilepsy: complications of hemispherectomy and their correlations with the surgical technique. A report of 15 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg 33 (2000) 198-207
41. Di Rocco F., Novegno F., Tamburrini G., et al. Hemimegalencephaly involving the cerebellum. Pediatr Neurosurg 35 (2001) 274-276
42. Di Rocco C., Battaglia D., Pietrini D., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: clinical implications and surgical treatment. Childs Nerv Syst 22 (2006) 852-866
43. Dom F., and Brucher J.M. Hamartoblastome (gangliocytome diffus) unilateral de l'écorce cérébrale. Rev Neurol (Paris) 120 (1969) 307-318
44. Donati L., Candiani P., Grappolini S., et al. Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face related to cytomegalovirus infection. Br J Plast Surg 43 (1990) 124-126
45. Dulac O., Chugani H.T., and Dalla Bernardina B. Infantile Spasms and West Syndrome (1994), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 102-106 133-135
46. Egan C.A., Meadows K.P., Van Orman C.B., et al. Neurologic variant of epidermal nevus syndrome with a facial lipoma. Int J Dermatol 40 (2001) 189-190
47. El-Shanti H., Bell W.E., and Waziri M.H. Epidermal nevus syndrome: subgroup with neuronal migration defects. J Child Neurol 7 (1992) 29-34
48. Eve F.S. Congenital hypertrophy of the foot and leg, especially of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the sole. Pathol Trans (Lond) 34 (1883) 298-304
49. Fekete D.M. Left-right brain asymmetry: lessons from the heart. Trends Neurosci 24 (2001) 6
50. Flores-Sarnat L. Hemimegalencephaly. Part 1. Genetic, clinical and imaging aspects. J Child Neurol 17 (2002) 373-384
51. Flores-Sarnat L. Epidermal nevus syndrome. MedLink (Neurobase) CD-ROM (2005), Arbor Publishing Corp., San Diego, CA
52. Flores-Sarnat L. Neurocutaneous syndromes and hemimegalencephaly. In: Curatolo P., and Riva D. (Eds). Neurocutaneous Syndromes in Children (2006), John Libbey Eurotext/Fondazione Pierfranco e Luisa Mariani, Milan 55-72
53. Flores-Sarnat L., Sarnat H.B., Dávila-Gutiérrez G., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: Part 2. Neuropathology suggests a disorder of cellular lineage. J Child Neurol 18 (2003) 776-785
54. Furnas D.W., Soper R.T., Nickman N.J., et al. Congenital hemihypertrophy of the face: impersonator of childhood facial tumors. J Pediatr Surg 5 (1970) 344-348
55. Fusco L., Ferracuti S., Fariello G., et al. Hemimegalencephaly and normal intellectual development. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 (1992) 720-722
56. Galluzi P., Cerase A., Strambi M., et al. Hemimegalencephaly in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 17 (2002) 677-680
57. García-Oguiza A., Miralbes-Terraza S., Calvo-Martin M., et al. Neonatal Gorlin syndrome associated to hemimegalencephaly confirmed by genetic study. Rev Neurol 43 (2006) 251-252
58. George R.E., Hoffman H.J., Hwang P.A., et al. Management of intractable siezures in unilateral megalencephaly. Epilepsia 3(suppl.) (1990) 305-313
59. Geschwind D.H., and Miller B.L. Molecular approaches to cerebral laterality: development and neurodegeneration. Am J Med Genet 101 (2001) 370-381
60. Giuliano F., David A., Edery P., et al. Macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: seven cases including two with unusual cerebral manifestations. Am J Med Genet A 126 (2004) 99-103
61. Gomes L.B., Castro J., Matos M., et al. Lesoes do sistema nervoso central na síndrome de Adams-Olivier. Acta Med Portug 14 (2001) 89-94
62. Gómez M.R. Phenotypes of the tuberous sclerosis complex with a revision of diagnostic criteria. Ann NY Acad Sci 615 (1991) 1-7
63. Griffiths P.D., Welch R.J., Gardner-Medwin D., et al. The radiological features of hemimegalencephaly including three cases associated with Proteus syndrome. Neuropediatrics 25 (1994) 140-144
64. Griffiths P.D., Gardner S.A., Smith M., et al. Hemimegalencephaly and focal megalencephaly in tuberous sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 1935-1938
