Saphenous vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass surgery: Pathophysiology, management, and future directions

Annals of Surgery

Volumn 257, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 824-833

  Harskamp, Ralf E ^a,b   Lopes, Renato D ^a   Baisden, Clinton E ^c   De Winter, Robbert J ^b   Alexander, John H ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

coronary artery bypass grafting; future directions; management; outcomes; vein graft failure

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; EDIFOLIGIDE; RAPAMYCIN;

BARE METAL STENT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COCHRANE LIBRARY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ELUTING STENT; EMBASE; EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICE; FORWARD HEART FAILURE; GRAFT FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDLINE; NEOINTIMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT; SMOKING CESSATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; GRAFT OCCLUSION, VASCULAR; HUMANS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; REOPERATION; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; SAPHENOUS VEIN; STENTS; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84876233741     PISSN: 00034932     EISSN: 15281140     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318288c38d     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344:563-570.
2. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation. 2004;110:e340-e438.
3. FitzGibbon GM, Leach AJ, Keon WJ, et al. Coronary bypass graft fate: angiographic study of 1, 179 vein grafts early, one year, and five years after operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986;91:773-778.
4. FitzGibbon GM, Kafka HP, Leach AJ, et al. Coronary bypass graft fate and patient outcome: angiographic follow-up of 5, 056 grafts related to survival and reoperation in 1, 388 patients during 25 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:616-626.
5. Hadinata IE, Hayward PA, Hare DL, et al. Choice ofconduit for the right coronary system: 8-year analysis of Radial Artery Patency and Clinical Outcomes trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1404-1409.
6. Khot UN, Friedman DT, Pettersson G, et al. Radial artery bypass grafts have an increased occurrence of angiographically severe stenosis and occlusion compared with left internal mammary arteries and saphenous vein grafts. Circulation. 2004;109:2086-2091.
7. Shah PJ, Bui K, Blackmore S, et al. Has the in situ right internal thoracic artery been overlooked? An angiographic study of the radial artery, internal thoracic arteries and saphenous vein graft patencies in symptomatic patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:870-875.
8. Zacharias A, Habib RH, Schwann TA, et al. Improved survival with radial artery versus vein conduits in coronary bypass surgery with left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending artery grafting. Circulation. 2004;109:1489-1496.
9. Kim KB, Cho KR, Jeong DS. Midterm angiographic follow-up after off-pump coronary artery bypass: serial comparison using early, 1-year, and 5-year postoperative angiograms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:300-307.
10. Cho KR, Kims JS, Choi JS, et al. Serial angiographic follow-up of grafts one year and five years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;29:511-516.
11. Desai ND, Cohen EA, Naylor CD, et al. A randomized comparison of radial-artery and saphenous-vein coronary bypass grafts. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2302-2309.
12. Lytle BW, Loop FD, Cosgrove DM, et al. Long-term (5 to 12 years) serial studies of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985;89:248-258.
13. Collins P, Webb CM, Chong CF, et al. Radial Artery Versus Saphenous Vein Patency randomized trial: five-year angiographic follow-up. Circulation. 2008;117:2859-2864.
14. Schwann TA, Zacharias A, Riordan CJ, et al. Sequential radial artery grafts for multivessel coronary artery bypass graft surgery: 10-year survival and angiography results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:31-39.
15. Goldman S, Zadina K, Moritz T, et al. Long-term patency of saphenous vein and left internal mammary grafts after coronary artery bypass surgery: results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2149-2156.
16. Grondin CM, Campeau L, Lespérance J, et al. Comparison of late changes in internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts in two consecutive series of patients 10 years after operation. Circulation. 1984;70:I208-I212.
17. Alexander JH, Hafley G, Harrington RA, et al. Efficacy and safety of edi-foligide, an E2F transcription factor decoy, for prevention of vein graft failure following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: PREVENT IV: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:2446-2454.
