SCOPUS 정보 검색 플랫폼

Energy and Environmental Science

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1192-1198

Organic solar cells featuring nanobowl structures

(6) Wei, Hung Yu a Huang, Jen Hsien b Hsu, Chih Yu a Chang, Feng Chih c Ho, Kuo Chuan a Chu, Chih Wei b,c

a NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY (Taiwan)

b RESEARCH CENTER FOR APPLIED SCIENCES (Taiwan)

c NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISSOCIATION; EXCITONS; ORGANIC POLYMERS; POLYSTYRENES; REDUCTION; SPACE APPLICATIONS; TIN OXIDES;

COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE; DONOR-ACCEPTOR INTERFACES; ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION; EXCITON DIFFUSION LENGTH; EXCITON DISSOCIATION; HOLE EXTRACTION LAYERS; INDIUM TIN OXIDE SUBSTRATES; POLY-3 ,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE;

SOLAR CELLS;

DIFFUSION; ELECTRODE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; SOLAR POWER; VOLUME;

EID: 84875677682 PISSN: 17545692 EISSN: 17545706 Source Type: Journal
DOI: 10.1039/c3ee24128a Document Type: Article

Times cited : (29)

References (58)

1
- 0022594397
- C. W. Tang Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986 48 183
- (1986) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.48 , pp. 183
- Tang, C.W.¹

2
- 84865407696
- Y. H. Chen L. Y. Lin C. W. Lu F. Lin Z. Y. Huang H. W. Lin P. H. Wang Y. H. Liu K. T. Wong J. Wen D. J. Miller S. B. Darling J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012 134 13616 13623
- (2012) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 13616-13623
- Chen, Y.H.¹ Lin, L.Y.² Lu, C.W.³ Lin, F.⁴ Huang, Z.Y.⁵ Lin, H.W.⁶ Wang, P.H.⁷ Liu, Y.H.⁸ Wong, K.T.⁹ Wen, J.¹⁰ Miller, D.J.¹¹ Darling, S.B.¹²

3
- 84862908255
- S.-W. Chiu L.-Y. Lin H.-W. Lin Y.-H. Chen Z.-Y. Huang Y.-T. Lin F. Lin Y.-H. Liu K.-T. Wong Chem. Commun. 2012 48 1857 1859
- (2012) Chem. Commun. , vol.48 , pp. 1857-1859
- Chiu, S.-W.¹ Lin, L.-Y.² Lin, H.-W.³ Chen, Y.-H.⁴ Huang, Z.-Y.⁵ Lin, Y.-T.⁶ Lin, F.⁷ Liu, Y.-H.⁸ Wong, K.-T.⁹

4
- 11144347693
- F. Yang M. Shtein S. R. Forrest Nat. Mater. 2005 4 37 41
- (2005) Nat. Mater. , vol.4 , pp. 37-41
- Yang, F.¹ Shtein, M.² Forrest, S.R.³

5
- 34648843615
- K. Tvingstedt V. Andersson F. Zhang O. Inganäs Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007 91 123514
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.91 , pp. 123514
- Tvingstedt, K.¹ Andersson, V.² Zhang, F.³ Inganäs, O.⁴

6
- 48249157959
- Y. Zhou F. Zhang K. Tvingstedt W. Tian O. Inganäs Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008 93 033302
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.93 , pp. 033302
- Zhou, Y.¹ Zhang, F.² Tvingstedt, K.³ Tian, W.⁴ Inganäs, O.⁵

7
- 84860371862
- M. Bernardi N. Ferralis J. H. Wan R. Villalon J. C. Grossman Energy Environ. Sci. 2012 5 6880 6884
- (2012) Energy Environ. Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 6880-6884
- Bernardi, M.¹ Ferralis, N.² Wan, J.H.³ Villalon, R.⁴ Grossman, J.C.⁵