65. Gross H., and Uiberrak B. Klinisch-anatomische Befunde bei Hemimegalencephalie. Virchows Arch Pathol 327 (1955) 577-589
66. Gutmann D.H. Neurofibromatosis. Phenotype, Natural History, and Pathogenesis. 3rd edn. (1999), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 190-191
67. Guzzetta F., Battaglia D., and Lettori D. Epileptic negative myoclonus in a newborn with hemimegalencephaly. Epilepsia 43 (2002) 1106-1109
68. Haberland C., and Perou M. Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. Arch Neurol 22 (1970) 144-155
69. Hager B.C., Dyme I.Z., Guertin S.R., et al. Linear sebaceous nevus syndrome: megalencephaly and heterotopic gray matter. Pediatr Neurol 7 (1991) 45-49
70. Hall-Craggs M.A., Harbord M.G., Finn J.P., et al. Aicardi syndrome: MR assessment of brain structure and myelination. Am J Neuroradiol 11 (1990) 532-536
71. Hallervorden J. Angeborene Hemihypertrophie der linken Körperhälfte einschliesslich des Gehirns. Zentralbl Neurol Psychiatr 33 (1923) 518-519
72. Hanefeld F., Kruse B., Holzbach U., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Epilepsia 36 (1995) 1215-1224
73. Hannan A.J., Servotte S., Katsnelson A., et al. Characterization of nodular heterotopia in children. Brain 122 (1999) 219-238
74. Happle R. Epidermal nevus syndromes. Semin Dermatol 14 (1995) 111-121
75. Harris B.S., Franz T., Ulrich S., et al. Forebrain overgrowth (fog): a new mutation in the mouse affecting neural tube development. Teratology 55 (1997) 231-240
76. Hering-Hanit, Achiron R., Lipitz S., et al. Asymmetry of fetal cerebral hemispheres: in utero ultrasound study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed 85 (2001) F194-F196
77. Herman T.E., and Siegel M.J. Hemimegalencephaly and linear nevus sebaceous syndrome. J Perinatol 21 (2001) 336-338
78. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in hemimegalencephaly. Neuroradiology 42 (2000) 749-752
79. Hommet C., Praline J., and Mondon K. Hemimegalencephaly: a misleading EEG tracing. Rev Neurol 158 (2002) 827-829
80. Hoyme H.E., Seaver L.H., Jones K.L., et al. Isolated hemihyperplasia (hemihypertrophy): report of a prospective multicenter study of the incidence of neoplasia and review. Am J Med Genet 79 (1998) 274-278
81. Hung P.C., and Wang H.S. Hemimegalencephaly: cranial sonographic findings in neonates. J Clin Ultrasound 33 (2005) 243-247
82. Isibashi H., Simos P.G., Wheles J.E., et al. Somatosensory evoked magnetic fields in hemimegalencephaly. Neurol Res 24 (2002) 459-462
83. Jozwiak S., and Janniger C.K. Haberland syndrome (2005) eMedicine 3 May
84. Kalifa G.L., Chiron C., Sellier N., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: MR imaging in five children. Radiology 165 (1987) 29-33
85. Kato M., Mizuguchi M., Sakuta R., et al. Hypertrophy of the cerebral white matter in hemimegalencephaly. Pediatr Neurol 14 (1996) 335-338
86. King M., Stephenson J.B.P., Ziervogel M., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: a case for hemispherectomy?. Neuropediatrics 16 (1985) 46-55
87. Konkol R.J., Maister B.H., Wells R.G., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: clinical, EEG, neuroimaging, and IMP-SPECT correlation. Ped Neurol 6 (1990) 414-418
88. Kopp N., Michal F., and Carrier H. Ètude de certaines asymetries hemispheriques du cerveau humain. J Neurol Sci 34 (1977) 349-363
89. Laurence K.M. A new case of unilateral megalencephaly. Dev Med Child Neurol 6 (1964) 585-590
90. Liang J.O., Etheridge A., Hantsoo L., et al. Asymmetric nodal signaling in the zebrafish diencephalon positions the pineal organ. Development 127 (2000) 5101-5112
91. López-Pisón J., Arana T., Abenia P., et al. Hemimegalencefalia y zurdería manual patológica. A propósito de un caso. Rev Neurol 27 (1998) 509-511
92. McCall S., Ramzy M.I., Cure J.K., and Pai G.S. Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis and the Proteus syndrome: distinct entities with overlapping manifestations. Am J Med Genet 43 (1992) 662-668