18. Widimsky P, Straka Z, Stros P, et al. One-year coronary bypass graft patency: a randomized comparison between off-pump and on-pump surgery angio-graphic results of the PRAGUE-4 trial. Circulation. 2004;110:3418-3423.
19. Shroyer AL, Grover FL, Hattler B, et al. On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1827-1837.
20. Cameron A, Kemp HG, Jr, Green GE. Reoperation for coronary artery disease: 10 years of clinical follow-up. Circulation. 1988;78:I158-I162.
21. Lefkovits J, Holmes DR, Califf RM, et al. Predictors and sequelae of distal embolization during saphenous vein graft intervention from the CAVEAT-II trial. Circulation. 1995;92:734-740.
22. Savage MP, Douglas JS, Jr, Fischman DL, et al. Stent placement compared with balloon angioplasty for obstructed coronary bypass grafts. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:740-747.
23. Halabi AR, Alexander JH, Shaw LK, et al. Relation of early saphenous vein graft failure to outcomes following coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1254-1259.
24. Campeau L, Enjalbert M, Lesperance J, et al. The relation of risk factors to the development of atherosclerosis in saphenous-vein bypass grafts and the progression of disease in the native circulation. A study 10 years after aortocoronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1329-1332.
25. Motwani JG, Topol EJ. Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft disease: patho-genesis, predisposition, and prevention. Circulation. 1998;97:916-931.
26. Epstein AJ, Polsky D, Yang F, et al. Coronary revascularization trends in the United States, 2001-2008. JAMA. 2011;305:1769-1776.
27. Parang P, Arora R. Coronary vein graft disease: pathogenesis and prevention. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:e57-e62.
28. Davies MG, Hagen PO. Pathophysiology of vein graft failure: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;9:7-18.
29. Conte MS. Molecular engineering of vein bypass grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:74A-81A.
30. Neitzel GF, Barboriak JJ, Pintar K, et al. Atherosclerosis in aortocoronary bypass grafts: morphological study and risk factor analysis 6 to 12 years after surgery. Arteriosclerosis. 1986;6:594-600.
31. Davies MG, Hagen PO. Pathobiology of intimal hyperplasia. Br J Surg. 1994;81:1254-1269.
32. Schwartz SM, deBlois D, O'Brien ERM. The intima: soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ Res. 1995;77:445-465.
33. phox and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the porcine pulmonary artery. Thorax. 2005;60:305-313.
34. Thatte HS, Khuri SF. The coronary artery bypass conduit, part I: intraoperative endothelial injury and its implication on graft patency. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:S2245-S2252.
35. Eslami MH, Gangadharan SP, Belkin M, et al. Monocyte adhesion to human vein grafts: a marker for occult intraoperative injury? J Vasc Surg. 2001;34:923-929.
36. Jeremy JY, Mehta D, Bryan AJ, et al. Platelets and saphenous vein graft failure following coronary artery bypass surgery. Platelets. 1997;8:295-309.
37. Dobrin PB, Littooy FN, Endean ED. Mechanical factors predisposing to intimal hyperplasia and medial thickening in autogenous vein grafts. Surgery. 1989;105:393-400.
38. Brody WR, Kosek JC, Angell WW. Changes in vein grafts following aorto-coronary bypass induced by pressure and ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1972;64:847-854.
39. Bulkley BH, Hutchins GM. Accelerated ''atherosclerosis'': a morphologic study of 97 saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts. Circulation. 1977;55:163-169.
40. Tennant M, Dilley RJ, McGeachie JK, et al. Histogenesis of arterial intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. Aust N Z J Surg. 1990;60:79-85.
41. Dilley RJ, McGeachie JK, Prendergast FJ. A review of the histologic changes in vein-to-artery grafts, with particular reference to intimal hyperplasia. Arch Surg. 1988;123:691-696.
42. Zwolak RM, Adams MC, Clowes AW. Kinetics of vein graft hyperplasia: association with tangential stress. J Vasc Surg. 1987;5:126-136.