8
- 12844258970
- J. Xue S. Uchida B. P. Rand S. R. Forrest Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004 85 5757 5759
- (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.85 , pp. 5757-5759
- Xue, J.¹ Uchida, S.² Rand, B.P.³ Forrest, S.R.⁴

9
- 13144282747
- J. Xue B. P. Rand S. Uchida S. R. Forrest Adv. Mater. 2005 17 66 71
- (2005) Adv. Mater. , vol.17 , pp. 66-71
- Xue, J.¹ Rand, B.P.² Uchida, S.³ Forrest, S.R.⁴

10
- 84873642528
- L. Dou W.-H. Chang J. Gao C.-C. Chen J. You Y. Yang Adv. Mater. 2012 25 825 831
- (2012) Adv. Mater. , vol.25 , pp. 825-831
- Dou, L.¹ Chang, W.-H.² Gao, J.³ Chen, C.-C.⁴ You, J.⁵ Yang, Y.⁶

11
- 84867568241
- C.-H. Chung T.-B. Song B. Bob R. Zhu H.-S. Duan Y. Yang Adv. Mater. 2012 24 5499 5504
- (2012) Adv. Mater. , vol.24 , pp. 5499-5504
- Chung, C.-H.¹ Song, T.-B.² Bob, B.³ Zhu, R.⁴ Duan, H.-S.⁵ Yang, Y.⁶

12
- 84863658750
- Y. He J. You L. Dou C.-C. Chen E. Richard K. C. Cha Y. Wu G. Li Y. Yang Chem. Commun. 2012 48 7616 7618
- (2012) Chem. Commun. , vol.48 , pp. 7616-7618
- He, Y.¹ You, J.² Dou, L.³ Chen, C.-C.⁴ Richard, E.⁵ Cha, K.C.⁶ Wu, Y.⁷ Li, G.⁸ Yang, Y.⁹

13
- 84862517956
- L. Dou J. Gao E. Richard J. You C.-C. Chen K. C. Cha Y. He G. Li Y. Yang J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012 134 10071 10079
- (2012) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 10071-10079
- Dou, L.¹ Gao, J.² Richard, E.³ You, J.⁴ Chen, C.-C.⁵ Cha, K.C.⁶ He, Y.⁷ Li, G.⁸ Yang, Y.⁹

14
- 84862569611
- Y. He C. Chen E. Richard L. Dou Y. Wu G. Li Y. Yang J. Mater. Chem. 2012 22 13391 13394
- (2012) J. Mater. Chem. , vol.22 , pp. 13391-13394
- He, Y.¹ Chen, C.² Richard, E.³ Dou, L.⁴ Wu, Y.⁵ Li, G.⁶ Yang, Y.⁷

15
- 8544235033
- K. M. Coakley M. D. McGehee Chem. Mater. 2004 16 4533 4542
- (2004) Chem. Mater. , vol.16 , pp. 4533-4542
- Coakley, K.M.¹ McGehee, M.D.²

16
- 25844475841
- P. K. Watkins A. B. Walker G. L. B. Verschoor Nano Lett. 2005 5 1814 1818
- (2005) Nano Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 1814-1818
- Watkins, P.K.¹ Walker, A.B.² Verschoor, G.L.B.³

17
- 34247553333
- R. A. Marsh C. Groves N. C. Greenham J. Appl. Phys. 2007 101 083509 083507
- (2007) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.101 , pp. 083509-083507
- Marsh, R.A.¹ Groves, C.² Greenham, N.C.³

18
- 0037389306
- P. Peumans A. Yakimov S. R. Forrest J. Appl. Phys. 2003 93 3693
- (2003) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.93 , pp. 3693
- Peumans, P.¹ Yakimov, A.² Forrest, S.R.³

