A diffusion wave out of Africa: The mechanism of the modern human revolution?

Current Anthropology

Volumn 43, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 749-774

  Eswaran, Vinayak ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0012714531     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/342639     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. ADCOCK, G. J., E. S. DENNIS, S. EASTEAL, G. A. HUTTLEY, L. S. JERMIN, W. J. PEACOCK, AND A. G. THORNE, 2001. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 98:537-42.
2. AIELLO, L. C. 1993. The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa: A revised view. American Anthropologist 95: 73-96.
3. ARSUAGA, J.-L., C. LORENZO, J.-M. CARRETERO, A. GRACIA, I. MARTINEZ, N. GARCIA, J.-M. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO, AND E. CARBONELL. 1999. A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain. Nature 399(6733):255-58. [MHW]
4. AYALA, F. L. 1995. The myth of Eve: Molecular biology and human origins. Science 270:1930-36.
5. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO, J.-M., AND M. E. NICOLÁS. 1997. Palaeodemography of the Atapuerca-SH Middle Pleistocene hominid sample. Journal of Human Evolution 33:333-55. [MHW]
6. BINFORD, L. 1983. In pursuit of the past. London: Thames and Hudson. [JZ]
7. BRÄUER, G. 1984. "A craniological approach to the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens and its implications for the appearance of modern Europeans," in The origins of modern humans. Edited by F. H. Smith and F. Spencer, pp. 327-410. New York: Alan Liss.
8. BRENNAN, M. U. 1991. Health and disease in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of southwestern France: A bioarcheological study. Ph.D. diss., New York University, New York, N.Y. [ET]
9. BROWN, p. 1990. "Osteological definitions of 'anatomically modern' Homo sapiens: A test using modern and terminal Pleistocene Homo sapiens," in Is our future limited by our past? Edited by L. Freedman, pp. 51-74. Nedlands: Centre for Human Biology, University of Western Australia. [MHW]
10. -. 1992. Recent human evolution in East Asia and Australasia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B 337:235-42.
11. CANN, R., M. STONEKING, AND A. WILSON. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325:31-36. [GAC]
12. CAVALLI-SFORZA, L. L., P. MENOZZI, AND A. PIAZZA, 1994. The history and geography of human genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
13. CHURCHILL, S. E., AND F. H. SMITH. 2000. A modern human humerus from the early Aurignacian of Vogelherdhöhle (Stetten, Germany). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112:251-73. [ET]
14. CLARK, G. A. 1992. "Continuity or replacement? Putting modern human origins in an evolutionary context," in The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, behavior, and variability. Edited by H. Dibble and P. Mellars, pp. 183-205. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. [GAC]
15. -. 1994. Migration as an explanatory concept in Paleolithic archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1: 305-43. [GAC]
16. -. 1999. Modern human origins-highly visible, curiously intangible. Science 283:2029-32;
17. Science 1999. 284:917. [GAC]
18. -. 2002. Neandertal archeology-implications for our origins. American Anthropologist 104:50-67. [GAC]
19. CLARK, G. A., AND J. M. LINDLY. 1989. Modern human origins in the Levant and western Asia: The fossil and archeological evidence. American Anthropologist 91:962-85. [GAC]
20. CLARK, G. A., AND C. M. WILLERMET. Editors. 1997. Conceptual issues in modern human origins research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. [GAC]
21. CLARK, J. D. 1992. African and Asian perspectives on the origins of modern humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B 337:201-15.
22. COYNE, J. A., N. H. BARTON, AND M. TURELLI, 1997. A critique of Sewall Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution. Evolution 51:643-71.
23. DAY, M. H., AND C. B. STRINGER. 1982. "A reconsideration of the Omo Kibish remains and the erectus-sapiens transition," in L'Homo erectus et la place de l'homme de Tautavel parmi les hominidés fossiles, vol. 2. Edited by H. de Lumley, pp. 814-46. Nice: Louis Jean Scientific and Literary Publications. [MHW]
24. -. 1991. Les restes crâniens d'Omo-Kibish et leur classification a l'intérieur de genre Homo. L'Anthropologie 95:573-94. [MHW]
25. DUARTE, C., J. MAURICIO, P. B. PETTITT, P. SOUTO, E. TRINKAUS, H. VANDER PLICHT, AND J. ZILHÃO. 1999. The Early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 96:7604-9.