43. Ehsan A, Mann MJ, Dell'Acqua G, et al. Endothelial healing in vein grafts: proliferative burst unimpaired by genetic therapy of neointimal disease. Circulation. 2002;105:1686-1692.
44. Powell JT, Gosling M. Molecular and cellular changes in vein grafts: influence of pulsatile stretch. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1998;13:453-458.
45. Desai M, Mirzay-Razzaz J, von Delft D, et al. Inhibition of neointimal formation and hyperplasia in vein grafts by external stent/sheath. Vasc Med. 2010;15:287-297.
46. Batellier J, Wassef M, Merval R, et al. Protection from atherosclerosis in vein grafts by a rigid external support. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:379-384.
47. Schussheim AE, Fuster V. Antithrombotic therapy and venous graft disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1998;13:459-464.
48. Tiwari A, Cheng KS, Salacinski H, et al. Improving the patency of vascular bypass grafts: the role of suture materials and surgical techniques on reducing anastomotic compliance mismatch. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25:287-295.
49. Favaloro RG. Critical analysis of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a 30-year journey. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(suppl B):1B-63B.
50. Jackson MR, Belott TP, Dickason T, et al. The consequences of a failed femoropopliteal bypass grafting: comparison of saphenous vein and PTFE grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2000;32:498-505.
51. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, Elbers JR, et al. An immunocytochemical analysis of rapidly progressive atherosclerosis in human vein grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1992;6:469-473.
52. Cox JL, Chiasson DA, Gotlieb AI. Stranger in a strange land: the pathogenesis of saphenous vein graft stenosis with emphasis on structural and functional differences between veins and arteries. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1991;34:45-68.
53. Hoff HF, Beck GJ, Skibinski CI, et al. Serum Lp(a) level as a predictor of vein graft stenosis after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients. Circulation. 1988;77:1238-1244.
54. Moor E, Hamsten A, Blombäck M, et al. Haemostatic factors and inhibitors and coronary artery bypass grafting: preoperative alterations and relations to graft occlusion. Thromb Haemost. 1994;72:335-342.
55. Fox MH, Gruchow HW, Barboriak JJ, et al. Risk factors among patients undergoing repeat aorta-coronary bypass procedures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;93:56-61.
56. Lobato RL, White WD, Mathew JP, et al. Thrombomodulin gene variants are associated with increased mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery in replicated analyses. Circulation. 2011;124(suppl):S143-S148.
57. Souza DS, Dashwood MR, Tsui JC, et al. Improved patency in vein grafts harvested with surrounding tissue: results of a randomized study using three harvesting techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1189-1895.
58. Mehta RH, Ferguson TB, Lopes RD, et al. Saphenous vein grafts with multiple versus single distal targets in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: one-year graft failure and five-year outcomes from the Project of Ex-Vivo Vein Graft Engineering via Transfection (PREVENT) IV trial. Circulation. 2011;124:280-288.
59. Li J, Liu Y, Zheng J, et al. The patency of sequential and individual vein coronary bypass grafts: a systematic review. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1292-1298.
60. Vural KM, Sener E, Taşdemir O. Long-term patency of sequential and individual saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:140-144.
61. Puskas JD, Williams WH, Mahoney EM, et al. Off-pump vs conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: early and 1-year graft patency, cost, and quality-of-life outcomes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1841-1849.
62. Khan NE, De Souza A, Mister R, et al. A randomized comparison of offpump and on-pump multivessel coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:21-28.
63. Perrault LP, Jeanmart H, Bilodeau L, et al. Early quantitative coronary angiog-raphy of saphenous vein grafts for coronary artery bypass grafting harvested by means of open versus endoscopic saphenectomy: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:1402-1407.
64. Yun KL, Wu Y, Aharonian V, et al. Randomized trial of endoscopic versus open vein harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting: six-month patency rates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:496-503.
65. Lopes RD, Hafley GE, Allen KB, et al. Endoscopic versus open vein-graft harvesting in coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:235-244.
