Bioterrorism

Handbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1525-1651

  Shoham, Dany ^a  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Agroterrorism; Bioterrorism; Bioterrorism patterned natural epidemics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875947729     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470117118.ch13d     Document Type: Chapter

References (371)

1. Currie J. The earliest weapons of mass destruction. Christ. Sci. Mon. Oct. 9, 2003 Available: http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1009/p17s01-bogn.html.
2. Simon J D. (1997). Biological terrorism. Preparing to meet the threat. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 278(5):428-430.
3. SIPRI (1993). The Problem of Chemical and Bioterrorism Warfare, Vol. 2. Humanities Press, New York, p. 143.
4. Zelicoff A P. (1996). Preparing for bioterrorism terrorism: First, do not harm. Politics Life Sci. 15(2):235-236.
5. Zilinskas R. (1999). Cuban allegations of biological warfare by the United States: Assessing the evidence. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 25(3):173-227.
6. Cunningham W, Cunningham M (1998). Principles of Environmental Science. Available: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072452706/student_view0/chapter8/additional_case_studies.html#ddt.
7. Krupitsky E, et al. (2004). The onset of HIV infection in the Leningrad region of Russia: A focus on drug and alcohol dependence. HIV Med. 5(1):30.
8. TASS, Online, Moscow, 2 April 2002.
9. SARS-Origins of the Virus. Available: http://www.bikesutra.com/sars/origins_old.html.
10. Zhu G, Chen H-W (2004). Monophyletic relationship between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Group 2 Coronaviruses. J. Infec. Dis. 189:1676.
11. Lam W K, et al. (2003). Overview on SARS in Asia and the world. Respirol. 8(s1): S2.
12. Chang H-J, et al.. (2004). The impact of the SARS epidemic on the utilization of medical services: SARS and the fear of SARS. Amer. J. Pub. Health. 94(4):562-564.
13. Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, et al. (2001). The Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:1807-1814.
14. Komar N, Panella N A, Burns J E, et al. (2001). Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an Outbreak in 1999. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:621-625.
15. Steele K E, Linn M J, Schoepp R J, et al. (2000). Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 Outbreak in New York City, New York, Vet. Pathol. 37:208-224.
16. Giladi M, Metzkor-Cotter E, Martin D A, et al. (2001). West Nile encephalitis in Isael, 1999: The New York connection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:659-661.
17. Briese T, Jia X Y, Huang C, et al. (1999). Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile-like flavivirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis. Lancet. 354: 1261-1262.
18. Jia X Y, Briese T, Jordan I, et al. (1999). Genetic analysis of West Nile New York 1999 encephalitis virus. Lancet. 354:1971-1972.
19. Lanciotti R S, Roehrig J T, Deubel V, et al. (1999). Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an Outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science. 286:2333-2337.
20. Weiss D, Carr D, Kellachan J, et al. (2000). Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:654-658.
21. Marfin A A, Petersen L R, Eidson M, et al. (2000). Widespread West Nile virus activity, eastern United States, 2000. Emerg. Infec. Dis. 7:730-735.
22. WHO. Avian Influenza. Available: www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/en/.
23. Shoham D (1993). Biotic-abiotic mechanisms for long-term preservation and reemergence of influenza type A virus genes. Prog. Med. Virol. 40:178-192.
24. Madjid M, Lillibridge S, Mirhaji P, et al. (2003). Influenza as a bioweapon. J. R. Soc. Med. 96:345-346.
25. US ready with guide on pandemics, 8 Jan. 2007, Times of India, New Delhi.
26. NHS "meltdown" predicted by Government bird flu report, UK Telegraph, Aug. 28, 2006.
27. Faruque S M, Chowdhury N, Kamruzzaman M, et al. (2003). Reemergence of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O139, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:1116-1122.
28. Global Epidemics and Impact of Cholera. Available: http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/impact/en/.
29. Cloete T E, Nevondo T S (2001). The Global Cholera Pandemic. Available: http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/September/cholera.htm.
30. Shoham D (2000). Iraq's biological warfare agents: A comprehensive analysis. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 26:179-204.
31. Malkinson M, Banet C, Weisman Y, et al. (2002). Introduction of West Nile virus in the Middle East by migrating white storks. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:392-397.
32. Shoham D (2005). Viral Pathogenes of Humans Likely to be Preserved in Natural Ice. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, p. 221.
33. Horowitz G L (1996). Emerging Viruses: AIDS and Ebola-Nature, Accident or Intentional? Tetrahedron Inc., Sandpoint, ID.
34. Mumps Outbreak Aids Kansas Biological Preparedness, Associated Press/The Wichita Eagle, June 16, 2006.
35. Cassa C A, Iancu K, Olson K L, et al. (2005). A software tool for creating simulated Outbreaks to benchmark surveillance systems. BMC Med. Informat. Decis. Making. 5:22.
36. Cosgrove S E, Perl T M, Song X, et al. (2005). Ability of Physicians to diagnose and manage illness due to Category A bioterrorism agents. Arch. Intern. Med. 165:2002-2006.
37. U.K. Increases Biological Security, Tendler/McGrory, The Times, Jan. 25, 2007.
38. The Black Death Available: http://www.studentcentral.co.uk/black_death_9886.
39. Winn Jr. W C (1996). Medical microbiology. In B Samuel (ed.), Legionella. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX.
40. Corbel M J (1997). Brucellosis: An overview. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3:213-221.
41. Young E J (1995). An overview of human brucellosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:283-290.
42. Dye C. Scheele S, Dolin P, et al. (1999). Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: Estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA. 282:677-686.