26. FEREMBACH, D., P. LEGOUX, R. FENART, R. EMPEREUR-BUSSION, AND E. VLČEK. 1970. L'enfant du Pech-de-l'Azé. Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine 33. [ET]
27. FISHER, R. A. 1937. The wave of advance of advantageous genes. Annals of Eugenics 7:355-69.
28. FULLERTON, S. M., R. M. HARDING, A. J. BOYCE, AND J. B. CLEGG. 1994. Molecular and population genetic analysis of allelic sequence diversity at the human β-globin locus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 91: 1805-9.
29. GOLOVANOVA, L. V., J. F. HOFFECKER, V. M. KHARITONOV, AND G. P. ROMANOVA. 1999. Mezmaiskaya Cave: A Neandertal occupation in the northern Caucasus, CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 40:77-86.
30. HAMMER, M. F., T. KARAFET, A. RASANAYAGAM, E. T. WOOD, T. K. ALTHEIDE, T. JENKINS, R. C. GRIFFITHS, A. R. TEMPLETON, AND S. L. ZEGURA. 1998. Out of Africa and back again: Nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15: 427-41.
31. HARDING, R. M., S. M. FULLERTON, R. C. GRIFFITHS, J. BOND, M. J. COX, J. A. SCHNEIDER, D. S. MOULIN, AND J. B. CLEGG. 1997. Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans. American Journal of Human Genetics 60:772-89.
32. HARDING, R. M., E. HEALY, A. J. RAY, N. S. ELLIS, N. FLANAGAN, C. TODD, C. DIXON, A. SAJANTILA, I. JACKSON, M. A. BIRCH-MACHIN, AND J. L. REES. 2000. Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R. American Journal of Human Genetics 66:1351-61.
33. HARPENDING, H. C., AND E. ELLER. 1999. "Human diversity and its history," in The biology of biodiversity. Edited by M. Kato, pp. 301-14. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.
34. HARPENDING, H. C., AND A. R. ROGERS. 2000. Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 1:361-85.
35. HARPENDING, H. C., S. T. SHERRY, A. R. ROGERS, AND M. STONEKING. 1993. The genetic structure of ancient human populations. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 34:483-96.
36. HAWKS, J., S. OH, K. HUNLEY, S. DOBSON, G. CABANA, P. DAYALU, AND M. H. WOLPOFF. 2000. An Australasian test of the recent African origin theory using the WLH-50 calvarium. Journal of Human Evolution 39:1-22.
37. HEINZELIN, J. D., J. DESMOND CLARK, T. WHITE, W. HART, P. RENNE, G. WOLDEGABRIEL, Y. BEYENE, AND E. VRBA. 1999. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284:625-29.
38. HEY, J. 1997. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes present conflicting portraits of human origins. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:166-72.
39. HOWELL, F. C. 1999. Paleo-demes, species, clades, and extinctions in the Pleistocene hominine record. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:191-244. [GAC]
40. KLEIN, R. 1999. 2d edition. The human career. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [GAC]
41. KOLMOGOROV, A. N., J. G. PETROVSKII, AND N. S. PISKUNOV. 1937. Investigation of the diffusion equations connected with an increasing amount of matter and its application to a biological problem, Bulletin MGU Sect. A, 1(6):1-26.
42. KRINGS, M., A. STONE, R. W. SCHMITZ, H. KRAINITZKI, M. STONEKING, AND S. PÄÄBO. 1997. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90:19-30.
43. LEBEL, S., E. TRINKAUS, M. FAURE, P. FERNANDEZ, C. GUÉRIN, D. RICHTER, N. MERCIER, H. VALLADAS, AND G. A. WAGNER. 2001. Comparative morphology and paleobiology of Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l'Aubesier, Vaucluse, France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 98:11097-102. [ET]
44. LEWIN, R. 1988a. Conflict over DNA clock results. Science 241:1598-1600. [GAC]
45. -. 1988b. DNA clock conflict continues. Science 241: 1756-59. [GAC]
46. -. 1988c. Trees from genes and tongues. Science 241:514. [GAC]
47. LIEBERMAN, D. E. 1996. How and why humans grow thin skulls: Experimental evidence for systemic cortical robusticity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101:217-36. [ET]
48. MADRE-DUPOUY, M. 1992. L'enfant du Roc de Marsal: Étude analytique et comparative. Paris: Éditions du CNRS. [ET]
49. MELLARS, P. 1989. Major issues in the emergence of modern humans, CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 30:349-85.
50. -. 1996. The Neanderthal legacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [GAC]
51. NEI, M., AND A. K. ROYCHOUDHURY. 1982. Genetic relationships and the evolution of human races. Evolutionary Biology 14:1-49.