66. Stooker W, Niessen HW, Baidoshvili A, et al. Perivenous support reduces early changes in human vein grafts: studies in whole blood perfused human vein segments. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:290-297.
67. Mehta D, George SJ, Jeremy JY, et al. External stenting reduces long-term medial and neointimal thickening and platelet derived growth factor expression in a pig model of arteriovenous bypass grafting. Nat Med. 1998;4:235-239.
68. Izzat MB, Mehta D, Bryan AJ, et al. Influence of external stent size on early medial and neointimal thickening in a pig model of saphenous vein bypass grafting. Circulation. 1996;94:1741-1745.
69. Karayannacos PE, Hostetler JR, Bond MG, et al. Late failure in vein grafts: mediating factors in subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia. Ann Surg. 1978;187:183-188.
70. Teng ZZ, Ji GY, Chu HJ, et al. Does PGA external stenting reduce compliance mismatch in venous grafts? Biomed Eng Online. 2007;6:12.
71. Hynes N, Mahendran B, Tawfik S, et al. Reinforced long saphenous vein bypass graft for infrainguinal reconstruction procedures: case series and literature review. Vascular. 2006;14:113-118.
72. Neufang A, Dorweiler B, Espinola-Klein C, et al. External reinforcement of varicose veins with PTFE prosthesis in infrainguinal bypass surgery-clinical results. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;51:62-66.
73. Vijayan V, Shukla N, Johnson JL, et al. Long-term reduction of medial and intimal thickening in porcine saphenous vein grafts with a polyglactin biodegradable external sheath. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:1011-1019.
74. Stooker W, Niessen HW, Wildevuur WR, et al. Perivenous application of fibrin glue reduces early injury to the human saphenous vein graft wall in an ex vivo model. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:212-217.
75. Stooker W, Niessen HW, Jansen EK, et al. Surgical sealant in the prevention of early vein graft injury in an ex vivo model. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2003;12:202-206.
76. Yamanouchi D, Banno H, Nakayama M, et al. Hydrophilic statin suppresses vein graft intimal hyperplasia via endothelial cell-tropic Rho-kinase inhibition. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:757-764.
77. Kulik A, Voisine P, Mathieu P, et al. Statin therapy and saphenous vein graft disease after coronary bypass surgery: analysis from the CASCADE randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1284-1290.
78. Topol EJ, Yadav JS. Recognition of the importance of embolization in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Circulation. 2000;101:570-580.
79. Israel DH, Adams PC, Stein B, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in the coronary vein graft patient. Clin Cardiol. 1991;14:283-295.
80. Kohler TR, Kaufman JL, Kacoyanis G, et al. Effect of aspirin and dipyridamole on the patency of lower extremity bypass grafts. Surgery. 1984;96:462-466.
81. Dörffler-Melly J, Büller HR, Koopman MM, et al. Antithrombotic agents for preventing thrombosis after infrainguinal arterial bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD000536.
82. Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T, et al. Long-term graft patency (3 years) after coronary artery surgery: effects of aspirin: results of a VA Cooperative study. Circulation. 1994;89:1138-1143.
83. Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, et al. Effect of dipyridamole and aspirin on late vein-graft patency after coronary bypass operations. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:209-214.
84. van der Meer J, Hillege HL, Kootstra GJ, et al. Prevention of one-year vein-graft occlusion after aortocoronary-bypass surgery: a comparison of low-dose aspirin, low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole, and oral anticoagulants. Lancet. 1993;342:257-264.
85. Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:153-162.
86. Kempfert J, Anger K, Rastan A, et al. Postoperative development of aspirin resistance following coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39:769-774.
87. Sanioglu S, Tetik S, Sokullu O, et al. Aspirin resistance after CABG. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;57:281-285.
88. Zimmermann N, Kurt M, Winter J, et al. Detection and duration of aspirin resistance after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:947-948.
89. Poston RS, Gu J, Brown JM, et al. Endothelial injury and acquired aspirin resistance as promoters of regional thrombin formation and early vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:122-130.
