Archaeological, paleontological and genomic perspectives on late European neandertals at Vindija Cave, Croatia

Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology

Volumn , Issue 9789400704916, 2011, Pages 299-313

  Janković, Ivor ^a   Karavanić, Ivor ^b   Ahern, James C M ^c   Brajković, Dejana ^d   Lenardić, Jadranka Mauch ^d   Smith, Fred H ^e  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Croatia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB   (Croatia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

^d CROATIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS   (Croatia)

^e ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Human evolution; Modern human origins; Neandertals; Upper paleolithic

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875408931     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0492-3_23     Document Type: Chapter

References (144)

1. Adcock, G., Dennis, E., Easteal, S., Huttley, G., Jermin, L., Peacock, W., & Thorne, A. (2001). Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 537–542.
2. Ahern, J. C. M. (1998). Late Pleistocene frontals of the Hrvatsko Zagorje: An analysis of intrapopulational variation among South Central European Neanderthals. Ph.D dissertation, University of Michigan.
3. Ahern, J. C., & Smith, F. H. (1993). The transitional nature of the late Neanderthal mandibles from Vindija cave, Croatia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16, 47.
4. Ahern, J., & Smith, F. H. (2004). Adolescent archaics or adult moderns? Le Moustier 1 as a model for estimating the age at death of fragmentary supraorbital fossils in the modern human origins debate. Homo, 55, 1–19.
5. Ahern, J. C. M., Hawks, J. D., & Lee, S. H. (2002). The late Neandertal supraorbital fossils from Vindija cave, Croatia: A biased sample? Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 419–432.
6. Ahern, J. C. M., Karavanić, I., Paunović, M., Janković, I., & Smith, F. H. (2004). New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija cave, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution, 46, 27–67.
7. Allsworth-Jones, P. (1986). The Szeletian: Main trends, recent results, and problems for resolution. In M. Day, R. Foley, & Wu Rukang (Eds.), The Pleistocene perspective (pp. 1–25). Southampton: Papers of the World Archaeological Congress.
8. Allsworth-Jones, P. (1990). The Szeletian and stratigraphic succession in Central Europe and adjacent areas: Main trends, recent results and problems for resolution. In P. Mellars (Ed.), The emergence of modern humans: An archaeological perspective (pp. 160–242). Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.
9. Anikovich, M. (1992). Early Upper Paleolithic industries of Eastern Europe. Journal of World Prehistory, 6, 205–245.
10. Blaser, F., Kurtanjek, D., & Paunovic, M. (2002). L’industrie du site neandertalien de la grotte de Vindija (Croatie): Une revision des matieres premieres lithiques: The industry from neandertalian site of the cave Vindija (Croatia): Revision of the lithic raw materials. L’Anthropologie, 106, 387.
11. Brajković, D. (2005). Korelacija tafodema skupine ungulata iz gorn-jopleistocenskih sedimenata špilja: Vindija, Velika pećina i Veternica u sjeveriozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Ph.D dissertation, University of Zagreb, Zagreb.
12. Cabrera Valdés, V., Hoyos Gómez, M., & Dequirós, F. B. (1997). The transition from the middle to the Upper Paleolithic in the cave of El Castilo (Cantabria, Spain). In G. A. Clark & C. M. Willermet (Eds.), Conceptual issues in modern human origins research (pp. 177–188). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
13. Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M., & Wilson, A. C. (1987). Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature, 325, 31–36.
14. Caramelli, D., Lalueza-Fox, C., Vernesi, C., Lari, M., Casoli, A., Mallegni, F., Chiarelli, B., Dupanloup, I., Bertranpetit, J., & Barbujani, G. (2003). Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neadertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 6593–6597.
15. Caramelli, D., Lalueza-Fox, C., Condemi, S., Longo, L., Milani, L., Manfredini, A., de Saint Pierre, M., Adoni, F., Lari, M., Giunti, P., Ricci, S., Casoli, A., Calafell, F., Mallegni, F., Bertranpetit, J., Stanyon, R., Bartorelle, G., & Barbijani, G. (2006). A highly divergent mtDNA sequence in a Neandertal individual from Italy. Current Biology, 16, R630–R632.
