MBL Versus CLL. How Important Is the Distinction?

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 251-265

  Scarfò, Lydia ^a   Fazi, Claudia ^a   Ghia, Paolo ^a  

^a VITA SALUTE SAN RAFFAELE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chromosomal aberrations; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Immune system; Immunoglobulin genes; Immunophenotype; Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis; Prognosis; Progression

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN;

B LYMPHOCYTE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL AGING; CELL CLONE; CELL COUNT; CELL EXPANSION; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LYMPHOCYTOSIS; MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; CELL AGING; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC, B-CELL; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; LYMPHOCYTOSIS; NEOPLASM STAGING;

EID: 84875773431     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: 15581977     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.01.004     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Rawstron A.C. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009, 430-439.
2. Molica S., Levato D. What is changing in the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?. Haematologica 2001, 86:8-12.
3. Rawstron A.C., Green M.J., Kuzmicki A., et al. Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of " indolent" chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts. Blood 2002, 100:635-639.
4. Ghia P., Prato G., Scielzo C., et al. Monoclonal CD5+ and CD5- B-lymphocyte expansions are frequent in the peripheral blood of the elderly. Blood 2004, 103:2337-2342.
5. Rawstron A.C., Bennett F.L., O'Connor S.J., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:575-583.
6. Dagklis A., Fazi C., Sala C., et al. The immunoglobulin gene repertoire of low-count chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-like monoclonal B lymphocytosis is different from CLL: diagnostic implications for clinical monitoring. Blood 2009, 114:26-32.
7. Nieto W.G., Almeida J., Romero A., et al. Increased frequency (12%) of circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like B-cell clones in healthy subjects using a highly sensitive multicolor flow cytometry approach. Blood 2009, 114:33-37.
8. Marti G.E., Rawstron A.C., Ghia P., et al. Diagnostic criteria for monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Br J Haematol 2005, 130:325-332.
9. Shanafelt T.D., Ghia P., Lanasa M.C., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): biology, natural history and clinical management. Leukemia 2010, 24:512-520.
10. Landgren O., Albitar M., Ma W., et al. B-cell clones as early markers for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:659-667.
11. Scarfo L., Dagklis A., Scielzo C., et al. CLL-like monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: are we all bound to have it?. Semin Cancer Biol 2010, 20:384-390.
12. Caligaris-Cappio F., Ghia P. Novel insights in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: are we getting closer to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease?. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4497-4503.
13. Müller-Hermelink H.K., Montserrat E., Catovsky D., et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 2008, 180-182. International agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (France). S.H. Swerdlow, E. Campo, N.L. Harris (Eds.).
14. Hallek M., Cheson B.D., Catovsky D., et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood 2008, 111:5446-5456.
15. Shim Y.K., Vogt R.F., Middleton D., et al. Prevalence and natural history of monoclonal and polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in a residential adult population. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2007, 72:344-353.
16. Rachel J.M., Zucker M.L., Fox C.M., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in blood donors. Br J Haematol 2007, 139:832-836.
17. Almeida J., Nieto W.G., Teodosio C., et al. CLL-like B-lymphocytes are systematically present at very low numbers in peripheral blood of healthy adults. Leukemia 2011, 25:718-722.
18. Rawstron A.C., Shanafelt T., Lanasa M.C., et al. Different biology and clinical outcome according to the absolute numbers of clonal B-cells in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL). Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2010, 78(Suppl 1):S19-S23.
19. Dagklis A., Fazi C., Scarfo L., et al. Monoclonal B lymphocytosis in the general population. Leuk Lymphoma 2009, 50:490-492.
20. Shanafelt T.D., Kay N.E., Rabe K.G., et al. Brief report: natural history of individuals with clinically recognized monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis compared with patients with Rai 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:3959-3963.
21. Scarfò L., Zibellini S., Tedeschi A., et al. Impact of B-cell count and imaging screening in cMBL: any need to revise the current guidelines?. Leukemia 2012, 26:1703-1707.
22. Fung S.S., Hillier K.L., Leger C.S., et al. Clinical progression and outcome of patients with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2007, 48:1087-1091.