52. NORDBORG, MAGNUS. 2001. "Coalescent theory," in Handbook of statistical genetics. Edited by D. Balding, M. Bishop, and C. Cannings, chap. 7. New York: Wiley. [HH]
53. OGILVIE, M. D., B. K. CURRAN, AND E. TRINKAUS. 1989. The incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasias among the Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79:25-41. [ET]
54. PENNISI, E. 1999. Genetic study shakes up out-of-Africa theory. Science 283:1828. [GAC]
55. POPE, G. G. 1992. Craniofacial evidence for the origin of modern humans in China. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 35: 253-98.
56. RAK, Y. 1990. On the differences between two pelvises of Mousterian context from the Qafzeh and Kebara Caves, Israel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81:323-32.
57. RELETHFORD, J. H. 1998. Genetics of modern human origins and diversity. Annual Review of Anthropology 27:1-23.
58. -. 2001. Genetics and the search for modern human origins. New York: Wiley-Liss.
59. ROGERS, A. R. 1995. Genetic evidence for a Pleistocene population explosion. Evolution 49:608-15.
60. ROGERS, A. R., AND H. C. HARPENDING. 1992. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:552-69.
61. ROHLING, E. J., M. FENTON, F. J. JORISSEN, P. BERTRAND, G. GANSSEN, AND J. P. CAULET. 1998. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature 394:162-65.
62. ROSENBERG, K. 1988. The functional significance of Neandertal pubic morphology, CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 29:595-617. [KR, ET]
63. -. 1992. The evolution of modern human childbirth. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 35:89-124.
64. -. 1998. "Morphological variation in West Asian postcrania: Implications for obstetric and locomotor behavior," in Neandertals and modern humans in Western Asia. Edited by T. Akazawa and O. Bar-Yosef. New York: Plenum Press. [KR, MHW]
65. ROSENBERG, K. R., Z. LU, AND C. B. RUFF. 1999. Body size, body proportions, and encephalization in the Jinniushan specimen (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology suppl. 28:235. [ET]
66. ROSENBERG, K., AND W. TREVATHAN. 2002. The evolution of human birth. Scientific American 285(5):60-65. [KR]
67. RUFF, C. B., E. TRINKAUS, AND T. W. HOLLIDAY. 1997. Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387:173-76. [ET]
68. SMITH, C. 1992. Late Stone Age hunters of the British Isles. London: Routledge. [JZ]
69. SMITH, F. H. 1985. Continuity and change in the origin of modern Homo sapiens. Zeitschrift far Morphologie and Anthropologie 75:197-222.
70. SMITH, F. H., A. B. FALSETTI, AND S. M. DONNELLY. 1989. Modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 32:35-68.
71. STRAUSS, E. 1999. Can mitochondrial clocks keep time? Science 283:1435-38. [GAC]
72. STRINGER, C. B. 1992. Reconstructing recent human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B 337-218-24.
73. STRINGER, C. B., AND P. ANDREWS. 1988. Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans. Science 239: 1263-68.
74. STRINGER, C. B., AND C. GAMBLE. 1993. In search of the Neanderthals. London: Thames and Hudson. [GAC]
75. STRINGER, C. B., AND R. MC KIE. 1996. African exodus: The origins of modern humanity. London: Jonathan Cape. [GAC]
76. TAGUE, R. G. 1992. Sexual dimorphism in the human bony pelvis with a consideration of the Neandertal pelvis from Kebara Cave, Israel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88:1-21.
77. TAKAHATA, N. 1993. Allelic genealogy and human evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:2-22.
78. -. 1995. A genetic perspective on the origin and history of humans. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: 343-72.
79. TEMPLETON, A. R. 1997. "Testing the Out of Africa replacement hypothesis with mitochondrial DNA data," in Conceptual issues in modern human origins research. Edited by G. A. Clark and C. M. Willermet, pp. 329-60. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. [MHW]
80. -. 1998. Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective. American Anthropologist 3:632-50.
81. -. 2002. Out of Africa again and again. Nature 416:45-51. [MHW]
82. THORNE, A. G. 1977. "Separation or reconciliation: Biological clues to the development of Australian society," in Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia. Edited by J. Allen, J. Golson, and R. Jones, pp. 197-204. London: Academic Press.
83. TILLIER, A.-M. 1999. Less enfants moustériens de Qafzeh: Interprétation phylogénétique et paléauxologique. Paris: Éditions du CNRS. [ET]
84. TILLIER, A.-M., B. ARENSBURG, H. DUDAY, AND B. VANDERMEERSCH. 2001. An early case of hydrocephalus: The Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh 12 child (Israel). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114:166-70. [ET]
85. 4 locus and modern human origins. Science 271:1380-87.