43. Anonymous (2005). TB to be Subject to Parameters of Bioterrorism Law. The Japan Times., Sept. 20, 2005 Available: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/makeprfy.pl5?nn20050920b1.htm.
44. Meegan J M, Hoogstraal H, Moussa M I (1979). An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977. Vet. Rec. 105:124-125.
45. CDC. Rift Valley Fever Fact Sheet. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spd/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Rift_Valley_Fever_Fact_Sheet.pdf.
46. WHO (2001). Yellow Fever Fact Sheet. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spd/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Rift_Valley_Fever_Fact_Sheet.pdf.
47. Jaworski M (2003). Norwalk Virus. Available: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1648.htm#section~author_information.
48. Rubins K H, Hensley L E, Jahrling P B, et al. (2004). The host response to smallpox: Analysis of the gene expression program in peripheral blood cells in nonhuman primate model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101:15190-15195.
49. Lacy D B, Tepp W, Cohen A C, et al. (1998). Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5:898-902.
50. McCormick J B, Steele J H, Hendricks K (2005). Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Factsheet. Available: http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/staphylococcal/seb/factsheet.
51. US Army Medical Research Insitute of Infectious Diseases, (1998) Medical Management of Biological Causalties Handbook 3rd ed.: Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD, p. 108, 109.
52. Wannemacher Jr. R W, Wiener S L (1997). Trichothecene Mycotoxins, Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare, F R Sidell, COL E T Takafuji, COL D R Franz (eds.). In: B G R Zajtchuk, COL R F Bellamy, Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty, Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C., p. 656.
53. Seagrave, S (1981). Yellow Rain. Evans & Co., New York, P. 134.
54. Kadivar H, Adams S (1991). Treatment of chemical and bioterrorism warfare injuries: insights derived from the 1984 Iraqi attack on Majnoon Island. Military Med. 156: 170.
55. Heyndrickx A, et al. (1989). Detection of trichothecene mycotoxins in Iranian soldiers treated as victims of a gas attack. Rivista Toxicol. Speriment. 19:7.
56. United Nations, Department of Public Information, JY (1996). The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996, In: The United Nations Blue Book Series, p. 784.
57. US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (1998). Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd ed.: Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD, p. 107.
58. Yourtee D M, Raj H G, Prasanna H R, et al. (eds) (1989). Proceedings of the international symposium on agricultural and biological aspects of aflatoxin related health hazards. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 8:3-375.
59. SIPRI Fact Sheet (1998). Iraq: The UNSCOM Experience. www.sipri.org/contents/webmaster/publications.
60. UNSCOM Periodical Report (1999). Current e-mail notifications on Iraq; by Lautie Mylroie sam11@erols.com, January 25.
61. French G (1958). Aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia. Br. Heart J. 20:140-142.
62. Tai Y T, But P P, Young K, et al. (1992). Cardiotoxity after accidental herb-induced Aconite poisoning. Lancet. 340:1254-1256.
63. Chan T Y (1994). Aconitine poisoning: A global perspective. Vet. Hum. Toxicolo. 36:326-328.
64. Chan T Y, Tomlinson B, Tse L K, et al. (1994). Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: A review. Vet. Hum. Toxicolo. 36:452-455.
65. Fatovich D M (1992). Aconite: A lethal Chinese herb. Ann. Emerg. Med. 21:309-311.
66. Kolev S T, Leman P, Kite G C, et al. (1996). Toxicity following accidental ingestion of Acotinum containing Chinese remedy. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 15:839-842.
67. Honerjager P, Meissner A (1983). The positive inotropic effect of Aconitine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 322:49-58.
68. H'ctor A, de Landoni H J (1990). Aconitum Napellus spp. Available: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/aconitum.htm#SectionTitle:12.3%20Other.
69. El-Siad (Lebanon), The Death of Marsall Amer, Editorial 14 August 1975.
70. Anonymous (1976). Latest dirty trick is fake nerve as antidote. New Scientist. 20 May, p. 423.
71. Adam H L (1953). Trial of Dr. Lamson (The Blenheim School Murder). J. Crim. Law, Criminol. Police Sci. 44:361-362.
72. Anonymous (1966). Deliberated spreading of Typhoid in Japan. Sci. J. 2:11-12.
73. U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (1992). Technology against terrorism: structuring security, OTA-ISC-511: US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
74. Bishop S (1980). GRA Seeks Botulin International Herald Tribune, November 8-9.
75. Shalev R, Bioterrorists Arrested in Belgium. Ma'ariv, March 23, 1998, p. 3.
76. Douglass J D (1990). America the Vulnerable, Lexingtom Books, p. 196.
77. CNN, Plague Plot, Feb 19, 1998.
78. Shoham D (2000). Crit. Rev. Microb. 26:(3):179-204.
79. Dave Altimari, Hartford Courant, Oct. 9, 2006.
80. Shoham D. (2003). The anthrax evidence points to Iraq. Intern. J. Intell. CounterIntell. 16(1):39-68.
81. Joby Warrick, Suspect and A Setback In Al-Qaeda Anthrax Case, Washington Post, October 31, 2006; A01.
82. September 19, 2001. Available: Worldnetdaily.com. Biological Weapons in South Africa.
83. Keim P, Smith K L, Keys C, et al. (2001). Molecular investigation of the Aum Shinrikyo anthrax release in Kameido, Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:4566-4567.
84. Alon B 19 April 2005. Ma'ariv (Israel). Palestinian Labs Worry, p. 4.
85. Anonymous (2005). Your bioweapon is in the mail. UPI, Washington, Nov 9.
86. Bureau of Emergency Preparedness and Response: Arizona Department of Health Service. History of biowarfare and bioterrorism. Available: http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/edc/edrp/es/bthistor2.htm.