16. Churchill, S. E. (1994). Human upper body evolution in the Eurasian later Pleistocene. Ph.D dissertation. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
17. Churchill, S. E., & Smith, F. H. (2000). Makers of the early Aurignacian of Europe. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 43, 61–115.
18. Clark, G. A., & Lindly, J. M. (1989). The case of continuity: Observations on the biocultural transition in Europe and Western Asia. In P. Mellars & C. B. Stringer (Eds.), The human revolution: Behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin of modern humans (pp. 626–676). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. humans (pp. 626–676). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19. Conard, N. J., & Bolus, M. (2003). Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: New results and new challenges. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, 331–371.
20. Conard, N. J., Grootes, P. M., & Smith, F. H. (2004). Unexpectedly recent dates for human remains from Volgelherd. Nature, 430, 198–201.
21. D’Errico, F., Zilhão, J., Julien, M., Baffier, D., & Pelegrin, J. (1998). Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology, 39, 1–44.
22. Eshwaran, V. (2002). A diffusion wave out of Africa. Current Anthropology, 43, 749–774.
23. Eswaran, V., Harpending, H., & Rogers, A. R. (2005). Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 49, 1–18.
24. Evans, P. D., Mekel-Bobrov, N., Vallender, E. J., Hudson, R. R., & Lahjn, B. T. (2006). Evidence that the adaptive allele of brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 103, 18178–18183.
25. Frayer, D. W. (1986). Cranial variation at Mladec and the relationship between Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic hominids. In V. V. Novotny & A. Mizerova (Eds.), Fossil man: New facts, new ideas. Papers in honor of Jan Jelinek’s life anniversary (pp. 243–256). Brno: Anthropos.
26. Frayer, D. W. (1992). The persistence of Neandertal features in post-Neandertal Europeans. In G. Bräuer & F. H. Smith (Eds.), Continuity or replacement: Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution (pp. 179– 188). Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
27. Frayer, D. W. (1997). Perspectives on Neanderthals as ancestors. In G. A. Clark & C. M. Willermet (Eds.), Conceptual issues in modern human origins research (pp. 220–234). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
28. Frayer, D. W., Wolpoff, M. H., Thorne, A. G., Smith, F. H., & Pope, G. G. (1993). Theories of modern human origins: The paleontological test. American Anthropologist, 95, 14–50.
29. Gambier, D. (1989). Fossil hominids from the early Upper Paleolithic (Aurignacian) of France. In P. Mellars & C. B. Stringer (Eds.), The human revolution (pp. 194–211). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
30. Gambier, D. (1997). Modern humans at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in France. In G. A. Clark & C. M. Willermet (Eds.), Conceptual issues in modern human origins research (pp. 117–131). NewYork: Aldine De Gruyter.
31. Garrod, D. A. E. (1926). The Upper Palaeolithic in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Gioia, P. (1988). Problems related to the origins of Italian Upper Paleolithic: Uluzzian and Aurignacian. In J. K. Kozlowski (Ed.), La mutation (pp. 71–101). Liege: Etudes et Recherches Archeologiques de l’Universite de Liege.
33. Golovanova, L. V., & Doronichev, V. B. (2003). The Middle Paleolithic of the Caucasus. Journal of World Prehistory, 17, 71–140.
34. Green, E. R., Krause, J., Ptak, S. E., Briggs, A. W., Ronan, M. T., Simons, J. F., Du, L., Egholm, M., Rothberg, J. M., Paunović, M., & Pääbo, S. (2006). Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. Nature, 444, 330–336.
35. Gutierrez, G., Sanchez, D., & Marin, A. (2002). A reanalysis of the ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 1359–1366.
36. Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maričić, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H., Hansen, N. F., Durand, E. Y., Malaspinas, A. S., Jensen, J. D., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H. A., Good, J. M., Schultz, R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hober, B., Hoffner, B., Siegemund, M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E. S., Russ, C., Novod, N., Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajković, D., Kučan, Z., Gušić, I., Doronichev, V. B., Golovanova, L. V., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R. W., Johnson, P. L., Eichler, E. E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikin, J. C., Slatkin, M., Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., & Paabo. S. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328, 710–722.
