Performance improvement in polymer/ZnO nanoarray hybrid solar cells by formation of ZnO/CdS-core/shell heterostructures

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 117, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 5626-5637

  Cui, Qi ^a   Liu, Changwen ^a   Wu, Fan ^a   Yue, Wenjin ^a   Qiu, Zeliang ^a   Zhang, Hui ^a   Gao, Feng ^a   Shen, Wei ^a   Wang, Mingtai ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PLASMA PHYSICS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARGE TRANSPORT AND RECOMBINATION; CONDUCTION BAND EDGE; DEVICE PERFORMANCE; ENERGY DIFFERENCES; EXCITON GENERATION; HIGHEST OCCUPIED MOLECULAR ORBITAL; HYBRID SOLAR CELLS; PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS;

CADMIUM SULFIDE; NANORODS; OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE; POLYMERS; SHELLS (STRUCTURES); SOLAR CELLS;

ZINC OXIDE;

EID: 84875422636     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp312728t     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Günes, S.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, N. S. Conjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1324-1338
2. Skompska, M. Hybrid Conjugated Polymer/Semiconductor Photovoltaic Cells Synth. Met. 2010, 160, 1-15
3. Xu, T.; Qiao, Q. Conjugated Polymer-Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid Solar Cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 2700-2720
4. Gonzalez-Valls, I.; Lira-Cantu, M. Vertically-Aligned Nanostructures of ZnO for Excitonic Solar Cells: A Review Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 19-34
5. Huang, J.; Yin, Z.; Zheng, Q. Applications of ZnO in Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3861-3877
6. Weickert, J.; Dunbar, R. B.; Hesse, H. C.; Wiedemann, W.; Schmidt-Mende, L. Nanostructured Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 1810-1828
7. 2 Nanorod Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3644-3649
8. Goh, C.; Scully, S. R.; McGehee, M. D. Effects of Molecular Interface Modification in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Photovoltaic Cells J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 114503
9. Kudo, N.; Honda, S.; Shimazaki, Y.; Ohkita, H.; Ito, S.; Benten, H. Improvement of Charge Injection Efficiency in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells by Chemical Modification of Metal Oxides with Organic Molecules Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 183513
10. 2 Nanorod Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices by Interface Modification Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 053312
11. Jiang, K.-J.; Manseki, K.; Yu, Y.-H.; Masaki, N.; Suzuki, K.; Song, Y.-L.; Yanagida, S. Photovoltaics Based on Hybridization of Effective Dye-Sensitized Titanium Oxide and Hole-Conductive Polymer P3HT Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2481-2485
12. Said, A. J.; Poize, G.; Martini, C.; Ferry, D.; Marine, W.; Giorgio, S.; Fages, F.; Hocq, J.; Bouclé, J.; Nelson, J. Hybrid Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on P3HT and Porphyrin-Modified ZnO Nanorods J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 11273-11278
13. Peiró, A. M.; Ravirajan, P.; Govender, K.; Boyle, D. S.; O'Brien, P.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Nelson, J.; Durrant, J. R. Hybrid Polymer/Metal Oxide Solar Cells Based on ZnO Columnar Structures J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 2088-2096
14. Ravirajan, P.; Peiró, A. M.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Graetzel, M.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Durrant, J. R.; Nelson, J. Hybrid Polymer/Zinc Oxide Photovoltaic Devices with Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorods and an Amphiphilic Molecular Interface Layer J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 7635-7639
15. Bi, D.; Wu, F.; Qu, Q.; Yue, W.; Cui, Q.; Shen, W.; Chen, R.; Liu, C.; Qiu, Z.; Wang, M. Device Performance Related to Amphiphilic Modification at Charge Separation Interface in Hybrid Solar Cells with Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorod Arrays J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 3745-3752
16. 2 Core-Shell Nanorod/P3HT Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 18451-18456
17. Lee, Y.-J.; Lloyd, M. T.; Olson, D. C.; Grubbs, R. K.; Lu, P.; Davis, R. J.; Voigt, J. A.; Hsu, J. W. P. Optimization of ZnO Nanorod Array Morphology for Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 15778-15782
18. Lee, Y.-J.; Davis, R. J.; Lloyd, M. T.; Provencio, P. P.; Prasankumar, R. P.; Hsu, J. W. P. Open-Circuit Voltage Improvement in Hybrid ZnO-Polymer Photovoltaic Devices with Oxide Engineering IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2010, 16, 1587-1594
19. Wang, L.; Zhao, D.; Su, Z.; Li, B.; Zhang, Z.; Shen, D. Enhanced Efficiency of Polymer/ZnO Nanorods Hybrid Solar Cell Sensitized by CdS Quantum Dots J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 158, H804-H807