87. Ross E (2005). Labs urged to destroy pandemic flu strain. Associated Press, London, U.K., April 12.
88. WHO Memorandum (2005). Missing Samples of Deadly Flu Strain, April 19, 2005.
89. Anonymous, A letter blamed for an epidemic of smallpox, N Y Med. J. 1901;73:600.
90. Boobbyer P (1901). Smallpox in Nottingham, Br. Med. J. 1901;1:1054.
91. Audrey Woods (2002). 1960s germ tests carried out in London Underground, Associated Press February 26, 2002, Available from: URL http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2002/2/27/13s.html.
92. Carlton, Jim, Of Microbes and Mock Attacks: Years Ago, The Military Sprayed Germs on U.S. Cities, Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2001.
93. BBC Radio 4 Documentary, Hotel Anthrax, February 13, 2006.
94. Alon B Maariv, (Israel). 3 November, 1996. Sewage Influx Causes Concerns, p. 6.
95. Alon B Maariv, (Israel). 1 December, 1996. Sewage Contamination Increases, p. 5.
96. Braveman I, Wexler D, Oren M (2002). A novel mode of infection with hepatitis B: Penetrating bone fragments due to the explosion of a suicide bomber. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4:528-529.
97. MacKenzie D (2002). Suicide Bombers May Spread Disease. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2588.
98. Abdel-Aziz G Arab daily "al-Sharq al-Awsat" 11 Nov 2004. Iranian UAVs Operated by Hezbollah, p. 2.
99. Anonymous Janes Defence Weekly, 13 August, 1997. Ventilation Systems Vulnerable to Bioterrorism, p. 14.
100. Norqvist A (1995). Covert use of bioterrorism and toxin weapons-For what purpose? Proc. 5th International Symposium Protection Against CB Warfare Agents, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 367-372.
101. Geissler E. (1996). Joint international action is necessary to counter the threat of C/B terrorism. Polit. Life Sci. 15(2):205-207.
102. Grange D L (2001). Asymmetric warfare. The Officer. Available: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBY/is_2_77/ai_73326816#continue.
103. McKenzie K (2001). The Rise of Asymmetric Threats: Priorities for Defense Planning, Institute for National Strategic Studies. Available: http://www.ndu.edu/inss/press/QDR_2001/sdcasch03.html.
104. (1998). BBC, March 23.
105. Blenkin, Max, Australian Associated Press/The Age, Dec. 1, 2005.
106. Faruque S, Chowdhury N, Kamruzzaman M, et al. Reemergence of epidemic-Vibrio cholerae O139, Bangladesh. Emerging Infections Diseases, 9(9):1116-1122, 2003.
107. McHale P (2005). Pentagon preparing for multiple WMD attacks. Inside Missile Defense, May 25.
108. Brissenden M (2005). Biological agent sent to Indonesian Embassy. The 7:30 Report ABC Australia.
109. Associated Press, July 8, 2005. Man Sentenced to 19 years for Anthrax Hoaxes.
110. Holloway H C, et al. (1997). The threat of bioterrorism weapons. JAMA. 278(5): 425-427.
111. McPhedran I (2005). Suspicious Powder letter, Daily Telegraph June, 4.
112. Australian AP, June 2, 2005. Osborne P Powder Letter Found to be Harmless.
113. Schneidmiller C. Years after Anthrax Attacks, Hoaxes Persist. Global Security Newswire. Available: http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005/7/19/9c68a408-b230-431e-9769-6805f6855b99.html.
114. Poisoned Arrows, V&A. Available: http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/arrows/.
115. Above Top Secret-War On Terrorism. Available: http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/viewthread.php?tid=18930&s.
116. B-WAR. Available: www.junglelogic.tv/artf/b_war.html.
117. McGovern T W, Christopher G W (2000). Biological warfare and its cutaneous manifestations. In: Dr. R Drugge, H A Dunn (eds.), The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology. Available: http://www.telemedicine.org/BioterrorismWar/bioterrorismlogic.htm.
118. Harris S H (1994). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American Cover-Up. Routledge, New York, pp. 1-147.
119. Spencer, R C, Bacillus anthracis, Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2003, 56:182-187.
120. Alibek K, Handelman S (1999). Biohazard. Random House, New York, pp. 29-31.
121. US Politics Online: A Political Discussion Forum-what about Israel?! Available: www.uspoliticsonline.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-18141.htm.
122. Phills J A, et al. (1972). Pulmonary ringworm infestation in man. N. Eng. J. Med. 2:11-12.
123. Simon J D (1997). Biological terrorism. Preparing to meet the threat. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 278(5):8.
124. Robert S (1991). Root-Bernstein, Infectious Terrorism, The Atlantic Monthly, 267: 44-50.
125. Kifner, J (1995), Man Arrested in a Case Involving Ricin Ny Times, Dec. 23.
126. Shemer P (1994), Yediot Ahronot, 10 October, 1994. Iragi Scientist Implanted in NY, p. 8.
127. Herbert B (1995). Militia Madness. The New York Times, June 7.
128. Rapaport A (1998), Ma'ariv, 22 February, 1998. Iragi Women Intend to Smuggle Bioagents, p. 3.
129. Alon B (1998). Muslim Bioterrorists in Belgium, p. 2. Ma'ariv, 23 March, 1998.
130. Sarrar S (2005). Libya Acts in HIV Row with Bulgaria. The Guardian, April 13.
131. Blaney B (2005) Everything is Under Consideration. Associated Press/Star-telegram, October 25.
132. Carus W S (1998). Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Bioterrorism Agents in the 20 Century. Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, Washington, D.C.