37. Harding, R. (1997). Lines of descent from mitochondrial Eve: An evolutionary look at coalescence. In P. Donnely & S. Tavaré (Eds.), Progress in population genetics and human evolution (pp. 15–31). New York: Springer. New York: Springer.
38. Harding, R., Fullerton, S., Griffiths, R., Bond, J., Cox, M., Schneider, J., Moulin, D., & Clegg, J. (1997). Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans. American Journal of Human Genetics, 60, 777–789.
39. Harding, R., Eugene, H., Ray, A., Ellis, N., Flanagan, N., Todd, C., Dixon, C., Sajantila, A., Jackson, I., Birch-Machin, M., & Rees, J. (2000). Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R. American Journal of Human Genetics, 66, 1351–1361.
40. Harpending, H., & Eswaran, V. (2005). Tracing modern human origins. Science, 309, 1995–1997.
41. Harpending, H., & Rogers, A. (2000). Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 1, 361–385.
42. Harrold, F. B. (1989). Mousterian, Châtelperronian and early Aurignacian in Western Europe: Continuity or discontinuity? In P. Mellars & C. Stringer (Eds.), The human revolution: Behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin of modern humans (pp. 677–713). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
43. Harvati, K., Gunz, P., & Grigorescu, D. (2007). Cioclovina (Romania): Affinities of an early modern European. Journal of Human Evolution, 53, 732–746.
44. Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R. A., Law, I. A., & Bronk, C. R. (1989). Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 9. Archaeometry, 31, 207–234.
45. Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R. A., Bronk-Ramsey, C., & Van Klinken, G. J. (1994). Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system. Archaeometry, 36, 337–374.
46. Higham, T. F. G., Jacobi, R. M., & Bronk Ramsey, C. (2006a). AMS radiocarbon dating of ancient bone using ultrafiltration. Radiocarbon, 48, 179–195.
47. Higham, T., Ramsey, C. B., Karavanić, I., Smith, F. H., & Trinkaus, E. (2006b). Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija Upper Paleolithic Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 553–557.
48. Howells, W. (1976). Explaining the modern man: Evolutionists versus migrationists. Journal of Human Evolution, 5, 577–596.
49. Hublin, J.-J., & Bailey, S. E. (2006). Revisiting the last Neandertals. In N. J. Conrad (Ed.), When Neanderthals and modern humans met (pp. 105–128). Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. Tübingen Publications in Prehistory.
50. Hublin, J. J., Spoor, F., Braun, M., Zonnenveld, F., & Condemi, S. (1996). A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Paleolithic artefacts. Nature, 381, 224–226.
51. 14C activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years. Science, 303, 202–207.
52. Jacobi, R. M., Higham, T. F. G., & Bronk Ramsey, C. (2006). AMS radiocarbon dating of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic bone in the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science, 21, 557–573.
53. Janković, I., Karavanić, I., Ahern, J. C. M., Brajković, D., Mauch Lenardić, J., & Smith, F. H. (2006). Vindija cave and the modern human peopling of Europe. Collegium Antropologicum, 30, 315–319.
54. Karavanić, I. (1993). Gornjopaleolitičke kamene i koštane rukotvorine iz špilje Vindije. Opuscula Archaeologica, 17, 53–163.
55. Karavanić, I. (1995). Upper Paleolithic occupation levels and late-occuring Neandertal at Vindija cave (Croatia) in the context of Central Europe and the Balkans. Journal of Anthropological Research, 51, 9–35.
56. Karavanić, I. (2000). Olshewian and appearance of bone technology in Croatia and Slovenia. In J. Ortschiedt & G.-C. Weniger (Eds.), Neanderthals and modern humans – Discussing the transition. Central and Eastern Europe from 50.000–30.000 B.P (pp. 159–168). Mettmann: Neanderthal Museum.
57. Karavanić, I., & Smith, F. H. (1998). The Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface and the relationship of Neanderthals and early modern humans in the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution, 34, 223–248.
58. Karavanić, I., & Smith, F. H. (2000). More on the Neanderthal problem: The Vindija case. Current Anthropology, 41, 838–840.
59. 2 ft) 3.2 m. in the cave earth of the vestibule of Kent’s Cavern. Transactions and Proceedings of the Torquay Natural History Society, 5, 21–22.
