Calcium and phosphate impact cardiovascular risk

European Heart Journal

Volumn 34, Issue 15, 2013, Pages 1112-1121

  Heine, Gunnar H ^a   Nangaku, Masaomi ^b   Fliser, Danilo ^a  

^a SAARLAND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Active vitamin D; Calcitriol; Calcium; FGF 23

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CINACALCET; COLECALCIFEROL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHOSPHATE; PLACEBO; VITAMIN D;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; BONE METABOLISM; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CALCIUM METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE COURSE; FOOD COMPOSITION; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; INDUSTRIALIZATION; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PHOSPHATE INTAKE; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BONE AND BONES; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HUMANS; MALE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHOSPHATES; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84876536410     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs353     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Zhang Z, Loustalot F, Gillespie C, Merritt R, Hu FB. Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among US adults. JAMA 2012;307:1273-1283.
2. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR III., Leiter LA, Linz P, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Gerstein HC, Probstfield J, Grimm RH, Ismail-Beigi F, Bigger JT, Goff DC Jr., Cushman WC, Simons-Morton DG, Byington RP. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563-1574.
3. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572. (Pubitemid 351831357)
4. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr., Grimm RH Jr., Cutler JA, Simons-Morton DG, Basile JN, Corson MA, Probstfield JL, Katz L, Peterson KA, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Bigger JT, Gerstein HC, Ismail-Beigi F. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1575-1585.
5. Herzog CA, Asinger RW, Berger AK, Charytan DM, Diez J, Hart RG, Eckardt KU, Kasiske BL, McCullough PA, Passman RS, DeLoach SS, Pun PH, Ritz E. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2011;80:572-586.
6. Kendrick J, Chonchol M. The role of phosphorus in the development and progression of vascular calcification. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58:826-834.
7. Bushinsky DA, Monk RD. Electrolyte quintet: calcium. Lancet 1998;352:306-311.
8. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002;62:245-252. (Pubitemid 34754068)
9. Block GA, Spiegel DM, Ehrlich J, Mehta R, Lindbergh J, Dreisbach A, Raggi P. Effects of sevelamer and calcium on coronary artery calcification in patients new to hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2005;68:1815-1824. (Pubitemid 43169927)
10. Hunt CD, Johnson LK. Calcium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of calcium balance data from metabolic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1054-1063. (Pubitemid 47538309)
11. Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Goldman JA, Gahche JJ, Dwyer JT, Moshfegh AJ, Sempos CT, Picciano MF. Estimation of total usual calcium and vitamin D intakes in the United States. J Nutr 2010;140:817-822.
12. Spiegel DM, Brady K. Calcium balance in normal individuals and in patients with chronic kidney disease on low-and high-calcium diets. Kidney Int 2012;81:1116-1122.
13. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d2040.
14. Larsson TE, Olauson H, Hagstrom E, Ingelsson E, Arnlov J, Lind L, Sundstrom J. Conjoint effects of serum calcium and phosphate on risk of total, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality in the community. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:333-339.
15. Dhingra R, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, Wang TJ, D'Agostino RB Jr, Gaziano JM, Vasan RS. Relations of serum phosphorus and calcium levels to the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the community. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:879-885. (Pubitemid 46762749)
16. Grandi NC, Brenner H, Hahmann H, Wusten B, Marz W, Rothenbacher D, Breitling LP. Calcium, phosphate and the risk of cardiovascular events and allcause mortality in a population with stable coronary heart disease. Heart 2012;98:926-933.
17. Yang H, Curinga G, Giachelli CM. Elevated extracellular calcium levels induce smooth muscle cell matrix mineralization in vitro. Kidney Int 2004;66:2293-2299. (Pubitemid 41115292)
18. Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, Giachelli CM. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 2011;109:697-711.
19. Reynolds JL, Joannides AJ, Skepper JN, McNair R, Schurgers LJ, Proudfoot D, Jahnen-Dechent W, Weissberg PL, Shanahan CM. Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2857-2867. (Pubitemid 41103395)
20. Kapustin AN, Davies JD, Reynolds JL, McNair R, Jones GT, Sidibe A, Schurgers LJ, Skepper JN, Proudfoot D, Mayr M, Shanahan CM. Calcium regulates key components of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived matrix vesicles to enhance mineralization. Circ Res 2011;109:e1-e12.