20. Spoerke, E. D.; Lloyd, M. T.; McCready, E. M.; Olson, D. C.; Lee, Y.-J.; Hsu, J. W. P. Improved Performance of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Zinc Oxide Hybrid Photovoltaics Modified with Interfacial Nanocrystalline Cadmium Sulfide Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 213506
21. Tak, Y.; Hong, S. J.; Lee, J. S.; Yong, K. Fabrication of ZnO/CdS Core/Shell Nanowire Arrays for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5945-5951
22. Guerguerian, G.; Elhordoy, F.; Pereyra, C. J.; Marotti, R. E.; Martín, F.; Leinen, D.; Ramos-Barrado, J. R.; Dalchiele, E. A. ZnO Nanorod/CdS Nanocrystals Core/Shell-Type Heterostructures for Solar Cell Applications Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 505401
23. Yao, C.-Z.; Wei, B.-H.; Meng, L.-X.; Li, H.; Gong, Q.-J.; Sun, H.; Ma, H.-X.; Hu, X.-H. Controllable Electrochemical Synthesis and Photovoltaic Performance of ZnO/CdS Core-Shell Nanorod Arrays on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide J. Power Sources 2012, 207, 222-228
24. Nayak, J. Enhanced Light to Electricity Conversion Efficiency of CdS-ZnO Composite Nanorod Based Electrochemical Solar Cell Mater. Chem. Phys. 2012, 133, 523-527
25. Sun, B.; Hao, Y.; Guo, F.; Cao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Xu, D. Fabrication of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/CdS/ZnO Core-Shell Nanotube Array for Semiconductor-Sensitized Solar Cell J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 1395-1400
26. Wu, F.; Shen, W.; Cui, Q.; Bi, D.; Yue, W.; Qu, Q.; Wang, M. Dynamic Characterization of Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Polymer and Aligned ZnO Nanorods by Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 20225-20235
27. Greene, L. E.; Law, M.; Tan, D. H.; Montano, M.; Goldberger, J.; Somorjai, G.; Yang, P. General Route to Vertical ZnO Nanowire Arrays Using Textured ZnO Seeds Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1231-1236
28. Zhang, Y.; Xie, T.; Jiang, T.; Wei, X.; Pang, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, D. Surface Photovoltage Characterization of A ZnO Nanowire Array/CdS Quantum Dot Heterogeneous Film and Its Application for Photovoltaic Devices Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 155707
29. Song, X.; Fu, Y.-S.; Xie, Y.; Song, J.-G.; Wang, H.-L.; Sun, J.; Du, X.-W. The Effect of Post-Annealing on the Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells Sensitized by CdS Quantum Dots Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2010, 25, 045031
30. Vossmeyer, T.; Katsikas, L.; Gienig, M.; Popovic, I. G.; Diesner, K.; Chemseddine, A.; Eychmüller, A.; Weller, H. CdS Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Characterization, Size Dependent Oscillator Strength, Temperature Shift of the Excitonic Transition Energy, and Reversible Absorbance Shift J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 7665-7673
31. Lang, X. Y.; Zheng, W. T.; Jiang, Q. Finite-Size Effect on Band Structure and Photoluminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2008, 7, 5-9
32. Willander, M.; Nur, O.; Zhao, Q. X.; Yang, L. L.; Lorenz, M.; Cao, B. Q.; Pérez, J. Z.; Czekalla, C.; Zimmermann, G.; Grundmann, M. Zinc Oxide Nanorod Based Photonic Devices: Recent Progress in Growth, Light Emitting Diodes and Lasers Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 332001
33. Fang, F.; Zhao, D. X.; Li, B. H.; Zhang, Z. Z.; Zhang, J. Y.; Shen, D. Z. The Enhancement of ZnO Nanowalls Photoconductivity Induced by CdS Nanoparticle Modification Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 233115
34. Villani, M.; Calestani, D.; Lazzarini, L.; Zanotti, L.; Mosca, R.; Zappettini, A. Extended Functionality of ZnO Nanotetrapods by Solution-Based Coupling with CdS Nanoparticles J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 5694-5699
35. Kundu, P.; Deshpande, P. A.; Madras, G.; Ravishankar, N. Nanoscale ZnO/CdS Heterostructures with Engineered Interfaces for High Photocatalytic Activity under Solar Radiation J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 4209-4216
36. Gao, T.; Li, Q.; Wang, T. Sonochemical Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Electrical Properties of Core/Shell-Type ZnO Nanorod/CdS Nanoparticle Composites Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 887-892
37. Geng, B. Y.; Wang, G. Z.; Jiang, Z.; Xie, T.; Sun, S. H.; Meng, G. W.; Zhang, L. D. Synthesis and Optical Properties of S-Doped ZnO Nanowires Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 4791-4793
38. Bi, D.; Wu, F.; Yue, W.; Guo, Y.; Shen, W.; Peng, R.; Wu, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, M. Device Performance Correlated with Structural Properties of Vertically Aligned Nanorod Arrays in Polymer/ZnO Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 13846-13852
39. Olson, D. C.; Shaheen, S. E.; Collins, R. T.; Ginley, D. S. The Effect of Atmosphere and ZnO Morphology on the Performance of Hybrid Poly(3- hexylthiophene)/ZnO Nanofiber Photovoltaic Devices J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 16670-16678