133. Wheelis M (2004). A short History of Biological Warfare and Weapons. ISO Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
134. Wheelis M (1999). Bioterrorism sabotage in World War I. In: E Geissler, J Ellis, van Courtland Moon (eds.), Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development, and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945: Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 35-62.
135. Biological Warfare. Available: http://www.nutrition-report.com/articles/Biological_warfare.
136. Nelson A K (1998). JFK assassination review board releases top secret documents. Organization of American Historians Newsletter. Available: http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eoah/nl/98feb/jfk.html.
137. Ad Hoc Group of the States Parties to the BW Convention (2000). University of Bradford. Available: http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/ahg52wp/wp417.pdf.
138. Livingstone N C, Douglass J D (1984). CBW: The poor man's atomic bomb. National Security Papers. Vol 1. Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
139. Anonymous Book review: Swine fever warfare (1997). Hartford Web Publishing. Available: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43b/069.html.
140. Cummings R H (1996). Code Name Piccadilly-The Murder of Georgi Markov. Balkan Info. Available: http://www.b-info.com/places/Bulgaria/news/96-02/feb09.scb.
141. FBI File: Bacteriological Warfare in the Unted States (released May 2006) www.thememoryhole.org/fbi/biowar.htm.
142. South Africa Profile Available: http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Biological/index.html#fnB2.
143. Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (1998). Chemical and Biological Warfare Hearings. Available: http://www.totse.com/en/politics/the_world_beyond_the_usa/camera.html.
144. Burger M, Gould C (2002). Secrets and Lies: Wouter Basson and South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program. Zebra, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 34-35.
145. Kemp A (1990). Victory or Violence: The Story of the AWB. Forma, Pretoria, South Africa, p. 47.
146. Van Rooyen J (1994). Hard Right: The New White Power in South Africa. I.B.Tauris, New York, pp. 96, 97, 199.
147. NTI: Country Overviews: South Africa: Chemical Overview. Available: www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Chemical.
148. Mangold T, Goldberg J (1999). Plague Wars: The Terrifying Reality of Biological Warfare. St. Martin's, New York, pp. 250, 254, 277-279.
149. Humes E (2001). The Medicine Man. Los Angeles Magazine, July:95-96.
150. CBS News (2002). "Dr. Death" and his Accomplice. 60 Minutes, November 7.
151. Collins J (2000). Ford advised S. Africa on Warfare Devices. Orange County Register, 15 March.
152. Allen A (2002). Mad Scientist. Salon Magazine, June 26. Available: http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/06/26/biofem.
153. Bell R (2004). Court TV's Crime Library. Available: www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/larry_ford/1.html.
154. Kouzminov A (2005). Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West. Greenhill, London.
155. Markov G. Available: http://www.videofact.com/english/defectors_33_en.html.
156. Ridley Y (2005). Don't Let Facts Spoil a Good Story. Available: http://www.ukwatch.net/article/450.
157. Miller J (1993). Evidence Grows on Bioterrorism Weapons. New York Times Magazine, January 3, p. 33.
158. Anonymous (1990). A Case of Finding Evidence, Jane's Defence Weekly, July 14, p. 54.
159. Anonymous (1990). On the Street. The ASA Newsletter, August issue.
160. UNSCOM Periodical Report (1998) Current e-mail notifications on Iraq; by Laurie Mylroie sam11@erols.com, June 3.
161. Duelfer C (2004). Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD. Available: http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/iraq_wmd_2004/index.html.
162. Shoham D. (2006). An antithesis on the fate of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons. Internat J. Intell. Counterintell. 19(1):59-83.
163. Eisenstadt M (1996). Iranian Military Power: Capabilities and Intentions. Washington Inst. for Near East Policy, Washington, D.C., p. 26.
164. Gaffney Jr. F J (2004). Terror-tied by Memo. The Washington Times, May 9.
165. Schanzer J (2003). A. Al-Islam: Iraq's Al-Qaeda Connection. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/824263/posts.
166. Warrick J, al-Qaeda's Bio-lab, Washington Post May 5, 2004.
167. Parry D. Interfax/Mosnews.com, March 1, 2005. al-Qaeda Explores Bioagents.
168. Gertz B (2004). Iraqi Bomb Labs Signal Attacks in the Works. The Washington Times, November 30.
169. Anonymous (2004). Iraqi Women Not Being Released. BBC News World Edition, September 22.
170. McMahon M. NewsMax.com Monday, December 29, 2003. al-Qaeda Seeks Anthrax; no page.
171. Leitenberg M. (2002). Biological weapons and bioterrorism in the first years of the twenty-first century. Politics Life Sci. 21(2):3-27.
172. Taliban Official Said Found With Anthrax, Agence France-Presse/The Nation, Jan. 17, 2007.
173. Associated Press (2005). 8 of 9 Acquitted in U.K Ricin Trial. April 13.
174. Uhlig R, Fleming N (2004). Flights Axed in New Terror Alert. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/02/02/nterr02.xml.
175. Anonymous, MI5 warns UK labs of threat from al Qaeda, London Daily Mail, January 25, 2007.
176. Bockmann M W (2004). Biochemical Threat Next Terror Wave. The Australian.
177. Anonymous The Times, 3 March, 1998. Hezbollah Trying to Obtain Biochemicals page unknown.
178. Reuters, 9 Feb. 2003.
179. Al-Manar (2001). Will We Reach the Option of Bioterrorism Deterrence? August 13.
180. Luft, G (2003). The Palestinian security forces and the second intifada. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, Presentation given at the National Press Club. Washington, D.C.