19
- 80054037851
- G. Wei X. Xiao S. Wang J. D. Zimmerman K. Sun V. V. Diev M. E. Thompson S. R. Forrest Nano Lett. 2011 11 4261 4264
- (2011) Nano Lett. , vol.11 , pp. 4261-4264
- Wei, G.¹ Xiao, X.² Wang, S.³ Zimmerman, J.D.⁴ Sun, K.⁵ Diev, V.V.⁶ Thompson, M.E.⁷ Forrest, S.R.⁸

20
- 77249131967
- D. Kekuda J.-H. Huang K.-C. Ho C.-W. Chu J. Phys. Chem. C 2010 114 2764 2768
- (2010) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.114 , pp. 2764-2768
- Kekuda, D.¹ Huang, J.-H.² Ho, K.-C.³ Chu, C.-W.⁴

21
- 84861149832
- G. Chen H. Sasabe Z. Wang X. F. Wang Z. Hong Y. Yang J. Kido Adv. Mater. 2012 24 2768 2773
- (2012) Adv. Mater. , vol.24 , pp. 2768-2773
- Chen, G.¹ Sasabe, H.² Wang, Z.³ Wang, X.F.⁴ Hong, Z.⁵ Yang, Y.⁶ Kido, J.⁷

22
- 51049112939
- S. S. Williams M. J. Hampton V. Gowrishankar I. K. Ding J. L. Templeton E. T. Samulski J. M. DeSimone M. D. McGehee Chem. Mater. 2008 20 5229 5234
- (2008) Chem. Mater. , vol.20 , pp. 5229-5234
- Williams, S.S.¹ Hampton, M.J.² Gowrishankar, V.³ Ding, I.K.⁴ Templeton, J.L.⁵ Samulski, E.T.⁶ Desimone, J.M.⁷ McGehee, M.D.⁸

23
- 69249213906
- Z. Fan H. Razavi J.-w. Do A. Moriwaki O. Ergen Y.-L. Chueh P. W. Leu J. C. Ho T. Takahashi L. A. Reichertz S. Neale K. Yu M. Wu J. W. Ager A. Javey Nat. Mater. 2009 8 648 653
- (2009) Nat. Mater. , vol.8 , pp. 648-653
- Fan, Z.¹ Razavi, H.² Do, J.-W.³ Moriwaki, A.⁴ Ergen, O.⁵ Chueh, Y.-L.⁶ Leu, P.W.⁷ Ho, J.C.⁸ Takahashi, T.⁹ Reichertz, L.A.¹⁰ Neale, S.¹¹ Yu, K.¹² Wu, M.¹³ Ager, J.W.¹⁴ Javey, A.¹⁵

24
- 0038709380
- M. Grätzel Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999 4 314 321
- (1999) Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 314-321
- Grätzel, M.¹

25
- 28044468222
- D. C. Olson J. Piris R. T. Collins S. E. Shaheen D. S. Ginley Thin Solid Films 2006 496 26 29
- (2006) Thin Solid Films , vol.496 , pp. 26-29
- Olson, D.C.¹ Piris, J.² Collins, R.T.³ Shaheen, S.E.⁴ Ginley, D.S.⁵

26
- 23244441072
- L. E. Greene M. Law D. H. Tan M. Montano J. Goldberger G. Somorjai P. Yang Nano Lett. 2005 5 1231 1236
- (2005) Nano Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 1231-1236
- Greene, L.E.¹ Law, M.² Tan, D.H.³ Montano, M.⁴ Goldberger, J.⁵ Somorjai, G.⁶ Yang, P.⁷

27
- 38149125406
- L. E. Greene M. Law B. D. Yuhas P. Yang J. Phys. Chem. C 2007 111 18451 18456
- (2007) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.111 , pp. 18451-18456
- Greene, L.E.¹ Law, M.² Yuhas, B.D.³ Yang, P.⁴