21. Andersson P, Rydberg E, Willenheimer R. Primary hyperparathyroidism and heart disease-a review. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1776-1787. (Pubitemid 39330228)
22. Lomashvili K, Garg P, O'Neill WC. Chemical and hormonal determinants of vascular calcification in vitro. Kidney Int 2006;69:1464-1470.
23. Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Shioi A, Morii H. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as a local regulator of vascular calcification. Its inhibitory action on in vitro calcification by bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1135-1142. (Pubitemid 27260334)
24. Torres PA, De Broe M. Calcium-sensing receptor, calcimimetics, and cardiovascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2012;82:19-25.
25. Saleh FN, Schirmer H, Sundsfjord J, Jorde R. Parathyroid hormone and left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2054-2060. (Pubitemid 37420453)
26. Hagstrom E, Hellman P, Larsson TE, Ingelsson E, Berglund L, Sundstrom J, Melhus H, Held C, Lind L, Michaelsson K, Arnlov J. Plasma parathyroid hormone and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the community. Circulation 2009;119:2765-2771.
27. Grandi NC, Breitling LP, Hahmann H, Wusten B, Marz W, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Serum parathyroid hormone and risk of adverse outcomes in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Heart 2011;97:1215-1221.
28. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Boehm BO, Grammer TB, Marz W. Parathyroid hormone level is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1591-1598.
29. Cawthon PM, Parimi N, Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA, Ensrud KE, Hoffman AR, Shikany JM, Cauley JA, Lane NE, Bauer DC, Orwoll ES, Cummings SR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4625-4634.
30. Jassal SK, Chonchol M, von Muhlen D, Smits G, Barrett-Connor E. Vitamin d, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study. Am J Med 2010;123:1114-1120.
31. Kestenbaum B, Katz R, de Boer I, Hoofnagle A, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, Jenny NS, Siscovick DS. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular events among older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1433-1441.
32. Deo R, Katz R, Shlipak MG, Sotoodehnia N, Psaty BM, Sarnak MJ, Fried LF, Chonchol M, de Boer IH, Enquobahrie D, Siscovick D, Kestenbaum B. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and sudden cardiac death: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension 2011;58:1021-1028.
33. Taylor EN, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Plasma fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, and risk of coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 2011;161:956-962.
34. Souberbielle JC, Roth H, Fouque DP. Parathyroid hormone measurement in CKD. Kidney Int 2010;77:93-100.
35. Marcocci C, Cetani F. Clinical practice. Primary hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2389-2397.
36. Isakova T, Xie H, YangW, Xie D, Anderson AH, Scialla J,Wahl P, Gutierrez OM, Steigerwalt S, He J, Schwartz S, Lo J, Ojo A, Sondheimer J, Hsu CY, Lash J, Leonard M, Kusek JW, Feldman HI, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and risks of mortality and end-stage renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA 2011;305:2432-2439.
37. Kendrick J, Cheung AK, Kaufman JS, Greene T, Roberts WL, Smits G, Chonchol M. FGF-23 associates with death, cardiovascular events, and initiation of chronic dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1913-1922.
38. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 2009;76:S1-S130.
39. Chertow GM, Pupim LB, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R, Drueke TB, Floege J, Goodman WG, London GM, Mahaffey KW, Moe SM, Wheeler DC, Albizem M, Olson K, Klassen P, Parfrey P. Evaluation of Cinacalcet Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE): rationale and design overview. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:898-905.
40. Rosen CJ. Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med 2011;364:248-254.
41. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-281.
42. Lavie CJ, Lee JH, Milani RV. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease will it live up to its hype? J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1547-1556.
43. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-1930.
44. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Meunier PJ. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:439-443. (Pubitemid 27443069)
45. Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:142-146. (Pubitemid 36417827)
46. Hansen KE, Jones AN, Lindstrom MJ, Davis LA, Engelke JA, Shafer MM. Vitamin D insufficiency: disease or no disease? J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:1052-1060.
47. Forman JP, Williams JS, Fisher ND. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in humans. Hypertension 2010;55:1283-1288.