181. Rapaport A, Ma'ariv, 13 April 2004. Tanzim Plants to Use Aids Virus, p. 7.
182. Palestinians Claim Biological and Chemical Weapons Capability, Israel Today, June 26, 2006.
183. Kaplan D E, Marshall A (1996). The Cult at the End of the World. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York.
184. Torok T J, Tauxe R V, Wise R P, et al. (1997). A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA. 278: 389-395.
185. Kolavic S A, Kimura A, Simons S L, et al. (1997). An outbreak of Shigella dysenteriae type 2 among laboratory workers due to intentional food contamination. JAMA. 278:396-398.
186. Joseph P R, Millar J D, Henderson D A (1965). An outbreak of hepatitis traced to food contamination. N. Engl. J. Med. 273:188-194.
187. Phills J A, Harrold A J, Whiteman G V, et al. (1972). Pulmonary infiltrates, asthma and eosinophilia due to Ascaris suum infestation in man. N. Engl. J. Med. 286:965-970.
188. Chester C V, Zimmerman G P. (1994). Civil Defense Implications of Bioterrorism Weapons. J. Civil Def. 16(6):6-12.
189. Fetter S (1991). International Security, Summer 1991, p. 27. Ballistic Missiles and WMD.
190. MSNBC, 13 March 2003. The Impact of Anthrax Available: http://www.msnbc.com/news/886761.asp?0cv=CB20&cp1=1.
191. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 3. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case3.html.
192. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 4. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case4.html.
193. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 5. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case5.html.
194. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 7. UCLA School of Public Health. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case7.html.
195. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 1. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case1.html.
196. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 19. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case19.html.
197. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 21. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case21.html.
198. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 2. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case2.html.
199. American Anthrax outbreak of 2001, Case 6. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case6.html.
200. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 8. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case8.html.
201. American Anthrax outbreak of 2001, Case 9. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case9.html.
202. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 10. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case10.html.
203. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 11. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case11.html.
204. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 12. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case12.html.
205. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 13. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case13.html.
206. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 18. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case18.html.
207. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 14. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case14.html.
208. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 15. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case15.html.
209. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 16. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case16.html.
210. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 17. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case17.html.
211. American Anthrax outbreak of 2001, Case 20. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case20.html.
212. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 23. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case23.html.
213. American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 22. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect_case22.html.
214. BBC News, November 22, 2001.
215. Heyman D (2002). Lessons from the anthrax attacks. Intelligence Resource Program. Available: http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/cbw/dtra02.pdf.
216. Mcintyre H J (2004). Project on Government Secrecy. Ref: 04-F-0521(A), DoD FOIA Pollicy Office.
217. Shoham D, and Jacobsen S T (2007). Technical intelligence in retrospect: the 2001 anthrax letters powder, International J. of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 20(1):79-105, 2007.
218. Associated Press, Washington D.C. 11 March 2004, Powder Letters Hoaxes.
219. Miller J (2003). U.S. Has New Concerns about Anthrax Readiness. December 28.
220. Valdemoro T (2005). Cleaning of Anthrax Contents Continues. Cox News Service-Herald Today, July 7. Available: http://www.bradenton.com/mld/bradenton/news/local/12072828.htm.
221. Matsumoto G (2003). Anthrax powder: State of the art? Science. 302:1492-1497.
222. 2001 anthrax attacks-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website.
223. Allan Lengel, Little Progress In FBI Probe of Anthrax Attacks, Washington Post, September 16, 2005; A01.
224. Ricin Toxin from Castor Bean Plant. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Poisonous Plants Informational Database Available: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin/ricin.html.
225. Klain G J, Jaeger J J (1990). Castor Seed Poisoning In Humans: A Review. Letterman Army Inst. of Research, San Francisco, CA.
226. Historical records from Army Office of Research and Development (OSRD), 1946, Agent W-Ricin.
227. Franke S (1976). Bacterial, Animal and Plant Toxins as Combat Agents, Manual of Military Chemistry, Vol. 2. Militaerverlag der DDR., Berlin, Germany, pp. 484, 485, 488-496.
228. Sanches M L, Russell C R, Randolph C L (1993). Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Signatures Analysis: Technical Analysis. Defense Nuclear Agency, Alexandria, VA, pp. B171-788.
229. Usama bin Laden. Available: www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/afterseptembereleven.htm.
230. Frankel G (2003). The Washington Post. Jan. 8, Ricin Found in Afghomistan.
231. Gold D (2004). Tower of Babble. Crown Forum, New York, p. 129.
232. Seventh Arrest in Ricin Case. BBC News Online, 8 January 2003.
233. Norton-Taylor R, Hopkins N, Henley J (2003). Poison Suspect Trained at al-Qaida Camp. The Guardian (London), January 10.
234. Sergeyev V (2003). London Poisoners Came from Chechnya. Gazeta (Moscow), January 10.
235. Ivanov S (2003) France, UK Security Follow Trail of New Terrorist Structures with Chechen cell. ITAR-TASS News Agency (Moscow), January 13.
236. Gray C, Herbert I, Bennetto J (2003). Policeman Stabbed to Death in Terror Raid. The Independent (London), January 15.
237. Carter H, Ward D, Hopkins N (2003). Murder Suspect "is Senior Player" in Ricin Plot Network. The Guardian (London), January 16.
238. Chemical Terrorist Plot in Rome? Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Available: http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/020311.htm.
239. Anonymous (2003). Ricin found in Paris. BBC News, March 21.
240. Eggen D (2004). Letter with Ricin Vial Sent To White House, November Discovery Was Kept Quiet. The Washington Post, February 4, A:07.