28
- 66049106278
- J. Chen C. Li J. L. Song X. W. Sun W. Lei W. Q. Deng Appl. Surf. Sci. 2009 255 7508 7511
- (2009) Appl. Surf. Sci. , vol.255 , pp. 7508-7511
- Chen, J.¹ Li, C.² Song, J.L.³ Sun, X.W.⁴ Lei, W.⁵ Deng, W.Q.⁶

29
- 58549091849
- K. Yu J. Chen Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2009 4 1 10
- (2009) Nanoscale Res. Lett. , vol.4 , pp. 1-10
- Yu, K.¹ Chen, J.²

30
- 71549133422
- Z. Fan D. J. Ruebusch A. A. Rathore R. Kapadia O. Ergen P. W. Leu A. Javey Nano Res. 2009 2 829 843
- (2009) Nano Res. , vol.2 , pp. 829-843
- Fan, Z.¹ Ruebusch, D.J.² Rathore, A.A.³ Kapadia, R.⁴ Ergen, O.⁵ Leu, P.W.⁶ Javey, A.⁷

31
- 80855124756
- W.-Y. Chou J. Chang C.-T. Yen F.-C. Tang H.-L. Cheng M.-H. Chang S. Lien-Chung Hsu J.-S. Chen Y.-C. Lee Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011 99 183108
- (2011) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.99 , pp. 183108
- Chou, W.-Y.¹ Chang, J.² Yen, C.-T.³ Tang, F.-C.⁴ Cheng, H.-L.⁵ Chang, M.-H.⁶ Lien-Chung Hsu, S.⁷ Chen, J.-S.⁸ Lee, Y.-C.⁹

32
- 51749119441
- J. B. Emah R. J. Curry S. R. P. Silva Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008 93 103301
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.93 , pp. 103301
- Emah, J.B.¹ Curry, R.J.² Silva, S.R.P.³

33
- 84863048701
- L. Müller-Meskamp Y. H. Kim T. Roch S. Hofmann R. Scholz S. Eckardt K. Leo A. F. Lasagni Adv. Mater. 2012 24 906 910
- (2012) Adv. Mater. , vol.24 , pp. 906-910
- Müller-Meskamp, L.¹ Kim, Y.H.² Roch, T.³ Hofmann, S.⁴ Scholz, R.⁵ Eckardt, S.⁶ Leo, K.⁷ Lasagni, A.F.⁸

34
- 84859134050
- S.-Y. Chen Y.-T. Yen Y.-Y. Chen C.-S. Hsu Y.-L. Chueh L.-J. Chen RSC Adv. 2012 2 1314 1317
- (2012) RSC Adv. , vol.2 , pp. 1314-1317
- Chen, S.-Y.¹ Yen, Y.-T.² Chen, Y.-Y.³ Hsu, C.-S.⁴ Chueh, Y.-L.⁵ Chen, L.-J.⁶

35
- 84859196318
- T. Darmanin H. Bellanger F. Guittard P. Lisboa M. Zurn P. Colpo D. Gilliland F. Rossi RSC Adv. 2012 2 1033 1039
- (2012) RSC Adv. , vol.2 , pp. 1033-1039
- Darmanin, T.¹ Bellanger, H.² Guittard, F.³ Lisboa, P.⁴ Zurn, M.⁵ Colpo, P.⁶ Gilliland, D.⁷ Rossi, F.⁸

36
- 78649379007
- H. Yang Q. Song Z. Lu C. Guo C. Gong W. Hu C. M. Li Energy Environ. Sci. 2010 3 1580 1586
- (2010) Energy Environ. Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 1580-1586
- Yang, H.¹ Song, Q.² Lu, Z.³ Guo, C.⁴ Gong, C.⁵ Hu, W.⁶ Li, C.M.⁷

37
- 0032562304
- T. J. Savenije J. M. Warman A. Goossens Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998 287 148 153
- (1998) Chem. Phys. Lett. , vol.287 , pp. 148-153
- Savenije, T.J.¹ Warman, J.M.² Goossens, A.³