40. Dloczik, L.; Ileperuma, O.; Lauermann, I.; Peter, L. M.; Ponomarev, E. A.; Redmond, G.; Shaw, N. J.; Uhlendorf, I. Dynamic Response of Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells: Characterization by Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 10281-10289
41. 2-Based Nanostructured Solar Cells Thin Solid Films 2005, 480-481, 87-91
42. 2 Films for Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 1228-1234
43. 2 Layer Curr. Appl. Phys. 2009, 9, 404-408
44. 2 Electrodes J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 23776-23778
45. Peter, L. M. Characterization and Modeling of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 6601-6612
46. Peter, L. M. Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9, 2630-2642
47. 2 Photovoltaic Cells Electrochem. Commun. 1999, 1, 576-580
48. Franco, G.; Peter, L. M.; Ponomarev, E. A. Detection of Inhomogeneous Dye Distribution in Dye Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells by Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) Electrochem. Commun. 1999, 1, 61-64
49. 2 Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 949-958
50. Krüger, J.; Plass, R.; Grätzel, M.; Cameron, P. J.; Peter, L. M. Charge Transport and Back Reaction in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Study Using Intensity-Modulated Photovoltage and Photocurrent Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 7536-7539
51. 2 Films Prepared by Hydrothermal Crystallization J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 2227-2235
52. Bisquert, J.; Vikhrenko, V. S. Interpretation of the Time Constants Measured by Kinetic Techniques in Nanostructured Semiconductor Electrodes and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 2313-2322
53. Dunn, H. K.; Peter, L. M. How Efficient Is Electron Collection in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells? Comparison of Different Dynamic Methods for the Determination of the Electron Diffusion Length J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 4726-4731
54. Wu, F.; Yue, W.; Cui, Q.; Liu, C.; Qiu, Z.; Shen, W.; Zhang, H.; Wang, M. Performance Correlated with Device Layout and Illumination Area in Solar Cells Based on Polymer and Aligned ZnO Nanorods Sol. Energy 2012, 86, 1459-1469
55. 2 Single Crystal Solar Cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2003, 77, 415-422
56. Nan, Y.-X.; Chen, F.; Yang, L.-G.; Chen, H.-Z. Electrochemical Synthesis and Charge Transport Properties of CdS Nanocrystalline Thin Films with a Conifer-like Structure J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 11911-11917
57. Hotchandani, S.; Kamat, P. V. Charge-Transfer Processes in Coupled Semiconductor Systems. Photochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry of the Colloidal CdS-ZnO System J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 6834-6839
58. Song, X.; Yu, X.-L.; Xie, Y.; Sun, J.; Ling, T.; Du, X.-W. Improving Charge Separation of Solar Cells by the Co-sensitization of CdS Quantum Dots and Dye Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2010, 25, 095014
59. Markov, D. E.; Tanase, C.; Blom, P. W. M.; Wildeman, J. Simultaneous Enhancement of Charge Transport and Exciton Diffusion in Poly(p -phenylene vinylene) Derivatives Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 045217
60. Lewis, A. J.; Ruseckas, A.; Gaudin, O. P. M.; Webster, G. R.; Burn, P. L.; Samuel, I. D. W. Singlet Exciton Diffusion in MEH-PPV Films Studied by Exciton-Exciton Annihilation Org. Electron. 2006, 7, 452-456
61. Hwang, I.; Scholes, G. D. Electronic Energy Transfer and Quantum-Coherence in π-Conjugated Polymers Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 610-620
62. 2S Recognition: Structural and Physical Characterization J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 2012, 23, 956-963
63. 2 Solar Cells: Studies of Charge Transport and Carrier Lifetime J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1035-1041
64. 2 Particles Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3427-3430
65. Vanmaekelbergh, D.; de Jongh, P. E. Electron Transport in Disordered Semiconductors Studied by a Small Harmonic Modulation of the Steady State Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61, 4699-4704
66. Haque, S. A.; Tachibana, Y.; Klug, D. R.; Durrant, J. R. Charge Recombination Kinetics in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Films under Externally Applied Bias J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 1745-1749
67. 2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Nonequilibrium Steady-State Statistics and Interfacial Electron Transfer via Surface States J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 8774-8782
68. Moliton, A.; Nunzi, J.-M. How to Model the Behaviour of Organic Photovoltaic Cells Polym. Int. 2006, 55, 583-600