90. Yilmaz MB, Balbay Y, Caldir V, et al. Late saphenous vein graft occlusion in patients with coronary bypass: possible role of aspirin resistance. Thrombosis Res. 2005;115:25-29.
91. Fremes SE, Levinton C, Naylor CD, et al. Optimal antithrombotic therapy following aortocoronary bypass: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1993;7:169-180.
92. Sun JC, Teoh KH, Sheth T, et al. Randomized trial of fondaparinux versus heparin to prevent graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting: the Fonda CABG study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011;32:378-385.
93. Pantely GA, Goodnight SH, Jr, Rahimtoola SH, et al. Failure of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy to improve patency of grafts after coronary-artery bypass: a controlled, randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:962-966.
94. Gao G, Zheng Z, Pi Y, et al. Aspirin plus clopidogrel therapy increases early venous graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1639-1643.
95. Kulik A, Le May MR, Voisine P, et al. Aspirin plus clopidogrel versus aspirin alone after coronary artery bypass grafting: the Clopidogrel After Surgery for Coronary Artery Disease (CASCADE) trial. Circulation. 2010;122:2680-2687.
96. Sun JC, Teoh KH, Lamy A, et al. Randomized trial of aspirin and clopidogrel versus aspirin alone for the prevention of coronary artery bypass graft occlusion: the Preoperative Aspirin and Postoperative Antiplatelets in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting study. Am Heart J. 2010;160:1178-1184.
97. Stein PD, Schünemann HJ, Dalen JE, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(suppl):600S-608S.
98. Wiedermann JG, Marboe C, Amols H, et al. Intracoronary irradiation markedly reduces restenosis after balloon angioplasty in a porcine model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1491-1498.
99. Voors AA, van Brussel BL, Plokker HW, et al. Smoking and cardiac events after venous coronary bypass surgery: a 15-year follow-up study. Circulation. 1996;93:42-47.
100. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:4-34.
101. Lopes RD, Mehta RH, Hafley GE, et al. Relationship between vein graft failure and subsequent clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 2012;125:749-756.
102. Lichtenwalter C, de Lemos JA, Roesle M, et al. Clinical presentation and angiographic characteristics of saphenous vein graft failure after stenting: insights from the SOS (Stenting of Saphenous Vein Grafts) trial. JACC Car-diovasc Interv. 2009;2:855-860.
103. Borowski A, Vchivkov I, Ghodsizad A, et al. Coronary artery disease progression in patients who need repeat surgical revascularisation: the surgeon's point of view. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2008;9:85-88.
104. Hamada Y, Kawachi K, Yamamoto T, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on native coronary artery stenosis: comparison of internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein grafts. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2001:42:159-164.
105. Rupprecht HJ, Hamm C, Ischinger T, et al. Angiographic follow-up results of a randomized study on angioplasty versus bypass surgery (GABI trial). Eur Heart J. 1996:17:1192-1198.
106. Guthaner DF, Robert EW, Alderman EL, et al. Long-term serial angiographic studies after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 1979:60:250-259.
107. Manninen HI, Jaakkola P, Suhonen M, et al. Angiographic predictors of graft patency and disease progression after coronary artery bypass grafting with arterial and venous grafts. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998:66:1289-1294.
108. Nguyen T, Pham L, Cheem TH, et al. Approach to the patient with prior bypass surgery. J Interv Cardiol. 2004;17:339-346.
109. Brilakis ES, Wang TY, Rao SV, et al. Frequency and predictors of drug-eluting stent use in saphenous vein bypass graft percutaneous coronary interventions: a report from the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data CathPCI Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:1068-1073.
110. Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revasculariza-tion: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2501-2555.
111. Brener SJ, Ellis SG, Dykstra DM, et al. Determinants of the key decision for prior CABG patients facing need for repeat revascularization: PTCA or CABG? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27(suppl 1):45.
112. Douglas JS, Jr. Approaches to the patient with prior bypass surgery. In: Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1998:2101-2118.