60. Kesterke, M. J., & Ahern, J. C. M. (2007). Is the late Neadertal mandibular sample from Vindija cave (Croatia) biased? Collegium Antropologicum, 31, 365–373.
61. Kidder, J. H., Smith, F. H., & Jantz, R. L. (1992). Defining modern humans: A multivariate approach. In G. Bräuer & F. H. Smith (Eds.), Continuity or replacement: Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution (pp. 157–177). Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
62. Kozlowski, J. K. (1990). A multiaspectual approach to the origins of the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. In P. Mellars (Ed.), The emergence of modern humans: An archaeological perspective (pp. 419–437). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
63. Kozłowski, J. K. (1996). Cultural context of the last Neandertals and early modern humans in the Central-Eastern Europe. In O. Bar-Yosef, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, R. J. March, & M. Piperno (Eds.), The lower and middle Paleolithic (pp. 205–218). Forli: International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Science.
64. Kozłowski, J. K., & Kozłowski, S. K. (1975). Praziejie Europy od XL do IV tysiaclecia p.n.e. Warsaw: Panstwowe wydawniciwo naukowe.
65. Kozłowski, J. K., & Otte, M. (2000). The formation of Aurignacian in Europe. Journal of Anthropological Research, 56, 513–534.
66. Krings, M., Stone, A., Schmitz, R. W., Krainitzki, H., Stoneking, M., & Pääbo, S. (1997). Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell, 90, 19–30.
67. Krings, M., Geisert, H., Schmitz, R. W., Krainitzki, H., & Pääbo, S. (1999). DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the Neandertal type specimen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 5581–5585.
68. Krings, M., Capelli, C., Tschentscher, F., Geisert, H., Meyer, S., Von Haeseler, A., Grossschmidt, K., Possnert, G., Paunović, M., & Pääbo, S. (2000). A view of Neandertal genetic diversity. Nature Genetics, 26, 144–146.
69. Kurtanjek, D., & Marci, V. (1990). Petrografska istraživanja paleolitskih artefakata spilje Vindije. Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 449, 227–238.
70. Lalueza-Fox, C., Lourdes Sampietro, M., Caramelli, D., Puder, Y., Lari, M., Calafell, F., Martinez-Maza, C., Bastir, M., Fortea, J., de la Rasilla, M., Bertranpetit, J., & Rosas, A. (2005). Neandertal evolutionary genetics: Mitochondrial DNA data from the Iberian peninsula. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 1077–1081.
71. Lalueza-Fox, C., Krause, J., Caramelli, D., Catalano, G., Milani, L., Lourdes Sampietro, M., Calafell, F., Martinez-Maza, C., Bastir, M., Garcia-Tabernero, A., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Pääbo, S., Bertranpetit, J., & Rosas, A. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA of an Iberian Neandertal suggests a population affinity with other European Neandertals. Current Biology, 16, R629–R630.
72. Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1958). Etude sur des restes humains provenant des grottes d’Arcy-sur-Cure. Annales de Paleontologie, 44, 87–147.
73. Lévêque, F., & Vandermeersch, B. (1980). Découverte de restes humains dans un niveau castelperronien à Saint-Cesaire (Charente Maritime). Comptes Rendus de l’Académiedes Sciences, D291, 187–189.
74. Malez, M. (1979). Nalazišta paleolithskog i mezolitskog doba u Hrvatskoj. In. A. Benac (Ed.), Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, volume 1 (pp. 227–276). Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
75. Malez, M. (1983). Razvoj kvartara, fosilnog čovjeka i njegovih materi-jalnih kultura na tlu Sjeverne Hrvatske. Varaždin: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. Posebni otisak iz knjige “Varaždinski Zbornik”.
76. Malez, V. (1988). Pleistocenska orintofauna iz spilje Vindije u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Radovi Zavoda za znanstveni rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Varaždin, 2, 31–203. akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Varaždin, 2, 31–203.
77. Malez, M. & Rukavina, D. (1975). Krioturbacijske pojave u gorn-jopleistocenskim naslagama peiine Vindije kod Donje Voie u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Rad JAZU, 371, 245–265.
78. Malez, M., & Rukavina, D. (1979). Položaj naslaga spilje Vindije u sustavu članjenja Kvartara šireg podurčja Alpa. Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 383, 187–218.