86. TREVATHAN, W., AND K. ROSENBERG. 2000. The shoulders follow the head: Post-cranial constraints on human childbirth. Journal of Human Evolution 39:583-86. [KR]
87. TRINKAUS, E. 1983. The Shanidar Neandertals. New York: Academic Press. [ET]
88. -. 1995. Neanderthal mortality patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science 22:121-42. [ET]
89. -. 2000. "The 'robusticity transition' revisited," in Neanderthals on the edge. Edited by C. B. Stringer, R. N. E. Barton, and C. Finlayson, pp. 227-36. Oxford: Oxbow Books. [ET]
90. TRINKAUS, E., S. E. CHURCHILL, C. B. RUFF, AND B. VANDERMEERSCH. 1999. Long bone shaft robusticity and body proportions of the Saint-Césaire 1 Châtelperronian Neandertal. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:753-73. [ET]
91. TRINKAUS, E., V. FORMICOLA, J. SVOBODA, S. W. HILLSON, AND T. W. HOLLIDAY. 2001. Dolní Věstonice 15: Pathology and persistence in the Pavlovian. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:1291-1308. [ET]
92. TRINKAUS, E., AND J. ZILHÃO. 2002. "Phylogenetic implications," in Portrait of the artist as a child: The Gravettian human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho and its archeological context. Edited by J. Zilhão and E. Trinkaus. Trabalhos de Arqueologia. in press. [ET]
93. WEISS, K. M., AND T. MARUYAMA. 1976. Archaeology, population genetics, and studies of human racial ancestry. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44:31-50.
94. WOBST, M. 1974. Boundary conditions for Paleolithic social systems: A simulation approach. American Antiquity 39: 147-78. [JZ]
95. -. 1976. Locational relationships in Paleolithic society. Journal of Human Evolution 5:49-58.
96. WOLPOFF, M. H. 1979. The Krapina dental remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50:67-114. [MHW]
97. -. 1986. "Describing anatomically modern Homo sapiens: A distinction without a definable difference," in Fossil man: New facts, new ideas papers in honor of Jan Jelínek's life anniversary. Edited by V. V. Novotný and A. Mizerová, pp. 41-53. Anthropos (Brno) 23. [MHW]
98. -. 1989. "Multiregional evolution: The fossil alternative to Eden," in The human revolution: Behavioural and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans. Edited by P. Mellars and C. B. Stringer, pp. 62-108. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. [GAC, MHW]
99. -. 1992. "Theories of modern human origins," in Continuity or replacement? Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution. Edited by G. Brauer and F. Smith, pp. 25-63. Rotterdam: Balkema. [GAC]
100. WOLPOFF, M. H., J. HAWKS, AND R. CASPARI. 2000. Multiregional, not multiple origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112:129-36. [MHW]
101. WOLPOFF, M. H., J. HAWKS, D. W. FRAYER, AND K. HUNLEY. 2001. Modern human ancestry at the peripheries: A test of the replacement theory. Science 291:293-97.
102. WOLPOFF, MILFORD, ALAN THORNE, JAN JELÍNEK, AND ZHI YINYUN. 1993. "The case for sinking Homo erectus: 100 years of Pithecanthropus is enough!" in 100 years of Pithecanthropus: The Homo erectus problem. Edited by J. Franzen, pp. 341-61. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 171.
103. WOLPOFF, M. H., A. G. THORNE, F. H. SMITH, D. W. FRAYER, AND G. G. POPE. 1994. "Multiregional evolution: A world-wide source for modern human populations," in Origins of anatomically modern humans. Edited by M. Nitecki and D. Nitecki, pp. 174-99. New York: Plenum Press.
104. WOLPOFF, M. H., X. WU, AND A. G. THORNE, 1984. "Modern Homo sapiens origins: A general theory of human evolution involving the fossil evidence of East Asia," in The origins of modern humans. Edited by F. H. Smith and F. Spencer, pp. 411-83. New York: Alan Liss.
105. WRIGHT, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16:98-159.
106. -. 1932. "The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution," in Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics. Edited by D. F. Jones, pp. 356-66.
107. -. 1982. Character change, speciation, and the higher taxa. Evolution 36:427-43.
108. ZILHÃO, J. 2001a. Anatomically archaic, behaviorally modern: The Last Neanderthals and their destiny. Amsterdam: Stichting Nederlands Museum voor Anthropologie en Praehistoriae.
109. -. 2001b. "Neandertal/modern human interaction in Europe," in Questioning the answers: Resolving fundamental problems of the Early Upper Paleolithic. Edited by M. Hays and P. Thacker, pp. 13-19. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1005. [JZ]