241. Lengel A (2004). Ricin Investigation Still Wide Open. The Washington Post, April 6, B:01.
242. Barry R (2004). Rebels Tried to Make Ricin. Associated Press, Washington, D.C., June 10.
243. Woodward C (2005). Ricin Intended to be Produced Associated Press/RedOrbit.com, November 21.
244. Jar of Ricin Found in Tennessee Shed, Associated Press/San Diego Union-Tribune, June 2, 2006.
245. What Is Smallpox? Available: http://skin-care.health-cares.net/smallpox.php.
246. Smallpox: Destruction of variola virus stocks. World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA58/A58_10-en.pdf.
247. Jahrling P B, Hensley L E, Martinez M J, et al. (2004). Exploring the potential of variola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques as a model for human smallpox. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101:15196-15200.337.
248. Rubins K H, Hensley L E, Jahrling P B, et al. (2004). The host response to smallpox: analysis of the gene expression program in peripheral blood cells in a nonhuman primate model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101:15190-15195.
249. WHO (2004). Abstracts summarizing recent research overseen by the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/abstracts2004/en/index1.html.
250. WHO (2003). Abstracts summarizing recent research over seen by the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/abstracts2003/en/index1.html.
251. Li Y, Kline R, Regnery R. (2002). Capillary-Electrophoresis Restriction Fragement Length Polymorphism: A New Method for Poxvirus Fingerprinting. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/capillary/en/index.html.
252. Huggins J W, Zwiers S H, Baker R O, et al. Cidofovir Treatment of Variola (Smallpox) in the Hemorrhagic Smallpox Primate Model and the IV Monkeypox Primate Model. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/cidofovirtreatment/en/index.html.
253. Rubins K, Whitney A, Jahrling P, et al. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Host Response to Variola Infection. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/genomewide/en/index.html.
254. Pulford D J, Damon I, Ulaeto D. New PCR Assays for Identification of Smallpox Virus. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/newpcr/en/index.html.
255. Jahrling P B, Hensley L, Huggins J, et al. Lethal Infection of Primates with Variola Virus as a Model for Human Smallpox. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/lethalinfection/en/index.html.
256. Esposito J J, Sammons S, Frace M, et al. Variola Virus Genomics. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/virusgenomics/en/index.html.
257. Boseley S, Borger J (2005). US Scientists Push for Go-Ahead to Genetically Modify Smallpox Virus. The Guardian, May 16.
258. Burgasov P (2001). Smallpox Field Tested By USSR Courier, November 24.
259. Anonynmous (2003). Soviet Smallpox Most Lethal Vedomosty (Moscow), March 27.
260. Smallpox: Facts and Information. Available: http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/s/sm/smallpox.htm.
261. Hopkins D R, Ramses V (1980). Earliest Known Victim? World Health, p. 220.
262. Fornaciari G, Marcetti A (1986). Intact smallpox virus particles in an Italian mummy of 16th century. The Lancet. 2(8507):625.
263. Marennikova S S, Shelukhina E M, Zhukova O A, et al. (1990). Smallpox diagnosed 400 years later: Results of skin lesions examination of 16th century Italian mummy. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 34:227-231.
264. Orent W (1998). Escape from Moscow. The Sciences, pp. 29-31, May 22.
265. Lewin P K (1985). Mummy riddles unraveled. Microsc. Soc. Can. Bull. 12:4-8.
266. Arita I (1980). Can we stop smallpox vaccination? World Health. May:27-29.
267. Thomas, Gordon (2003). Ethnic Bomb to Kill Whites Only Tied to North Korea. American Free Press, October, 17.
268. Sombre Conclusions follow "Atlantic Storm". Radio Netherlands. Available: www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/currentaffairs/region/internationalorganisations/ter050117.
269. National Security Archive (1970). The September 11th Source Books: National Security Archive Online Readers on Terrorism, Intelligence and the Next War. Volume III: BIOWAR: The Nixon Administration's Decision to End U.S. Biological Warfare Programs. Available: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB58/RNCBW22.pdf.
270. Beckett B (1983). Weapons of Tomorrow. Plenum Press, New York.
271. Leitenberg M (2001). Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and Analysis. Available: http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/bw20th.htm.
272. Anonymous Times, Sept. 14, 1999, Soviet Bioagents Against Livestock.
273. Shoham D. (2005). Image versus reality of Iranian chemical and biological weapons. Internat. J. Intell. Counterintell. 18(1):89-141.
274. Robinson R A. USDA's Preparation for Asian Soybean Rust. Available: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05668r.pdf.
275. Vargas R I (2002). Biosystems and Bioterrorism: Can Arthropods Be Used as Agents of Destruction. Entomological Society of America Meeting, Fort Lauderolale, FL.
276. Lindquist D A, Abusowa M, Hall MJ (1992). The New World screwworm fly in Libya: A review of its introduction and eradication. Med. Vet. Entomol. 6:2-8.
277. Windrem R (1999). U.S. to launch war on "agro-terror." MSNBC.com, September 22. Available: http://www.msnbc.com/news/314627.asp.
278. Treble A (2005). Agro-Terrorism. Available: http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/agromain.htm.
279. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (1971). The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. I. Humanities Press, New York, p. 224.
280. Treble A (2002). Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present. Available: http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/possess.htm#US.
281. Thorold P W (1953). Suspected malicious poisoning. J. South African Vet. Med. Assoc. 24:215-217.
282. Morton J F (1977). Poisonous and injurious higher plants and fungi. In: C C Tedeschi, W G Eckert, L G Tedeschi (eds.), Forensic Medicine: A study in trauma and environment, Volume III: Environmental Hazards. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, p. 1504.