93. Malinger G., Ben-Sisa L., Lev D., et al. Fetal brain imaging: a comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and dedicated neurosonography. Ultrasound Obst Gynecol 23 (2004) 333-340
94. Maloof J., Sledz K., Hogg J.F., et al. Unilateral megalencephaly and tuberous sclerosis: related disorders?. J Child Neurol 9 (1994) 443-444
95. Manz H.J., Phillips T.M., Rowden G., et al. Unilateral megalencephaly with nerve cell hypertrophy. An anatomical and quantitative histochemical study. Brain Res 45 (1968) 97-103
96. Martin W. Hypertrophy of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum, with serous effusion in the cerebellum and in the cerebral ventricles. Edin Med J 61 (1844) 354
97. Martinelli P., Russo R., Agangi A., et al. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of frontonasal dysplasia. Prenat Diagn 22 (2002) 375-379
98. Martínez-Bermejo A., López-Martín V., Arcas J., et al. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy: a case associated with hemimegalencephaly. Brain Dev 14 (1992) 425-428
99. Meow-Keong Thong, Thompson E., Keenan R., et al. A child with hemimegalencephaly, hemihypertrophy, macrocephaly, cutaneous vascular malformation, psychomotor retardation and intestinal lymphangiectasia - a diagnostic dilemma. Clin Dysmorphol 8 (1999) 283-286
100. Mimouni F., Han B.K., Barnes L., et al. Multiple hamartomas associated with intracranial malformation. Pediatr Dermatol 3 (1986) 219-225
101. Nishimaki S., Endo M., Seki K., et al. Hemimegalencephaly misdiagnosed as a congenital brain tumor by fetal cerebral ultrasonography. Prenat Diagn 24 (2004) 257-259
102. Ohta B.Y., Hiraiwa M., Murayama K., et al. Hypometabolism and dipole localization in hemimegalencephaly: a case report. Neuropediatrics 25 (1994) 255-258
103. Ohtsuka Y., Ohno S., and Oka E. Electroclinical characteristics of hemimegalencephaly. Pediatr Neurol 20 (1999) 390-393
104. O'Kusky J.R., Akers M., and Vinters H.V. Synaptogenesis in hemimegalencephaly: the numerical density of asymmetric and symmetric synapses in the cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathol 92 (1996) 156-163
105. Paladin F., Chiron C., Dulac O., et al. Electroencephalographic aspects of hemimegalencephaly. Dev Med Child Neurol 31 (1989) 377-383
106. Parmar H., Patkar D., Shah J., et al. Hemimegalencephaly with tuberous sclerosis: a longitudinal imaging study. Australas Radiol 47 (2003) 438-442
107. Pavone L., Curatolo P., Rizzo R., et al. Epidermal nevus syndrome: a neurologic variant with hemimegalencephaly, gyral malformation, mental retardation, seizures, and facial hemihypertrophy. Neurology 41 (1991) 266-271
108. Pelayo R., Barasch E., Kang H., et al. Progressively intractable seizures, focal alopecia, and hemimegalencephaly. Neurology 44 (1994) 969-971
109. Peserico A., Battistella P.A., Bertoli P., et al. Unilateral hypomelanosis of Ito with hemimegalencephaly. Acta Paediatr Scand 77 (1988) 446-447
110. Prayson R.A., Kotagal P., Wyllie E., et al. Linear epidermal nevus and nevus sebaceous syndromes. A clinicopathologic study of 1993 patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med 123 (1999) 301-305
111. Reardon W., Harding B., Winter R., et al. Hemihypertrophy, hemimegalencephaly, and polydactyly. Am J Med Genet 66 (1996) 144-149
112. Renowden S.A., and Squier M. Unusual magnetic resonance and neuropathological findings in hemimegalencephaly: report of a case following hemispherectomy. Dev Med Child Neurol 36 (1994) 357-361
113. Rintahaka P.J., Chugani H.T., Messa C., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: evaluation with positron emission tomography. Ped Neurol 9 (1993) 21-28
114. Riyaz A., Riyaz N., Anoop P., et al. Hemihypertrophy and primary small intestinal lymphangiectasia in incontinentia pigmenti achromians. Indian J Pediatr 71 (2004) 947
115. Robain O., Floquet C., Heldt N., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: a clinicopathological study of four cases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14 (1988) 125-135