23. Mulligan C.S., Thomas M.E., Mulligan S.P. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:2065-2066. [author reply: 2066].
24. Rossi D., Sozzi E., Puma A., et al. The prognosis of clinical monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis differs from prognosis of Rai 0 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and is recapitulated by biological risk factors. Br J Haematol 2009, 146:64-75.
25. Fazi C., Scarfo L., Pecciarini L., et al. General population low-count CLL-like MBL persists over time without clinical progression, although carrying the same cytogenetic abnormalities of CLL. Blood 2011, 118:6618-6625.
26. Victor Hoffbrand A., Hamblin T.J. Is " leukemia" an appropriate label for all patients who meet the diagnostic criteria of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?. Leuk Res 2007, 31:273-275.
27. Rai K.R., Sawitsky A., Cronkite E.P., et al. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1975, 46:219-234.
28. Shanafelt T.D., Kay N.E., Call T.G., et al. MBL or CLL: which classification best categorizes the clinical course of patients with an absolute lymphocyte count >or= 5 x 10(9) L(-1) but a B-cell lymphocyte count <5 x 10(9) L(-1)?. Leuk Res 2008, 32:1458-1461.
29. Shanafelt T.D., Kay N.E., Jenkins G., et al. B-cell count and survival: differentiating chronic lymphocytic leukemia from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis based on clinical outcome. Blood 2009, 113:4188-4196.
30. Molica S., Mauro F.R., Giannarelli D., et al. Differentiating chronic lymphocytic leukemia from monoclonal B-lymphocytosis according to clinical outcome: on behalf of the GIMEMA chronic lymphoproliferative diseases working group. Haematologica 2010, 96:277-283.
31. Lanasa M.C., Allgood S.D., Volkheimer A.D., et al. Single-cell analysis reveals oligoclonality among 'low-count' monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Leukemia 2010, 24:133-140.
32. Ghiotto F., Fais F., Valetto A., et al. Remarkably similar antigen receptors among a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:1008-1016.
33. Messmer B.T., Albesiano E., Efremov D.G., et al. Multiple distinct sets of stereotyped antigen receptors indicate a role for antigen in promoting chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2004, 200:519-525.
34. Stamatopoulos K., Belessi C., Moreno C., et al. Over 20% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carry stereotyped receptors: Pathogenetic implications and clinical correlations. Blood 2007, 109:259-270.
35. Agathangelidis A., Darzentas N., Hadzidimitriou A., et al. Stereotyped B-cell receptors in one-third of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a molecular classification with implications for targeted therapies. Blood 2012, 119:4467-4475.
36. Dohner H., Stilgenbauer S., Benner A., et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1910-1916.
37. Lanasa M.C., Allgood S.D., Slager S.L., et al. Immunophenotypic and gene expression analysis of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis shows biologic characteristics associated with good prognosis CLL. Leukemia 2011, 25:1459-1466.
38. Schuler F., Dolken L., Hirt C., et al. Prevalence and frequency of circulating t(14;18)-MBR translocation carrying cells in healthy individuals. Int J Cancer 2009, 124:958-963.
39. Klein U., Lia M., Crespo M., et al. The DLEU2/miR-15a/16-1 cluster controls B cell proliferation and its deletion leads to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2010, 17:28-40.
40. Phillips J.A., Mehta K., Fernandez C., et al. The NZB mouse as a model for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 1992, 52:437-443.
41. Hamano Y., Hirose S., Ida A., et al. Susceptibility alleles for aberrant B-1 cell proliferation involved in spontaneously occurring B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a model of New Zealand white mice. Blood 1998, 92:3772-3779.
42. LeMaoult J., Manavalan J.S., Dyall R., et al. Cellular basis of B cell clonal populations in old mice. J Immunol 1999, 162:6384-6391.
43. Wick G., Grubeck-Loebenstein B. The aging immune system: primary and secondary alterations of immune reactivity in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 1997, 32:401-413.
44. Ghia P., Melchers F., Rolink A.G. Age-dependent changes in B lymphocyte development in man and mouse. Exp Gerontol 2000, 35:159-165.
45. Klinman N.R., Kline G.H. The B-cell biology of aging. Immunol Rev 1997, 160:103-114.
46. Nicoletti C. Antibody protection in aging: influence of idiotypic repertoire and antibody binding activity to a bacterial antigen. Exp Mol Pathol 1995, 62:99-108.
47. Colombatti A., Doliana R., Schiappacassi M., et al. Age-related persistent clonal expansions of CD28(-) cells: phenotypic and molecular TCR analysis reveals both CD4(+) and CD4(+)CD8(+) cells with identical CDR3 sequences. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998, 89:61-70.
48. Ghia P., Prato G., Stella S., et al. Age-dependent accumulation of monoclonal CD4+CD8+ double positive T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the elderly. Br J Haematol 2007, 139:780-790.