283. Verdcourt B, Trump E C (1969). Common Poisonous Plants of East Africa. Collins, London, p. 62.
284. Maloba W O (1993). Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
285. Edgerton R B (1989). Mau Mau: An African Crucible. Free Press, New York.
286. Alibek K (1999). The Soviet Union's anti-agricultural biological weapons. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. 894:18-19.
287. Narayan Swamy M R (1994). Tigers of Lanka, From Boys to Guerrillas. Konark Publishers, Delhi.
288. Hellmann-Rajanayagam D (1994). The Tamil Tigers: Armed Struggle for Identity. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
289. O'Balance E (1989). The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973-1988. Brassey's, Washington, D.C.
290. Gunaratna R (1987). War and Peace in Sri Lanka. Institute of Fundamental Studies, Sri Lanka, pp. 51, 52.
291. Duboudin T (1984). Australian Livestock Threatened. The Times (London), January 21, p. 5.
292. Duboudin T (1984). Murderer in Court Over Virus Threat. The Times (London), February 22, p. 5.
293. Root R S (1991). Infectious terrorism. Atlantic Monthly. May, p. 4450.
294. Office International des Eepizootics, Headquarter, Paris (2002). Foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom. 2001 Report to the OIE Part I: Great Britain Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs 14 January, 2002.
295. Anonymous (2005). Putative Agroterrorism Bioagents in Afghanistan Associated Press, 17 July, 2005.
296. Narcoterrorism. Available: http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/narcoterrorism.
297. What is Narcoterrorism? Terrorism: Questions & Answers. Available: http://cfrterrorism.org/terrorism/narcoterrorism_print.html.
298. Narco-Terrorismus. Zentraler Informatikdienst-Universität Wien. Available: http://gerda.univie.ac.at/ie/ws03/fischer/wiki/index.php/Narco-Terrorismus.
299. Department of the Navy (1998). Legal Review of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Pepper Spray, (Ser 103/353). Office of the Judge Advocate General, Alexandria, Virginia.
300. Common and New Types of Biological Weapons. Available: whalonlab.msu.edu/2003_EC_Projects/Biological_Weapons/ISB%20Extra%20Credit%20Project/Common%20Types.html.
301. Black J L. (2003). Genome projects and gene therapy: Gateways to next generation biological weapons. Military Med. 168(11):864-871.
302. Wheelis A M (2004). Will the new biology lead to new weapons? Arms Control Today. 34(6):6-13.
303. van Aken J, Hammond E (2003). Genetic engineering and biological weapons: New technologies, desires and threats from biological research. Euro. Molec. Biol. Org. Rep. 4 (suppl 1):S57-S60.
304. Quille G. (2001). The revolution in military affairs debate and non-lethal weapons, medicine, conflicts and survival. Internat. Security Informat. Serv. London, UK. 17(3):207-220.
305. Shoham D, Wolfson Z. (2004). The Russian biological weapons program: Vanished or disappeared? Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 30(4):241-261.
306. Former KGB spy, living in New Zealand, soon to publish a book on Russian biological warfare. Available: http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1347344/posts.
307. Oppenheimer A (2005). Nanotechnology paves way for new weapons. Jane's Chem-Bio Web. www.janes.com/defence/news/jcbw.
308. Joby Warrick, Engineered Microbes Pose New Bioterror Threat, Washington Post, July 31, 2006.
309. King S R (1992). Medicines that changed the world. Available: http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/Ethnobotany/page4.html.EthnobotanyIndex.
310. Ricin toxin from castor bean plant. Available: http://7plus7.com/MedicalNews/News/Ricin.htm.
311. Lord J M, Roberts L M, Robertus J D. (1994). Ricin: Structure, mode of action and some current applications. FASEB J. 8(2):201-208.
312. Shukla H, Sharma S. (2005). Clostridium botulinum: A bug with beauty and weapon. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 31(1):11-18.
313. UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), United Nations, New York City, April 28.
314. U.N. Releases Counterterrorism Strategy, Associated Press, Sep. 4, 2006.
315. Tigner B (2004). European group urges bioterror defense. Defense News, June 29.
316. Bioterrorism Reporting Group Report (2005). Countering bioterrorism: How can the EU and US work together? New Defence Agenda NDA July, 18.
317. Trevelyan M (2005). Reuters, March 1. Outcomes of a Biotterorism Attack.
318. Ceran F (2005). Associated Press, March 1, 2005. The Threat of Bioterrorism.
319. MI5 warns UK labs of threat from al-Qaeda, London Daily Mail, January 25, 2007.
320. U.K. Increases Biological Security, Tendler/McGrory, The Times, January 25, 2007.
321. Rozen K (2005). NIS 500,000 to Find Knesset Vulnerabilities to Non-Conventional Weapons. Israel National News, September 22.
322. Anonymous (2003). Iran Red Crescent holds first conference on campaign against bioterrorism, May 29. Available: http://www.fbis.gov.FBISdocIAP20030529000082.
323. Anonymous (2005). Seminar on Bioterrorism Opens in Saudi Capital. Financial Times Information, March 7.
324. Biodefense for the 21st century. Available: http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/20040430.html.
325. Remarks by the President at the Signing of S.15-Project BioShield Act of 2004, The White House, July 21, 2004.
326. Fiorill J (2005). Experts paint dire picture of bioterrorism threat. Global Security Newswire, July 13.
327. Fiorill J (2005). U.S. plans to defend against engineered bioattack. Global Security Newswire, June 15.
328. Bioterrorism and the National Response Plan 2005. Available: apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_110332.htm.