79. Malez, M., & Ullrich, H. (1982). Neuere palaanthropologische Untersuchungen am Matrial aus her Hohle Vindija (Kroatien, Jugoslawien). Palaeontologia Jugoslavica, 29, 1–44.
80. Malez, M., Smith, F. H., Radovčić, J., & Rukavina, D. (1980). Upper Pleistocene hominids from Vindija, Croatia, Yugoslavia. Current Anthropology, 21, 365–367.
81. Mellars, P. (2006). A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature, 439, 931–935.
82. Miracle, P. (1991). Carnivore dens or carnivore hunts? A review of Upper Pleistocene mammalian assemblages in Croatia and Slovenia. Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 458, 196–219.
83. Miracle, P. T. (1998). The spread of modernity in Paleolithic Europe. In K. Omoto & P. V. Tobias (Eds.), Origins and past of modern humans: Towards reconciliation (pp. 171–187). Singapore: World Scientific.
84. Montet-White, A. (1996). Le Paléolithique en ancienne Yougoslavie. Grenoble: Jérome Millon.
85. Nicolăescu-Popşlor. (1968). Les homes fossils en Roumanie. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Moscow 3 (1968) 381–386.
86. Noonan, J. P., Coop, G., Kudaravalli, S., Smith, D., Krause, J., Alessi, J., Chen, F., Platt, D., Pääbo, S., Pritchard, J. K., & Rubin, E. M. (2006). Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA. Science, 314, 1113–1118.
87. Nordborg, M. (1998). On the probability of Neanderthal ancestry. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1237–1240.
88. Oakley, K. P., Campbell, B. G., & Molleson, T. I. (1971). Catalogue of fossil hominids. Part II: Europe. London: British Museum.
89. Olariu, A., Skog, G., Hellborg, R., Stenström, K., Faarinen, M., & Persson, P. (2004). Dating of two Paleolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry. Report Wp1 IDRANAP.
90. Oliva, M. (1989). The early Aurignacian industry from Vedrovice II (Southern Moravia) and the question of the Aurignacian origins. L’Anthropologie, 27, 251–264.
91. Oliva, M. (1993). The Aurignacian in Moravia. In H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay, & R. White (Eds.), Before Lascaux. The complex record of the early Upper Paleolithic (pp. 37–56). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
92. Orlando, L., Darlu, P., Toussaint, M., Bonjean, D., Otte, M., & Hänni, C. (2006). Revisiting Neandertal diversity with a 100,000 year old mtDNA sequence. Current Biology, 16, R400–R402.
93. Ovchinnikov, I. V., Götherström, A., Romanova, P. G., Kharitonov, V. M., Lidén, K., & i Goodwin, W. (2000). Molecular analysis of Neandertal DNA from the Northern Caucasus. Nature, 404, 490–493.
94. Păunescu, A. (2001). A Paleoliticul şi Mezoliticul din Spaţiul Transilvan. Bucuresti: Editura AGIR.
95. Paunović, M., & Smith, F. H. (2002). Taphonomy of lower vertebrates from Vindija cave (Croatia): Delicacy on Neandertal table of animal prey? Journal of Human Evolution, 42, A27.
96. Paunović, M., Jambrešić, G., Brajković, D., Malez, V., & Mauch Lenardić, J. (2001). Last glacial settlement of Croatia. Acta Geologica, 26, 27–70.
97. Pradel, L. (1966). Transition from Mousterian to Perigordian: Skeletal and industrial. Current Anthropology, 7, 33–50.
98. Rainer, F., & Simionescu, I. (1942). Sur le premier crâne d’homme paléolithique trouvé en Roumanie. Analele Academiei Romane, 17, 489–507.
99. Relethford, J. (2001a). Genetics and the search for modern human origins. New York: Wiley.
100. Relethford, J. H. (2001b). Absence of regional affinities of Neandertal DNA with living humans does not reject multiregional evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 115, 95–98.
101. Relethford, J. H., & Jorde, L. B. (1999). Genetic evidence for larger African population size during recent human evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 108, 251–260.