49. Khan N., Shariff N., Cobbold M., et al. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity drives the CD8 T cell repertoire toward greater clonality in healthy elderly individuals. J Immunol 2002, 169:1984-1992.
50. Fazi C., Dagklis A., Cottini F., et al. Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis in hepatitis C virus infected individuals. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2010, 78(Suppl 1):S61-S68.
51. Marti G.E. MBL: mostly benign lymphocytes, but.... Blood 2011, 118:6480-6481.
52. Hauswirth A.W., Almeida J., Nieto W.G., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) with normal lymphocyte counts is associated with decreased numbers of normal circulating B-cell subsets. Am J Hematol 2012, 87:721-724.
53. Goldin L.R., Bjorkholm M., Kristinsson S.Y., et al. Elevated risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas among relatives of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2009, 94:647-653.
54. Goldin L.R., Lanasa M.C., Slager S.L., et al. Common occurrence of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis among members of high-risk CLL families. Br J Haematol 2010, 151:152-158.
55. de Tute R., Yuille M., Catovsky D., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) in CLL families: substantial increase in relative risk for young adults. Leukemia 2006, 20:728-729.
56. Matos D.M., Ismael S.J., Scrideli C.A., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in first-degree relatives of patients with sporadic (non-familial) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2009, 147:339-346.
57. Del Giudice I., Mauro F.R., De Propris M.S., et al. Identification of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis among sibling transplant donors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood 2009, 114:2848-2849.
58. Di Bernardo M.C., Crowther-Swanepoel D., Broderick P., et al. A genome-wide association study identifies six susceptibility loci for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2008, 40:1204-1210.
59. Crowther-Swanepoel D., Corre T., Lloyd A., et al. Inherited genetic susceptibility to monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Blood 2010, 116:5957-5960.
60. Damle R.N., Wasil T., Fais F., et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999, 94:1840-1847.
61. Hamblin T.J., Davis Z., Gardiner A., et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999, 94:1848-1854.
62. Crespo M., Bosch F., Villamor N., et al. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1764-1775.
63. Puente X.S., Pinyol M., Quesada V., et al. Whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nature 2011, 475:101-105.
64. Rasi S., Monti S., Spina V., et al. Analysis of NOTCH1 mutations in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Haematologica 2012, 97:153-154.
65. Fabbri G., Rasi S., Rossi D., et al. Analysis of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia coding genome: role of NOTCH1 mutational activation. J Exp Med 2011, 208:1389-1401.
66. Rossi D., Rasi S., Fabbri G., et al. Mutations of NOTCH1 are an independent predictor of survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012, 119:521-529.
67. Wang L., Lawrence M.S., Wan Y., et al. SF3B1 and other novel cancer genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:2497-2506.
68. Greco M., Capello D., Bruscaggin A., et al. Analysis of SF3B1 mutations in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Hematol Oncol 2012, [Epub ahead of print].
69. Quesada V., Conde L., Villamor N., et al. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2011, 44:47-52.
70. Rossi D., Fangazio M., Rasi S., et al. Disruption of BIRC3 associates with fludarabine chemorefractoriness in TP53 wild-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012, 119:2854-2862.
71. Balatti V., Bottoni A., Palamarchuk A., et al. NOTCH1 mutations in CLL associated with trisomy 12. Blood 2012, 119:329-331.
72. Moreira J., Rabe K.G., Cerhan J.R., et al. Infectious complications among individuals with clinical monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): a cohort study of newly diagnosed cases compared to controls. Leukemia 2013, 27:136-141.
73. Gibson S.E., Swerdlow S.H., Ferry J.A., et al. Reassessment of small lymphocytic lymphoma in the era of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Haematologica 2011, 96:1144-1152.
74. Ghia P. Another piece of the puzzle: is there a " nodal" monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis?. Haematologica 2011, 96:1089-1091.
75. Carbone A., Santoro A. How I treat: diagnosing and managing " in situ" lymphoma. Blood 2011, 117:3954-3960.
76. Bertilaccio M.T., Scielzo C., Muzio M., et al. An overview of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia biology. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2010, 23:21-32.
77. Ghia P., Caligaris-Cappio F. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: right track or red herring?. Blood 2012, 119:4358-4362.
78. Kern W., Bacher U., Haferlach C., et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis is closely related to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and may be better classified as early-stage CLL. Br J Haematol 2012, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09010.x.