48. Chertow BS, Sivitz WI, Baranetsky NG, Clark SA, Waite A, Deluca HF. Cellular mechanisms of insulin release: the effects of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on rat insulin secretion. Endocrinology 1983;113:1511-1518. (Pubitemid 13009167)
49. Chiu KC, Chuang LM, Yoon C. The vitamin D receptor polymorphism in the translation initiation codon is a risk factor for insulin resistance in glucose tolerant Caucasians. BMC Med Genet 2001;2:2.
50. Chen S, Law CS, Grigsby CL, Olsen K, Hong TT, Zhang Y, Yeghiazarians Y, Gardner DG. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the vitamin D receptor gene results in cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 2011;124:1838-1847.
51. Carthy EP, YamashitaW, Hsu A, Ooi BS. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and rat vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Hypertension 1989;13(6 Pt 2):954-959. (Pubitemid 19157996)
52. Vaidya A, Forman JP. Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions. Hypertension 2010;56:774-779.
53. Cheng S, Coyne D. Vitamin D and outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007;16:77-82.
54. Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, Bhandare S, Riek A, Butler B, Proctor BM, Petty M, Chen Z, Schechtman KB, Bernal-Mizrachi L, Bernal-Mizrachi C. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin d inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2009;120:687-698.
55. Li X, Speer MY, Yang H, Bergen J, Giachelli CM. Vitamin D receptor activators induce an anticalcific paracrine program in macrophages: requirement of osteopontin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:321-326.
56. Linefsky JP, O'Brien KD, Katz R, de Boer IH, Barasch E, Jenny NS, Siscovick DS, Kestenbaum B. Association of serum phosphate levels with aortic valve sclerosis and annular calcification: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:291-297.
57. Reis JP, von Muhlen D, Michos ED, Miller ER III., Appel LJ, Araneta MR, Barrett-Connor E. Serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels, and carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2009;207:585-590.
58. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1174-1180. (Pubitemid 351831400)
59. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008;117:503-511.
60. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1340-1349. (Pubitemid 351930842)
61. de Boer IH, Levin G, Robinson-Cohen C, Biggs ML, Hoofnagle AN, Siscovick DS, Kestenbaum B. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentration and risk for major clinical disease events in a community-based population of older adults: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:627-634.
62. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1629-1637.
63. Welsh P, Peters MJ, Sattar N. Is vitamin D in rheumatoid arthritis a magic bullet or a mirage? The need to improve the evidence base prior to calls for supplementation. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:1763-1769.
64. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326:469.
65. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, Allison M, Dolan NC, Greenland P, Heckbert SR, Johnson KC, Manson JE, Sidney S, Trevisan M. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation 2007;115:846-854. (Pubitemid 46294725)
66. Avenell A, MacLennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, McPherson GC, McDonald AM, Pant PR, Grant AM, Campbell MK, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis RM, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ, Wallace WA. Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:614-622.
67. Prince RL, Austin N, Devine A, Dick IM, Bruce D, Zhu K. Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:103-108.
68. Brazier M, Grados F, Kamel S, Mathieu M, Morel A, Maamer M, Sebert JL, Fardellone P. Clinical and laboratory safety of one year's use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2005;27:1885-1893. (Pubitemid 43293210)
69. Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:315-323.
70. Thadhani R, Appelbaum E, Pritchett Y, Chang Y, Wenger J, Tamez H, Bhan I, Agarwal R, Zoccali C, Wanner C, Lloyd-Jones D, Cannata J, Thompson BT, Andress D, Zhang W, Packham D, Singh B, Zehnder D, Shah A, Pachika A, Manning WJ, Solomon SD. Vitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307:674-684.
71. Kestenbaum B. Phosphate metabolism in the setting of chronic kidney disease: significance and recommendations for treatment. Semin Dial 2007;20:286-294.
72. Isakova T, Wahl P, Vargas GS, Gutierrez OM, Scialla J, Xie H, Appleby D, Nessel L, Bellovich K, Chen J, Hamm L, Gadegbeku C, Horwitz E, Townsend RR, Anderson CA, Lash JP, Hsu CY, Leonard MB, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is elevated before parathyroid hormone and phosphate in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011;79:1370-1378.
73. Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, Pellegrini F, Craig JC, Elder GJ, Strippoli GF. Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;305:1119-1127.