69. Marsh, R. A.; McNeill, C. R.; Abrusci, A.; Campbell, A. R.; Friend, R. H. A Unified Description of Current-Voltage Characteristics in Organic and Hybrid Photovoltaics under Low Light Intensity Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1393-1398
70. Kawatsu, T.; Coropceanu, V.; Ye, A.; Brédas, J.-L. Quantum-Chemical Approach to Electronic Coupling: Application to Charge Separation and Charge Recombination Pathways in a Model Molecular Donor-Acceptor System for Organic Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 3429-3433
71. Kippelen, B.; Brédas, J.-L. Organic Photovoltaics Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 251-261
72. Zhu, X.-Y.; Yang, Q.; Muntwiler, M. Charge-Transfer Excitons at Organic Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1779-1787
73. Peumans, P.; Forrest, S. R. Separation of Geminate Charge-Pairs at Donor-Acceptor Interfaces in Disordered Solids Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 398, 27-31
74. Morteani, A. C.; Sreearunothai, P.; Herz, L. M.; Friend, R. H.; Silva, C. Exciton Regeneration at Polymeric Semiconductor Heterojunctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 92, 247402
75. Xu, F.; Volkov, V.; Zhu, Y.; Bai, H.; Rea, A.; Valappil, N. V.; Su, W.; Gao, X.; Kuskovsky, I. L.; Matsui, H. Long Electron-Hole Separation of ZnO-CdS Core-Shell Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 19419-19423
76. Wu, S.; Li, J.; Lo, S.-C.; Tai, Q.; Yan, F. Enhanced Performance of Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Ordered Electrospun ZnO Nanofibers Modified with CdS on the Surface Org. Electron. 2012, 13, 1569-1575
77. Scharber, M. C.; Mühlbacher, D.; Koppe, M.; Denk, P.; Waldauf, C.; Heeger, A. J.; Brabec, C. J. Design Rules for Donors in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells-Towards 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789-794
78. Olson, C.; Shaheen, S. E.; White, M. S.; Mitchell, W. J.; van Hest, M. F. A. M.; Collins, R. T.; Ginley, D. S. Band-Offset Engineering for Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage in Polymer-Oxide Hybrid Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 264-269
79. Koster, L. J. A.; Mihailetchi, V. D.; Ramaker, R.; Blom, P. W. M. Light Intensity Dependence of Open-Circuit Voltage of Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 123509
80. Rauh, D.; Wagenpfahl, A.; Deibel, C.; Dyakonov, V. Relation of Open Circuit Voltage to Charge Carrier Density in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 133301
81. Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G. On Voltage, Photovoltage, and Photocurrent in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 1950-1964
82. Lee, M. M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T.; Murakami, T. N.; Snaith, H. J. Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites Science 2012, 338, 643-647
83. Usui, H. Influence of Surfactant Micelles on Morphology and Photoluminescence of Zinc Oxide Nanorods Prepared by One-Step Chemical Synthesis in Aqueous Solution J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 9060-9065
84. 2 Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 2520-2522
85. 2 Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 12093-12098
86. 3 Nanowire Hybrids for Efficient Nanostructured Organic-Inorganic Thin Film Photovoltaics Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 2818-2820
87. Potscavage, W. J., Jr.; Yoo, S.; Kippelen, B. Origin of the Open-Circuit Voltage in Multilayer Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 193308
88. Potscavage, W. J., Jr.; Sharma, A.; Kippelen, B. Critical Interfaces in Organic Solar Cells and Their Influence on the Open-Circuit Voltage Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1758-1767
89. Vandewal, K.; Tvingstedt, K.; Gadisa, A.; Inganäs, O.; Manca, J. V. Relating the Open-Circuit Voltage to Interface Molecular Properties of Donor:Acceptor Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 125204
90. Guijarro, N.; Lana-Villarreal, T.; Shen, Q.; Toyoda, T.; Gómez, R. Sensitization of Titanium Dioxide Photoanodes with Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots Prepared by SILAR: Photoelectrochemical and Carrier Dynamics Studies J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 21928-21937
91. Žídek, K.; Zheng, K.; Ponseca, C. S., Jr.; Messing, M. E.; Wallenberg, L. R.; Chábera, P.; Abdellah, M.; Sundström, V.; Pullerits, T. Electron Transfer in Quantum-Dot-Sensitized ZnO Nanowires: Ultrafast Time-Resolved Absorption and Terahertz Study J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 12110-12117
92. 2 Nanorods Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 622-633
93. 2 Nanofibers with Effective Interface Modification J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 7366-7371
94. Snaith, H. J.; Moule, A. J.; Klein, C.; Meerholz, K.; Friend, R. H.; Grätzel, M. Efficiency Enhancements in Solid-State Hybrid Solar Cells via Reduced Charge Recombination and Increased Light Capture Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3372-3376