113. Harskamp RE, Beijk MA, Damman P, et al. Clinical outcome after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in coronary bypass graft failure [published online ahead of print August 8, 2012]. J Cardiovasc Med. doi:10.2459/JCM. 0b013e328356a4fc
114. Baim DS, Wahr D, George B, et al. Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation. 2002;105:1285-1290.
115. Stone GW, Rogers C, Hermiller J, et al. Randomized comparison of distal protection with a filter-based catheter and a balloon occlusion and aspiration system during percutaneous intervention of diseased saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation. 2003;108:548-553.
116. Mauri L, Cox D, Hermiller J, et al. The PROXIMAL trial: proximal protection during saphenous vein graft intervention using the Proxis Embolic Protection System: a randomized, prospective, multicenter clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1442-1449.
117. Stankovic G, Colombo A, Presbitero P, et al. Randomized evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent in saphenous vein grafts: the Randomized Evaluation of Polytetrafluoroethylene Covered Stent in Saphenous Vein Grafts (RECOVERS) trial. Circulation. 2003;108:37-42.
118. Stone GW, Cox D, Babb J, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of throm-boatherectomy during intervention of thrombotic native coronary arteries and saphenous vein grafts: the X-Tract trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(suppl 1):43A.
119. Brilakis ES, Lichtenwalter C, de Lemos JA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a paclitaxel-eluting stent versus a similar bare-metal stent in saphenous vein graft lesions: the SOS (Stenting of Saphenous Vein Grafts) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:919-928.
120. Vermeersch P, Agostoni P, Verheye S, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of sirolimus-eluting stent versus bare-metal stent implantation in diseased saphenous vein grafts: six-month angiographic, intravascular ultrasound, and clinical follow-up of the RRISC Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2423-2431.
121. Testa L, Agostoni P, Vermeersch P, et al. Drug eluting stents versus bare metal stents in the treatment of saphenous vein graft disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EuroIntervention. 2010;6:527-536.
122. Meier P, Brilakis ES, Corti R, et al. Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stent for treatment of saphenous vein grafts: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11040.
123. Wiisanen ME, Abdel-Latif A, Mukherjee D, et al. Drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in saphenous vein graft interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:1262-1273.
124. Brilakis ES, Lichtenwalter C, Abdel-Karim AR, et al. Continued benefit from paclitaxel-eluting compared with bare-metal stent implantation in saphenous vein graft lesions during long-term follow-up of the SOS (Stenting of Saphe-nous Vein Grafts) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:176-182.
125. Mehilli H, Pache J, Abdel-Wahab M, et al. Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in saphenous vein graft lesions (ISAR-CABG): a randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1071-1078.
126. Harskamp RE, Kuijt WJ, Damman P, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome due to graft failure: use of bare-metal and drug-eluting stents and subsequent long-term clinical outcome [published online ahead of print April 16, 2012]. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. doi: 10.1002/ccd.24441
127. Stamou SC, Pfister AJ, Dullum MK, et al. Late outcome of reoperative coronary revascularization on the beating heart. Heart Surg Forum. 2001;4:69-73.
128. Lytle BW, Loop FD. Coronary reoperations. Surg Clin North Am. 1988;68:559-580.
129. Labinaz M, Kilaru R, Pieper K, et al. Outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes and prior coronary artery bypass grafting: results from the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in unstable angina: receptor suppression using integrilin therapy (PURSUIT) trial. Circulation. 2002;105:322-327.
130. Jones EL, Lattouf OM, Weintraub WS. Catastrophic consequences of internal mammary artery hypoperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;98:902-907.
131. Christenson JT, Schmuziger M, Simonet F. Reoperative coronary artery bypass procedures: risk factors for early mortality and late survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:129-133.
132. Czerny M, Zimpfer D, Kilo J, et al. Redo coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly. Heart Surg Forum. 2003;6:210-215.
133. Mishra YK, Collison SP, Malhotra R, et al. Ten-year experience with single-vessel and multivessel reoperative off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:527-532.