74. Tonelli M, Sacks F, Pfeffer M, Gao Z, Curhan G. Relation between serum phosphate level and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease. Circulation 2005;112:2627-2633. (Pubitemid 41532599)
75. Ellam TJ, Chico TJ. Phosphate: the new cholesterol? The role of the phosphate axis in non-uremic vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2012;220:310-318.
76. Neves KR, Graciolli FG, dos Reis LM, Pasqualucci CA, Moyses RM, Jorgetti V. Adverse effects of hyperphosphatemia on myocardial hypertrophy, renal function, and bone in rats with renal failure. Kidney Int 2004;66:2237-2244. (Pubitemid 41115286)
77. Riminucci M, Collins MT, Fedarko NS, Cherman N, Corsi A, White KE, Waguespack S, Gupta A, Hannon T, Econs MJ, Bianco P, Gehron Robey P. FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting. J Clin Invest 2003;112:683-692. (Pubitemid 38057709)
78. Baum M, Schiavi S, Dwarakanath V, Quigley R. Effect of fibroblast growth factor-23 on phosphate transport in proximal tubules. Kidney Int 2005;68:1148-1153. (Pubitemid 43246431)
79. Tohyama O, Imura A, Iwano A, Freund JN, Henrissat B, Fujimori T, Nabeshima Y. Klotho is a novel beta-glucuronidase capable of hydrolyzing steroid betaglucuronides. J Biol Chem 2004;279:9777-9784. (Pubitemid 38372575)
80. Seiler S, Heine GH, Fliser D. Clinical relevance of FGF-23 in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2009;76:S34-S42.
81. Larsson T, Nisbeth U, Ljunggren O, Juppner H, Jonsson KB. Circulating concentration of FGF-23 increases as renal function declines in patients with chronic kidney disease, but does not change in response to variation in phosphate intake in healthy volunteers. Kidney Int 2003;64:2272-2279. (Pubitemid 37449564)
82. Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E, Shah A, Holmes J, Collerone G, Juppner H, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:2205-2215. (Pubitemid 41716454)
83. Gutierrez OM, Mannstadt M, Isakova T, Rauh-Hain JA, Tamez H, Shah A, Smith K, Lee H, Thadhani R, Juppner H, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:584-592.
84. Jean G, Terrat JC, Vanel T, Hurot JM, Lorriaux C, Mayor B, Chazot C. High levels of serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 are associated with increased mortality in long haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2792-2796.
85. Seiler S, Reichart B, Roth D, Seibert E, Fliser D, Heine GH. FGF-23 and future cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease before initiation of dialysis treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:3983-3989.
86. Nakano C, Hamano T, Fujii N, Obi Y, Matsui I, Tomida K, Mikami S, Inoue K, Shimomura A, Nagasawa Y, Okada N, Tsubakihara Y, Rakugi H, Isaka Y. Intact fibroblast growth factor 23 levels predict incident cardiovascular event before but not after the start of dialysis. Bone 2012;50:1266-1274.
87. Ix JH, Katz R, Kestenbaum BR, de Boer IH, Chonchol M, Mukamal KJ, Rifkin D, Siscovick DS, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG. Fibroblast growth factor-23 and death, heart failure, and cardiovascular events in community-living individuals: CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:200-207.
88. Parker BD, Schurgers LJ, Brandenburg VM, Christenson RH, Vermeer C, Ketteler M, Shlipak MG, Whooley MA, Ix JH. The associations of fibroblast growth factor 23 and uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein with mortality in coronary artery disease: the Heart and Soul Study. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:640-648.
89. Semba RD, Fink JC, Sun K, Cappola AR, Dalal M, Crasto C, Ferrucci L, Fried LP. Serum fibroblast growth factor-23 and risk of incident chronic kidney disease in older community-dwelling women. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:85-91.
90. Udell JA, O'Donnell T, Morrow D, Jarolim P, Omland T, Sloan S, Pfeffer M, Braunwald E, Sabatine M. Association of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 levels with risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary aretery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:E1480.
91. Gardham C, Stevens PE, Delaney MP, LeRoux M, Coleman A, Lamb EJ. Variability of parathyroid hormone and other markers of bone mineral metabolism in patients receiving hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5: 1261-1267.