329. Schuler A. (2005). Billions for Biodefense: Federal Agency Biodefense Budgeting, FY2005-FY2006. Biosecur. Bioterror. 3(2):91-101.
330. Ruppe D (2005). Global Security Newswire, July 14, 2005. Bush Budget Holds Steady for Civiliam Biodefences.
331. Ember L (2005). Manhattan experiments track gases for terror response biomonitoring. Chem. Engin. News. 83(33):10.
332. Schwellenbach N (2005). Biodefense: A Plague of Researchers Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May-June. pp. 8-10.
333. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases release, June 1, 2005. US to Complete Bioterrorism Research Network.
334. Anonymous. Associated Press, 8 September 2005. New Biocontainment Lab.
335. FBI Wants Biodefense Work Secret says Newark, New Jersey Lab. The Sunshine Project-Biosafety Bites (v.2) p. 17 September 20, 2006.
336. Jennifer Lebovich, BioWatch Air Samplers Used to Detect Deadly Germs, jlebovich@ MiamiHerald.com Nov. 01, 2006.
337. Hall/Jackson, Bush Asserts Mail-Opening Authority, USA Today, Jan. 5, 2007.
338. FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research Publishes Study on Distinguishing Potential Hoax Materials from Bioterror Agents, FDA New, PO6-109, August 3, 2006.
339. Nanotechnology Offers Fast Virus Detection, United Press International, RedOrbit. com, Nov. 15, 2006.
340. Alison Walker-Baird, U.S. Researchers Develop Tool Against Agroterrorism, The Frederick News-Post, October 31, 2006.
341. Network Would Help Detect Bioterrorism, The Richmond Times Dispatch, May 23, 2006.
342. Anonymous Biotech Week, June 8, 2005. Post-Attack Anthrax Medical Measures.
343. Barrett G (2005). Baltimore Sun, June 10, 2005. Stockpiling Bioterror Countermeasures.
344. Francis D. Researchers suggest risk-based decision making model to combat bioterrorism attacks. Global Security Newswire. June 3, 2005.
345. Thompson K M, Armstrong R E, Thompson D F (2005). Bayes, Bugs, and Bioterrorists. National Defense University, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/Def_Tech/DTP14%20Bayes%20Bugs%20Bioterrorists.pdf.
346. Harrison P (2005). Smallpox Vaccine to be Acquired Reuters, August 16, 2005.
347. Daily Yomiuri, July 12, 2005. Japan Intends to Stockpile Smallpox Vaccine.
348. Exercise Global Mercury: Post Exercise Report. Available: www.dh.gov.uk.../ChiefMedicalOfficer/Features/FeaturesArticle/fs/en.
349. Madjid M, Lillibridge S, Parsa M, et al. (2003). Influenza as a bioweapon. J. R. Soc. Med. 96:345, 346.
350. Neergaard L (2005). U.S. working on plan for flu pandemic. Associated Press, Washington D.C., October 8.
351. Anonymous (2005). Avian Flu Resistant to Tamiflu. CNN (Reuters), September 30.
352. Zeleny J (2005). Pathogens Transferred from Formen USSR to USA. Chicago Tribune, September 3.
353. Vorobiev A (1996). Countering chemical/biological terrorism in the former Soviet Union: The need for cooperative efforts. Politics Life Sci. 15:233-235.
354. Vector Outline (2003). Available: http://www.vector.nsc.ru/art1-r.htm.
355. Available: www.state.gov/documents/organization/28781.
356. Gulobev E (2003). New Russian-American Collaboration Against Bioterrorism: Moscow's International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) participating, Pravda, 17 September 2003. Pravda Online English Version.
357. Ruppe D (2005). U.S. helps secure former soviet antiplague sites. Global Security Newswire, November 23.
358. David Francis, U.S. Program to Secure Former Soviet Pathogens Grows, Global Security Newswire, March 29, 2006.
359. Fiorill J (2005). Top U.S. disease fighters warn of new engineered pathogens but call bioweapons doomsday unlikely. Global Security Newswire, July 29.
360. Atlas R M, Reppy J (2005). Globalizing biosecurity, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism. 3(1):51-60.
361. Casadevall A (2002). Antibodies for defense against biological attack. Nat. Biotechnol. 20:114.
362. Anonymous Associated Press (2005). Antibiotics Less Useful March 3.
363. Rainey G J, Young J A. (2004). Antitoxins: Novel strategies to target agents of bioterrorism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2(9):721-726.
364. AVI BioPharma Receives Notice of Allowance for Key Patent Application Covering NEUGENE Antisense Technology for RNA Viruses, BioExchange Newsroom. Available: http://www.bioexchange.com/news/news_page.cfm?id=20709.
365. AVI BioPharma Info (2005). Promising new technology may block biological agent effects, GSN, October 18. Available: http://www.mmrs.fema.gov/news/publichealth/2005/oct/nph2005-10-18a.aspx.
366. Basha, Saleem et al, Polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin that target host receptors, PNAS, September 5, 2006 vol. 103, no. 36, 13509-13513.
367. Elias P (2005). Associated Press/Journal-Gazette, August 19. Super Pathogens.
368. Fiorill J (2005). GSN, July 13. Experts Paint Dire Picture of Bioterrorism Threat.
369. Biological attack on West "simply a question of time": US official (AFP) Jan 17, 2006.
370. Edith Lederer, Annan Calls for Bioterror Defense Strategies, Associated Press/phillyBrubs.com, May 3, 2006.
371. Anonymous (2005). Interpol sounds bioterrorism alarm. BBC, February 23. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/europe/4289485.stm.