Violence and Ethnic Segregation: A Computational Model Applied to Baghdad

International Studies Quarterly

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 52-64

  Weidmann, Nils B ^a   Salehyan, Idean ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; ETHNIC CONFLICT; ETHNIC GROUP; GIS; MILITARY INTERVENTION; SOCIAL SEGREGATION; VIOLENCE;

BAGHDAD [IRAQ]; IRAQ; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84875608389     PISSN: 00208833     EISSN: 14682478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/isqu.12059     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Agnew, John, Thomas W. Gillespie, Jorge Gonzalez, and Brian Min. (2008) Baghdad Nights: Evaluating the US Military "Surge" Using Nighttime Light Signatures. Environment and Planning A 40: 2285-2295.
2. Axelrod, Robert. (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
3. Bennett, D. Scott. (2008) Governments, Civilians, and the Evolution of Insurgency: Modeling the Early Dynamics of Insurgencies. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 11 (4).
4. Berman, Eli, Jacob N. Shapiro, and Joseph H. Felter. (2011) Can Hearts and Minds Be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in Iraq. Journal of Political Economy 119 (4): 766-819.
5. Bhavnani, Ravi. (2006) Ethnic Norms and Interethnic Violence: Accounting for Mass Participation in the Rwandan Genocide. Journal of Peace Research 43 (6): 651-669.
6. Bright, Arthur. (2007) Baghdad's Sunni/Shiite Security Wall. Christian Science Monitor, April 20.
7. Cederman, Lars-Erik. (1997) Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
8. Cederman, Lars-Erik. (2001) Agent-Based Modeling in Political Science. The Political Methodologist 10: 16-22.
9. Cederman, Lars-Erik. (2003) Modeling the Size of Wars: From Billiard Balls to Sandpiles. American Political Science Review 97 (1): 135-150.
10. Cederman, Lars-Erik. (2008) Articulating the Geo-Cultural Logic of Nationalist Insurgency. In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Stathis Kalyvas, Ian Shapiro and Tarek Masoud. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
11. Chapman, Thomas, and Philip G. Roeder. (2007) Partition as a Solution to Wars of Nationalism: The Importance of Institutions. American Political Science Review 101 (4): 677-691.
12. Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio, and Mark Rouleau. (2010) MASON RebeLand: An Agent-based Model of Politics, Environment, and Insurgency. International Studies Review 12 (1): 31-52.
13. Coleman, James S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
14. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. (2004) Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563-595.
15. Dean, Jeffrey S., George J. Gumerman, Joshua M. Epstein, Robert Axtell, Alan C. Swedlund, Miles T. Parker, and Stephen McCarroll. (2006) Understanding Anasazi Culture Change through Agent-based Modeling. In Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-based Computational Modeling, edited by Joshua M. Epstein. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. de Marchi, Scott. (2005) Computational and Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
17. Enterline, Andrew J., and Michael Greig. (2007) Surge, Escalate, Withdraw, and Shinseki: Forecasting and Retro-Casting American Force Strategies and Insurgency in Iraq. International Studies Perspectives 8 (3): 245-252.
18. Epstein, Joshua M. (2002) Modeling Civil Violence: An Agent-based Computational Approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99 (3): 7243-7250.
19. Epstein, Joshua M., and Robert Axtell. (1996) Growing Artificial Societies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
20. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. (2003) Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War. American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75-90.
21. Geller, Armando., Seyed M. M. Rizi, and Maciej M. Łatek. (2011) How Corruption Blunts Counternarcotic Policies in Afghanistan: A Multiagent Investigation. In Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction, 2011 Conference. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6489, edited by John Salerno, Shanchieh Jay Yang, Dana Nau, and Sun-Ki Chai. New York: Springer.
22. Geller, Armando, and Shah Jamal Alam. (2010) A Socio-Political and -Cultural Model of the War in Afghanistan. International Studies Review 12 (1): 8-30.
23. Hammond, Ross, and Robert Axelrod. (2006) The Evolution of Ethnocentrism. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (6): 926-936.
24. Hendrix, Cullen. (2010) Measuring State Capacity: Theoretical and Empirical Implications for the Study of Civil Conflict. Journal of Peace Research 47 (3): 273-285.
25. Herbst, Jeffrey. (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26. Herbst, Jeffrey. (2004) African Militaries and Rebellion: The Political Economy of Threat and Combat Effectiveness. Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 357-369.
27. Joseph, Edward, and Michael E. O'Hanlon. (2007) The Case for Soft Partition of Iraq. Saban Center for Middle East Policy Analysis Papers, 12 (June).
28. Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006) The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Kaufmann, Chaim. (1996) Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security 20 (4): 136-175.
30. Lake, David. (2002) Rational Extremism: Understanding Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Dialogue-IO 1 (15): 29.
31. Londono, Ernesto. (2007) In Baghdad, a Flimsy Outpost. Washington Post, March 22.
32. Lustick, Ian S., Dan Miodownik, and Roy J. Eidelson. (2004) Secessionism in Multicultural States: Does Sharing Power Prevent or Encourage it?American Political Science Review 98 (2): 209-229.
33. Lyall, Jason, and Isaiah Wilson. (2009) Rage Against the Machines: Explaining Outcomes in Counterinsurgency Wars. International Organization 63 (1): 67-106.
34. Matthews, Dylan. (2008) How Important Was the Surge? The American Prospect Webzine. Monday, July 28, 2008.
35. McCain, John, and Joe Lieberman. (2008) The Surge Worked. Wall Street Journal. Opinion. January 10, 2008.
36. Mueller, John. (2000) The Banality of "Ethnic War." International Security 25 (1): 42-70.
37. Muller, Edward, and Mitchell Seligson. (1987) Inequality and Insurgency. American Political Science Review 81 (2): 425-451.
38. Odierno, Raymond T. (2008) The Surge in Iraq: One Year Later. Lecture on National Security and Defense, The Heritage Foundation, March 13. Available at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Surge-in-Iraq-One-Year-Later. (Accessed April 1, 2010.)
39. Olzak, Susan, Susanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth McEneaney. (1996) Poverty, Segregation, and Race Riots: 1960-1993. American Sociological Review 61 (4): 590-613.
40. Petraeus, David H. (2007) Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq. September 10-11, 2007.
41. Posen, Barry R. (1993) The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. In Ethnic Conflict and International Security, edited by Michael E. Brown. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42. Raghavan, Sudarsan. (2007) Marriages Between Sects Come Under Siege in Iraq. Washington Post, March 4.
43. Ricks, Thomas. (2009) The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006-2008. New York: Penguin.
44. Rose, William. (2000) The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict: Some New Hypotheses. Security Studies 9 (4): 1-51.
45. Sambanis, Nicholas. (2000) Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War. World Politics 52: 437-483.
46. Schelling, Thomas C. (1971) Dynamic Models of Segregation. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1: 143-186.
47. Siegel, David A. (2009) Social Networks and Collective Action. American Journal of Political Science 53 (1): 122-138.
48. Telhami, Shibley. (2005) Rush To Stabilize May Backfire in Polarized Iraq. San Jose Mercury News, October 30.
49. Tilly, Charles. (1978) From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
50. Urdal, Henrik. (2006) A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence. International Studies Quarterly 50 (3): 607-629.
51. Wilkinson, Steven. (2004) Votes and Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
52. Wong, Edward, and David Cloud. (2007) US Erects Baghdad Wall to Keep Sects Apart. New York Times, April 21.