92. Isakova T, Xie H, Barchi-Chung A, Vargas G, Sowden N, Houston J, Wahl P, Lundquist A, Epstein M, Smith K, Contreras G, Ortega L, Lenz O, Briones P, Egbert P, Ikizler TA, Jueppner H, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6: 2688-2695.
93. Sardiwal S, Gardham C, Coleman AE, Stevens PE, Delaney MP, Lamb EJ. Bonespecific alkaline phosphatase concentrations are less variable than those of parathyroid hormone in stable hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2012;82: 100-105.
94. Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, Hu MC, Sloan A, Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Aguillon-Prada R, Lincoln J, Hare JM, Mundel P, Morales A, Scialla J, Fischer M, Soliman EZ, Chen J, Go AS, Rosas SE, Nessel L, Townsend RR, Feldman HI, St John Sutton M, Ojo A, Gadegbeku C, Di Marco GS, Reuter S, Kentrup D, Tiemann K, Brand M, Hill JA, Moe OW, Kuro OM, Kusek JW, Keane MG, Wolf M. FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 2011;121: 4393-4408.
95. Shalhoub V, Shatzen EM, Ward SC, Davis J, Stevens J, Bi V, Renshaw L, Hawkins N, Wang W, Chen C, Tsai MM, Cattley RC, Wronski TJ, Xia X, Li X, Henley C, Eschenberg M, Richards WG. FGF23 neutralization improves chronic kidney disease-associated hyperparathyroidism yet increases mortality. J Clin Invest 2012;122:2543-2553.
96. Gutierrez OM, Januzzi JL, Isakova T, Laliberte K, Smith K, Collerone G, Sarwar A, Hoffmann U, Coglianese E, Christenson R, Wang TJ, deFilippi C, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Circulation 2009;119:2545-2552.
97. Mirza MA, Larsson A, Melhus H, Lind L, Larsson TE. Serum intact FGF23 associate with left ventricular mass, hypertrophy and geometry in an elderly population. Atherosclerosis 2009;207:546-551.
98. Faul C. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and the heart. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012;21:369-375.
99. Frohlich ED, Apstein C, Chobanian AV, Devereux RB, Dustan HP, Dzau V, Fauad-Tarazi F, Horan MJ, Marcus M, Massie B, Pfeiffer MA, Re RN, Roccella EJ, Savage D, Shub C. The heart in hypertension. N Engl J Med 1992;327:998-1008.
100. Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Ho KK. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 1996;275:1557-1562. (Pubitemid 26154241)
101. Seiler S, Cremers B, Rebling NM, Hornof F, Jeken J, Kersting S, Steimle C, Ege P, Fehrenz M, Rogacev KS, Scheller B, Bohm M, Fliser D, Heine GH. The phosphatonin fibroblast growth factor 23 links calcium-phosphate metabolism with left-ventricular dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2011;32: 2688-2696.
102. Pande S, Ritter CS, Rothstein M, Wiesen K, Vassiliadis J, Kumar R, Schiavi SC, Slatapolsky E, Brown AJ. FGF-23 and sFRP-4 in chronic kidney disease and postrenal transplantation. Nephron Physiol 2006;104:p23-p32.
103. Nagano N, Miyata S, Abe M, Kobayashi N, Wakita S, Yamashita T, Wada M. Effect of manipulating serum phosphorus with phosphate binder on circulating PTH and FGF23 in renal failure rats. Kidney Int 2006;69:531-537. (Pubitemid 43164446)
104. Koiwa F, Kazama JJ, Tokumoto A, Onoda N, Kato H, Okada T, Nii-Kono T, Fukagawa M, Shigematsu T. Sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium bicarbonate reduce serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in dialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial 2005;9:336-339. (Pubitemid 41800805)
105. Burnett-Bowie SA, Leder BZ, Henao MP, Baldwin CM, Hayden DL, Finkelstein JS. Randomized trial assessing the effects of ergocalciferol administration on circulating FGF23. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:624-631.
106. Ketteler M, Wolf M, Hahn K, Ritz E. Phosphate: a novel cardiovascular risk factor. Eur Heart J. Advance Access published October 7, 2012, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs247.