116. Robain O., Chiron C., and Dulac O. Electron microscopic and Golgi study in a case of hemimegalencephaly. Acta Neuropathol 77 (1989) 664-666
117. Rogers M., McCrossin I., and Commens C. Epidermal nevi and the epidermal nevus syndrome. A review of 131 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 20 (1989) 476-488
118. Ronnett G.V., Hester L.D., Nye J.S., et al. Human cortical neuronal cell line: establishment from a patient with unilateral hemimegalencephaly. Science 2 (1990) 603-605
119. Ross G.W., Miller J.Q., Persing J.A., et al. Hemimegalencephaly, hemifacial hypertrophy and intracranial lipoma: a variant of neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis 2 (1989) 69-77
120. Ryan A.K., Blumberg B., Rodrííguez-Esteban C., et al. Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. Nature 394 (1998) 545-551
121. Saijoh Y., Adachi H., Mochida K., et al. Distinct transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlie left-right asymmetric expression of lefty-1 and lefty-2. Genes Dev 13 (1999) 259-269
122. Sakuma H., Iwata O., and Sasaki M. Longitudinal MRI findings in a patient with hemimegalencephaly associated with tuberous sclerosis. Brain Dev 27 (2005) 458-461
123. Sakuta R., Hisashi A., Takashima S., et al. Epidermal nevus syndrome with hemimegalencephaly: a clinical report of a case with acanthosis nigricans-like nevi on the face and neck, hemimegalencepjaly, and hemihypertrophy of the body. Brain Dev 11 (1989) 191-194
124. Sarnat H.B. Cerebral Dysgenesis (1992), Oxford University Press, New York
125. Sarnat H.B., and Flores-Sarnat L. Embryology of the neural crest: its inductive role in the neurocutaneous syndromes. J Child Neurol 20 (2005) 637-643
126. Sarnat H.B., and Netsky M.G. Evolution of the Nervous System. 2nd edn. (1981), Oxford University Press, New York
127. Sarnat H.B., Darwish H.Z., Barth P.G., et al. Ependymal abnormalities in lissencephaly/pachygyria. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52 (1993) 525-541
128. Sarnat H.B., Diadori P., and Trevenen C. Myopathy of the Proteus syndrome: hypothesis of muscular dysgenesis. Neuromusc Disord 3 (1993) 293-301
129. Sasaki M., Hashimoto T., Furushima W., et al. Clinical aspects of hemimegalencephaly by means of a nationwide survey. J Child Neurol 20 (2005) 337-341
130. Sener R.N. MR demonstration of cerebral hemimegalencephaly associated with cerebellar involvement (total hemimegalencephaly). Comput Med Imaging Graph 21 (1997) 201-204
131. Shiratori H., and Hamada H. The left-right axis in the mouse: from origin to morphology. Development 133 (2006) 2095-2104
132. Sierra-Cardona L., Betancourt Y., and Jimenez J.C. Hemimegalencephaly associated to Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Acta Neuropaediatr 2 (1997) 259-263
133. Sims J. On hypertrophy and atrophy of the brain. Med Quir Trans 19 (1835) 315-380
134. Singh S., Sampath S., Nathan R., et al. Hypomelanosis of Ito. Indian J Pediatr 71 (2004) 947
135. Slavin S.A., Baker D.C., McCarthy J.G., et al. Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face: clinicopathologic evaluation and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 72 (1983) 158-164
136. Solomon L.M., and Esterly N.B. Epidermal and other congenital organoid nevi. Curr Prob Pediatr 6 (1975) 1-56
137. Solomon L.M., Fretzin D.F., and Dewald R.L. The epidermal nevus syndrome. Arch Dermatol 97 (1968) 273-285
138. Soufflet C., Bulteau C., Delalande O., et al. The nonmalformed hemisphere is secondarily impaired in young children with hemimegalencephaly: a pre- and postsurgery study with SPECT and EEG. Epilepsia 45 (2004) 1375-1382
139. Stafne E.C., and Lovestedt S.A. Congenital hemihypertrophy of the face (facial gigantism). Oral Surg 15 (1962) 184
140. Sugiyama S., Fujii M., Nomura S., et al. Hemimegaloencephaly with periventricular heterotopia. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 34 (1994) 561-564