38
- 0000997624
- H. Becker S. E. Burns R. H. Friend Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1997 56 1893 1905
- (1997) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 1893-1905
- Becker, H.¹ Burns, S.E.² Friend, R.H.³

39
- 0034651496
- T. J. Savenije M. J. W. Vermeulen M. P. de Haas J. M. Warman Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2000 61 9 18
- (2000) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells , vol.61 , pp. 9-18
- Savenije, T.J.¹ Vermeulen, M.J.W.² De Haas, M.P.³ Warman, J.M.⁴

40
- 0043235660
- J. E. Kroeze T. J. Savenije M. J. W. Vermeulen J. M. Warman J. Phys. Chem. B 2003 107 7696 7705
- (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.107 , pp. 7696-7705
- Kroeze, J.E.¹ Savenije, T.J.² Vermeulen, M.J.W.³ Warman, J.M.⁴

41
- 80052230659
- W. Kylberg P. Sonar J. Heier J.-N. Tisserant C. Muller F. Nuesch Z.-K. Chen A. Dodabalapur S. Yoon R. Hany Energy Environ. Sci. 2011 4 3617 3624
- (2011) Energy Environ. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 3617-3624
- Kylberg, W.¹ Sonar, P.² Heier, J.³ Tisserant, J.-N.⁴ Muller, C.⁵ Nuesch, F.⁶ Chen, Z.-K.⁷ Dodabalapur, A.⁸ Yoon, S.⁹ Hany, R.¹⁰

42
- 84871303696
- Z. Wang D. Yokoyama X.-F. Wang Z. Hong Y. Yang J. Kido Energy Environ. Sci. 2013 6 249 255
- (2013) Energy Environ. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 249-255
- Wang, Z.¹ Yokoyama, D.² Wang, X.-F.³ Hong, Z.⁴ Yang, Y.⁵ Kido, J.⁶

43
- 48749096206
- C. W. Kuo K. H. Wei C. H. Lin J. Y. Shiu P. Chen Electrophoresis 2008 29 2931 2938
- (2008) Electrophoresis , vol.29 , pp. 2931-2938
- Kuo, C.W.¹ Wei, K.H.² Lin, C.H.³ Shiu, J.Y.⁴ Chen, P.⁵

44
- 77956911083
- C. W. Kuo J. Y. Shiu F. C. Chien S. M. Tsai D. Y. Chueh P. Chen Electrophoresis 2010 31 3152 3158
- (2010) Electrophoresis , vol.31 , pp. 3152-3158
- Kuo, C.W.¹ Shiu, J.Y.² Chien, F.C.³ Tsai, S.M.⁴ Chueh, D.Y.⁵ Chen, P.⁶

45
- 30844449226
- T.-H. Lin K.-C. Ho Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006 90 506 520
- (2006) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells , vol.90 , pp. 506-520
- Lin, T.-H.¹ Ho, K.-C.²

46
- 84861371586
- H.-Y. Wei Y.-S. Hsiao J.-H. Huang C.-Y. Hsu F.-C. Chang P. Chen K.-C. Ho C.-W. Chu RSC Adv. 2012 2 4746 4753
- (2012) RSC Adv. , vol.2 , pp. 4746-4753
- Wei, H.-Y.¹ Hsiao, Y.-S.² Huang, J.-H.³ Hsu, C.-Y.⁴ Chang, F.-C.⁵ Chen, P.⁶ Ho, K.-C.⁷ Chu, C.-W.⁸

47
- 0029483704
- G. Yu J. Gao J. C. Hummelen F. Wudl A. J. Heeger Science 1995 270 1789 1791
- (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 1789-1791
- Yu, G.¹ Gao, J.² Hummelen, J.C.³ Wudl, F.⁴ Heeger, A.J.⁵

48
- 70350090681
- H. Shen P. Bienstman B. Maes J. Appl. Phys. 2009 106 073109 073105
- (2009) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.106 , pp. 073109-073105
- Shen, H.¹ Bienstman, P.² Maes, B.³