102. Rigaud, J.-P. (1989). From the middle to the Upper Paleolithic: Transition or convergence? In E. Trinkaus (Ed.), The emergence of modern humans (pp. 142–153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Rougier, H., Milota, S., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Sarcină, L., Moldovan, O., Zilhão, J., Constantin, S., Franciscus, R. G., Zollikofer, C. P. E., Ponce de León, M., & Trinkaus, E. (2007). Peştera cu Oase 2 and the cranial morphology of early moderrn Europeans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 1165–1170.
104. Schmitz, R., Serre, D., Bonani, G., Feine, S., Hillgruber, F., Kraintzki, H., Pääbo, S., & Smith, F. (2002). The Neadertal type site revisited: Interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 13342–13347.
105. Serre, D., Langaney, A., Chech, M., Teschler-Nicola, M., Paunovic’, M., Hofreiter, M., Possnert, G., Paabo, S., & Mennecier, P. (2004). No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans. PLoS Biology, 2, 313–317.
106. Smith, F. H. (1978). Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 48, 523–531.
107. Smith, F. H. (1982). Upper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central Europe: A review of the evidence and analysis of trends. Current Anthropology, 23, 667–703.
108. Smith, F. H. (1984). Fossil hominids from the Upper Pleistocene of Central Europe and the origin of modern Europeans. In F. H. Smith & F. Spencer (Eds.), The origin of modern humans: A world survey of the fossil evidence (pp. 137–209). New York: Alan R. Liss.
109. Smith, F. H. (1992). The role of continuity in modern human origins. In G. Braüer & F. H. Smith (Eds.), Continuity or replacement? Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution (pp. 145–156). Rotterdam: Balkema.
110. Smith, F. H. (1994). Samples, species, and speculations in the study of modern human origins. In M. H. Nitecki & D. V. Nitecki (Eds.), Origins of anatomically modern humans (pp. 227–249). New York: Plenum Press.
111. Smith, F. H., & Ahern, J. C. (1994). Additional cranial remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 93, 275–280.
112. Smith, F. H., & Ranyard, G. C. (1980). Evolution of the supraorbital region in Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from South-Central Europe. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 53, 589–610.
113. Smith, F. H., Boyd, D. C., & Malez, M. (1985). Additional Upper Pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 375–383.
114. Smith, F. H., Falsetti, A. B., & Donnelly, S. M. (1989). Modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 32, 35–68.
115. Smith, F. H., Trinkaus, E., Pettitt, P. B., Karavanić, I., & Paunović, M. (1999). Direct radiocarbon dates for Vindija G1 and Velika Pećina Late Pleistocene hominid remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 12281–12286.
116. Smith, F. H., Janković, I., & Karavanić, I. (2005). The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals. Quaternary International, 137, 7–19.
117. Soficaru, A., Doboş, A., & Trinkaus, E. (2006). Early modern humans from the Peştera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 17196–17201. 17196–17201.
118. Straus, L. G. (1997). The Iberian situation between 40,000 and 30,000 years B.P. in light of European models of migration and convergence. In G. A. Clark & C. M. Willermet (Eds.), Conceptual issues in modern human origins research (pp. 235–252). NewYork: Aldine De Gruyter.
119. Straus, L. G. (1999). The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology, 40, 352–355.
120. Straus, L. G. (Ed.). (2005). Armageddon or entete? The demise of the European Neadertals in isotope stage 3 (special issue of quaternary international 137 (1)). Oxford: Elsevier.
121. Stringer, C. B. (1990). British Isles. In R. Orban (Ed.), Hominid remains: An update. British Isles and Eastern Germany (pp. 1–40). Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles.
122. Svoboda, J. (1993). The complex origin of the Upper Paleolithic in the Czech and Slovak Republics. In H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay, & R. White (Eds.), Before Lascaux. The complex record of the early Upper Paleolithic (pp. 23–36). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
123. Svoboda, J. (2001). Mladeč and other caves in the Middle Danube region: Early modern humans, late Neandertals, and projectiles. In J. Zilhão, T. Aubry, & A. F. Carvalho (Eds.), Les premiers hommes modernes de la Péninsule Ibérique (pp. 45–60). Lisboa: Actes du colloque de la Commission VIII de l´UISPP.
124. Svoboda, J. A. (2004). Continuities, discontinuities, and interactions in early Upper Paleolithic technologies. A view from the Middle Danube. In P. J. Brantingham, S. L. Kuhn, & K. W. Kerry (Eds.), The early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe (pp. 30–49). Berkeley: University of California Press.