141. Sun T., Patoine C., Abu-Khalil A., et al. Early asymmetry of gene transcription in embryonic human left and right cerebral cortex. Science 308 (2005) 1794-1798
142. Takashima S., Chan F., Becker L.E., et al. Aberrant neuronal development in hemimegalencephaly: immunohistochemical and Golgi studies. Pediatr Neurol 7 (1991) 275-280
143. Tagawa T., Futagi Y., Arai H., et al. Hypomelanosis of Ito associated with hemimegalencephaly. A clinicopathological study. Pediatr Neurol 17 (1997) 180-184
144. Taha J.M., Crone K.R., and Berger T.S. The role of hemispherectomy in the treatment of holohemispheric hemimegaloencephaly. J Neurosurg 81 (1994) 37-42
145. Tjiam A.T., Stefanko S., Schenk V.W.D., et al. Infantile spasms associated with hypsarrhythmia and hemimegalencephaly. Dev Med Child Neurol 20 (1978) 779-798
146. Torregrosa A., Marti-Bonmati L., Higueras V., et al. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: frequency of cerebral and cerebellar hemihypertrophy on MRI. Neuroradiology 42 (2000) 420-423
147. Townsend J.J., Nielsen S.L., and Malamud N. Unilateral megalencephaly: hamartoma or neoplasm?. Neurology 25 (1975) 448-453
148. Trounce J.Q., Rutter N., and Mellor D.H. Hemimegalencephaly: diagnosis and treatment. Dev Med Child Neurol 33 (1991) 261-266
149. Tuke J.B. On a case of hypertrophy of the right cerebral hemisphere with coexistent atrophy of the left side of the body. J Anat Physiol 7 (1873) 257-266
150. Türkdogan-Sözüer D., Özek M.M., Sehiralti V., et al. Hemimegalencephaly and Hirschsprung's disease: a unique association. Pediatr Neurol 18 (1998) 452-455
151. Unal O., Cirak B., Bekerecioglu M., et al. Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face with cerebral abnormalities. Eur Radiol 10 (2000) 1610-1613
152. Updegraff H.L. Reconstructive surgery in unilateral progressive facial hemihypertrophy. Am J Surg 10 (1930) 439
153. Val-Bernal J.F., de la Dehesa J., Garijo M.F., et al. Cutaneous lipomatous neurofibromas. Am J Dermatopathol 24 (2002) 246-250
154. Van der Hoeve J. Eye symptoms in tuberous sclerosis of the brain. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 20 (1920) 329-334
155. Vigevano F., and Di Rocco C. Effectiveness of hemispherectomy in hemimegalencephaly with intractable seizures. Neuropediatrics 21 (1990) 222-223
156. Vigevano F., Bertini E., Boldrini R., et al. Hemimegalencephaly and intractable epilepsy: benefits of hemispherectomy. Epilepsia 30 (1989) 833-843
157. Wada J.A., Clarke R., and Hamm A. Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry in humans. Arch Neurol 72 (1975) 239-246
158. Wasiak S., and Lohnes D. Retinoic acid affects left-right patterning. Dev Biol 215 (1999) 332-342
159. Webster J.H.D. A case of unilateral cerebral hyperplasia with co-existent 'acromegaly' of the feet and a slight degree of unilateral gigantism. J Pathol Bacteriol 12 (1908) 306-309
160. Wieselthaler N.A., van Toorn R., and Wilmshurst J.M. Giant congenital melanocytic nevi in a patient with brain structural malformations and multiple lipomatosis. J Child Neurol 17 (2002) 289-291
161. Williams III D.W., and Elster A.D. Cranial MR imaging in hypomelanosis of Ito. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14 (1990) 981-983
162. Wolpert S.M., Cohen A., and Libenson M. Hemimegalencephaly: a longitudinal MR study. Am J Neuroradiol 15 (1994) 1479-1482
163. Yagishita A., Arai N., Tamagawa K., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: signal changes suggesting abnormal myelination on MRI. Neuroradiology 40 (1998) 734-738
164. Yakovlev P.O., and Guthrie R.H. Congenital ectodermoses (neurocutaneous syndromes) in epileptic patients. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 26 (1931) 1145
165. Yasha T.C., Santosh V., Das S., et al. Hemimegalencephaly: morphological and immunoctyochemical study. Clin Neuropathol 16 (1997) 17-22
166. Yuh W.T.C., Nguyen H.D., Fisher D.J., et al. MR of fetal central nervous system abnormalities. Am J Neuroradiol 15 (1994) 459-464