134. Bottio T, Rizzoli G, Caprili L, et al. Full-sternotomy off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass procedures: in-hospital outcomes and complications during one year in a single center. Tex Heart Inst J. 2003;30:261-267.
135. Follis FM, Pett SB, Jr, Miller KB, et al. Catastrophic hemorrhage on sternal reentry: still a dreaded complication? Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:2215-2219.
136. Pfister AJ, Zaki MS, Garcia JM, et al. Coronary artery bypass without car-diopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1085-1092.
137. Fanning WJ, Kakos GS, Williams TE, Jr. Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:486-489.
138. Mohr R, Moshkovitz Y, Gurevitch J, et al. Reoperative coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:S40-S43.
139. Calafiore AM, Giammarco GD, Teodori G, et al. Left anterior descending coronary artery grafting via left anterior small thoracotomy without car-diopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:1658-1665.
140. Boonstra PW, Grandjean JG, Mariani MA. Reoperative coronary bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass through a small thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:405-407.
141. Morishita A, Shimakura T, Miyagishima M, et al. Minimally invasive direct redo coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;8:209-212.
142. Sunderdiek U, Kalweit GA, Marx R, et al. Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients: late follow-up with assessment of left internal mammary artery graft patency and flow by exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;11:389-395.
143. 2 laser revascularization: a chance for the "inoperable" patient. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:888-894.
144. Guleserian KJ, Maniar HS, Camillo CJ, et al. Quality of life and survival after transmyocardial laser revascularization with the holmium: YAG laser. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1842-1847.
145. Sansone F, Dato GM, Zingarelli E, et al. Late angiograms ten years after transmyocardial laser revascularization. Coron Artery Dis. 2011;22: 583-584.
146. Waksman R, Ajani AE, White RL, et al. Intravascular gamma radiation for in-stent restenosis in saphenous-vein bypass grafts. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1194-1199.
147. Saleem MA, Aronow WS, Ravipati G, et al. Intracoronary brachytherapy for treatment of in-stent restenosis. Cardiol Rev. 2005;13:139-141.
148. Sabik JF 3rd, Blackstone EH, Houghtaling PL, et al. Is reoperation still a risk factor in coronary artery bypass surgery? Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1719-1727.
149. Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, et al. Propensity analysis of longterm survival after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and high-risk features. Circulation. 2004;109:2290-2295.
150. Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Clinical and angiographic outcomes in patients with previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery treated with primary balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:605-611.
151. Nguyen TT, O'Neill WW, Grines CL, et al. One-year survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction and a saphenous vein graft culprit treated with primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1250-1254.
152. Al Suwaidi J, Velianou JL, Berger PB, et al. Primary percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute myocardial infarction and prior coronary artery bypass grafting. Am Heart J. 2001;142:452-459.
153. Brodie BR, VerSteeg DS, Brodie MM, et al. Poor long-term patient and graft survival after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocar-dial infarction due to saphenous vein graft occlusion. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005;65:504-509.
154. Schwartz RS, Koval TM, Edwards WD, et al. Effect of external beam irradiation on neointimal hyperplasia after experimental coronary artery injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:1106-1113.
155. de Graaf FR, Schuijf JD. Evaluation of stents and grafts. EuroIntervention. 2010;6:G48-G56.
156. Loop FD. Internal-thoracic-artery grafts: biologically better coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:263-265.
157. Nakajima H, Kobayashi J, Toda K, et al. A 10-year angiographic follow-up of competitive flow in sequential and composite arterial grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40:399-404.
158. Pagni S, Storey J, Ballen J, et al. ITA versus SVG: a comparison of instantaneous pressure and flow dynamics during competitive flow. Eur J Cardiotho-rac Surg. 1997;11:1086-1092.
159. Kern MJ. Limitations of angiographic predictors of bypass graft patency. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:886-887.
160. Botman CJ, Schonberger J, Koolen S, et al. Does stenosis severity of native vessels influence bypass graft patency? A prospective fractional flow reserve-guided study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:2093-2097.