49
- 0000500168
- J. W. Arbogast C. S. Foote J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991 113 8886 8889
- (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.113 , pp. 8886-8889
- Arbogast, J.W.¹ Foote, C.S.²

50
- 10444275859
- J. L. Balenzategui F. Chenlo Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2005 86 53 83
- (2005) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells , vol.86 , pp. 53-83
- Balenzategui, J.L.¹ Chenlo, F.²

51
- 61749103132
- J. Zhu Z. Yu G. F. Burkhard C.-M. Hsu S. T. Connor Y. Xu Q. Wang M. McGehee S. Fan Y. Cui Nano Lett. 2008 9 279 282
- (2008) Nano Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 279-282
- Zhu, J.¹ Yu, Z.² Burkhard, G.F.³ Hsu, C.-M.⁴ Connor, S.T.⁵ Xu, Y.⁶ Wang, Q.⁷ McGehee, M.⁸ Fan, S.⁹ Cui, Y.¹⁰

52
- 0035871185
- B. Ruhstaller S. A. Carter S. Barth H. Riel W. Riess J. C. Scott J. Appl. Phys. 2001 89 4575
- (2001) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.89 , pp. 4575
- Ruhstaller, B.¹ Carter, S.A.² Barth, S.³ Riel, H.⁴ Riess, W.⁵ Scott, J.C.⁶

53
- 0001645380
- E. TutiŠ M. N. Bussac B. Masenelli M. Carrard L. Zuppiroli J. Appl. Phys. 2001 89 430
- (2001) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.89 , pp. 430
- Tutiš, E.¹ Bussac, M.N.² Masenelli, B.³ Carrard, M.⁴ Zuppiroli, L.⁵

54
- 71049179498
- V. E. Ferry M. A. Verschuuren H. B. T. Li R. E. I. Schropp H. A. Atwater A. Polman Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009 95 183503 183503
- (2009) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.95 , pp. 183503-183503
- Ferry, V.E.¹ Verschuuren, M.A.² Li, H.B.T.³ Schropp, R.E.I.⁴ Atwater, H.A.⁵ Polman, A.⁶

55
- 79958203379
- N. N. Lal B. F. Soares J. K. Sinha F. Huang S. Mahajan P. N. Bartlett N. C. Greenham J. J. Baumberg Opt. Express 2011 19 11256 11263
- (2011) Opt. Express , vol.19 , pp. 11256-11263
- Lal, N.N.¹ Soares, B.F.² Sinha, J.K.³ Huang, F.⁴ Mahajan, S.⁵ Bartlett, P.N.⁶ Greenham, N.C.⁷ Baumberg, J.J.⁸

56
- 84863317634
- N. N. Lal H. Zhou M. Hawkeye J. K. Sinha P. N. Bartlett G. A. J. Amaratunga J. J. Baumberg Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2012 85 245318
- (2012) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. , vol.85 , pp. 245318
- Lal, N.N.¹ Zhou, H.² Hawkeye, M.³ Sinha, J.K.⁴ Bartlett, P.N.⁵ Amaratunga, G.A.J.⁶ Baumberg, J.J.⁷

57
- 84862833627
- J. H. Huang C. Y. Hsu C. W. Hu C. W. Chu K. C. Ho ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010 2 351 359
- (2010) ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , vol.2 , pp. 351-359
- Huang, J.H.¹ Hsu, C.Y.² Hu, C.W.³ Chu, C.W.⁴ Ho, K.C.⁵

58
- 77954978705
- H. Y. Wei J. H. Huang K. C. Ho C. W. Chu ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010 2 1281 1285
- (2010) ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , vol.2 , pp. 1281-1285
- Wei, H.Y.¹ Huang, J.H.² Ho, K.C.³ Chu, C.W.⁴

* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.