125. Templeton, A. (2002). Out of Africa again and again. Nature, 416, 45–51.
126. Templeton, A. (2005). Haplotype trees and modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 48, 33–59.
127. Tode, A., Preul, F., Richter, K., Selle, W., Pfaffenberg, K., Kleinschmidt, A., & Guenther, E. (1953). Die Untersuchung der paläeolitischen Freilandstation von Salzgitter-Lebenstedt. Eiszentaler und Gegenwart, 3, 144–220.
128. Trinkaus, E. (2005). Early modern humans. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 207–230.
129. Trinkaus, E., & Smith, F. H. (1995). Body size of the Vindija Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution, 28, 201–208.
130. Trinkaus, E., & Churchill, S. E. (1988). Neandertal radial tuberosity orientation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75, 15–21.
131. Trinkaus, E., Milota, S., Rodrigo, R., Mircea, G., & Moldovan, O. (2003a). Early modern human cranial remains from the Pestera cu Oase, Romania. Journal of Human Evolution, 45, 245–253.
132. Trinkaus, E., Moldovan, O., Milota, S., Bilgar, A., Sarcina, L., Athreya, S., Bailey, S. E., Rodrigo, R., Mircea, G., Higham, T., Ramsey, C. B., & Plicht, J. C. D. (2003b). An early modern human from the Pestera cu Oase, Romania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 11231–11236.
133. Trinkaus, E., Zilhão, J., Rougier, H., Rodrigo, R., Milota, Ş., Gherase, M., Sarcina, L., Moldovan, O., Băltean, I. C., Codrea, V., Bailey, S. A., Franciscus, R. G., Ponce de Leon, M., & Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2006). The Peştera cu Oase and early modern humans in Southeastern Europe. In N. J. Conrad (Ed.), When Neanderthals and modern humans met (pp. 145–164). Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. Tübingen Publications in Prehistory.
134. Usik, V. I., Monigal, K., & Kulakovskaya, L. (2006). New perspectives on the Transcarpathian Middle to Upper Paleolithic boundary. In N. J. Conrad (Ed.), When Neanderthals and modern humans met (pp. 213–232). Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. Tübingen Publications in Prehistory.
135. Valoch, K. (1972). Rapports entre Le Paléolithique Moyen et le Paléolithique Supérieur en Europe Centrale. In F. Bordes (Ed.), The Origins of Homo sapiens (pp. 161–171). Paris: UNESCO.
136. Voisin, J.-L. (2006). Speciation by distance and temporal overlap: A new approach to understanding Neanderthal evolution. In K. Harvati & T. Harrison (Eds.), Neanderthals revisited: New approaches and perspectives (pp. 307–322). New York: Springer.
137. Wild, E. M., Paunović, M., Rabeder, G., Steffan, G., & Steier, P. (2001). Age determination of fossil bones from the Vindija Neanderthal site in Croatia. Radiocarbon, 43, 1021–1028.
138. Wild, E. M., Terschler-Nicola, M., Kutschera, W., Steier, P., Trinkaus, E., & Wanek, W. (2005). Direct dating of early Upper Paleolithic human remains from Mladeč. Nature, 435, 332–335.
139. Wolpoff, M. H. (1999). Paleoanthropology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
140. Wolpoff, M. H., Smith, F. H., Malez, M., Radovčić, J., & Rukavina, D. (1981). Upper Pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 54, 499–545.
141. Yu, N., Zhao, Z., Fu, Y., Sambuughin, N., Ramsay, M., Jenkins, T., Leskien, E., Patthy, L., Jorde, L., Kuromori, T., & Li, W. (2001). Global patterns of human DNA sequence variation in a 10-kb region on chromosome 1. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18, 214–222.
142. Zilhão, J. (2006). Neandertals and moderns mixed, and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology, 15, 183–195.
143. Zilhão, J., & D’Errico, F. (1999a). Reply in the Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology, 40, 355–364.
144. Zilhão, J., & D’Errico, F. (1999b). The chronology and taphonomy of the earliest Aurignacian and its implications for the understanding of Neanderthal extinction. Journal of World Prehistory, 13, 1–68.