Bone and Joint Infections

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 425-436

  Pääkkönen, Markus ^a   Peltola, Heikki ^b  

^a TURKU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI AND HELSINKI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Arthrocentesis; Clindamycin; Osteomyelitis; Septic arthritis; Trepanation

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DEXAMETHASONE; FLUCLOXACILLIN; LINEZOLID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; VANCOMYCIN;

ARTHROSCOPY; ARTHROTOMY; BACTERIAL ARTHRITIS; BONE INFECTION; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DRUG CHOICE; ECHOGRAPHY; FEMUR HEAD NECROSIS; FEVER; GONOCOCCAL ARTHRITIS; HAEMOPHILUS INFECTION; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B; HUMAN; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; JOINT ASPIRATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL HISTORY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOMYELITIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; SURGICAL APPROACH;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, INFECTIOUS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CEPHALOSPORINS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HUMANS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; OSTEOMYELITIS; PENICILLINS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES;

EID: 84875349924     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: 15578240     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Krogstad P. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases 2009, 725-748. Saunders, Philadelphia. 6th edition. R.D. Feigin, J.D. Cherry (Eds.).
2. Akinyoola A.L., Orimolade E.A., Yusuf B.M. Pathologic fractures of long bones in Nigerian children. J Child Orthop 2008, 2:475-479.
3. Mantero E., Carbone M., Calevo M.G., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric chronic osteomyelitis in developing countries: prospective study of 96 patients treated in Kenya. Musculoskelet Surg 2011, 95:13-18.
4. Riise Ø.R., Handeland K.S., Cvancarova M., et al. Incidence and characteristics of arthritis in Norwegian children: a population based study. Pediatrics 2008, 121:e299-e306.
5. Dartnell J., Ramachandran M., Katchburian M. Haematogenous acute and subacute paediatric osteomyelitis: a systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012, 94:584-595.
6. Lyon R.M., Evanich J.D. Culture-negative septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1999, 19:655-659.
7. Qwynne-Jones D.P., Stott N.S. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a cause of musculoskeletal sepsis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1999, 19:413-416.
8. Arnold S.R., Elias D., Buckingham S.C., et al. Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pediatr Orthop 2006, 26:703-708.
9. Carrillo-Marquez M.A., Hulten K.G., Hammerman W., et al. USA300 is the predominant genotype causing Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28:1076-1080.
10. Vander Have K.L., Karmazyn B., Verma M., et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute musculoskeletal infection in children: a game changer. J Pediatr Orthop 2009, 29:927-931.
11. Bradley J.S., Kaplan S.L., Tan T.Q., et al. Pediatric pneumococcal bone and joint infections. The Pediatric Multicenter Pneumococcal Surveillance Study Group (PMPSSG). Pediatrics 1998, 102:1376-1382.
12. Lemaître C., Ferroni A., Doit C., et al. Pediatric osteoarticular infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012, 31:2773-2781.
13. Peltola H., Kallio M.J., Unkila-Kallio L. Reduced incidence of septic arthritis in children by Haemophilus influenzae type-b vaccination. Implications for treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998, 80:471-473.
14. Ceroni D., Cherkaoui A., Ferey S., et al. Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections in young children: clinical features and contribution of a new specific real-time PCR assay to the diagnosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2010, 30:301-304.
15. Lavy C.B., Thyoka M., Pitani A.D. Clinical features and microbiology in 204 cases of septic arthritis in Malawian children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005, 87:1545-1548.
16. Jagodzinski N.A., Kanwar R., Graham K., et al. Prospective evaluation of a shortened regimen of treatment for acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 2009, 29:518-525.
17. Peltola H., Pääkkönen M., Kallio P., et al. Prospective, randomized trial of 10 days versus 30 days of antimicrobial treatment, including a short-term course of parenteral therapy, for childhood septic arthritis. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1201-1210.
18. Peltola H., Pääkkönen M., Kallio P., et al. Short- versus long-term antimicrobial treatment for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of childhood: prospective, randomized trial on 131 culture-positive cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:1123-1128.
19. Peltola H., Pääkkönen M., Kallio P., et al. Clindamycin vs. first-generation cephalosporins for acute osteoarticular infections of childhood-a prospective quasi-randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18:582-589.
20. Chow A., Robinson J.L. Fever of unknown origin in children: a systematic review. World J Pediatr 2011, 7:5-10.
21. Ju K.L., Zurakowski D., Kocher M.S. Differentiating between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children: an evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011, 93:1693-1701.
22. Zvulunov A., Gal A., Segev Z. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the pelvis in childhood: diagnostic clues and pitfalls. Pediatr Emerg Care 2003, 19:29-31.
23. Leigh W., Crawford H., Street M., et al. Pediatric calcaneal osteomyelitis. J Pediatr Orthop 2010, 30:888-892.
24. Lorrot M., Fitoussi F., Faye A., et al. Arch Pediatr 2007, 14(Suppl 2):S86-S90. [in French].
25. Pääkkönen M., Kallio M.J., Kallio P.E. Sensitivity of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in childhood bone and joint infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010, 468:861-866.
26. Butbul-Aviel Y., Koren A., Halevy R., et al. Procacitonin as a diagnostic aid in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005, 21:828-832.
27. Unkila-Kallio L., Kallio M.J., Peltola H. The usefulness of C-reactive protein levels in the identification of concurrent septic arthritis in children who have acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. A comparison with the usefulness of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the white blood cell count. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994, 76:848-853.
28. Givon U., Liberman B., Schindler A., et al. Treatment of septic arthritis of the hip joint by repeated ultrasound-guided aspirations. J Pediatr Orthop 2004, 24:266-270.
29. Connolly S.A., Connolly L.P., Drubach L.A., et al. MRI for detection of abscess in acute osteomyelitis of the pelvis in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 189:867-872.
30. Courtney P.M., Flynn J.M., Jaramillo D., et al. Clinical indications for repeat MRI in children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. J Pediatr Orthop 2010, 30:883-887.
31. Averill L.W., Hernandex A., Gonzalez L., et al. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 192:1232-1238.
32. Connolly L.P., Connolly S.A., Drubach L.A., et al. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children: assessment of skeletal scintigraphy-based diagnosis in the era of MRI. J Nucl Med 2002, 43:1310-1316.
33. Fayad L.M., Carrino J.A., Fishman E.K. Musculoskeletal infection: role of CT in the emergency department. Radiographics 2007, 27:1723-1736.
34. Browne L.P., Mason E.O., Kaplan S.L., et al. Optimal imaging strategy for community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr Radiol 2008, 38:841-847.
35. Kunnamo I., Kallio P., Pelkonen P., et al. Clinical signs and laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of arthritis in children. Am J Dis Child 1987, 141:34-40.
36. Harik N.S., Smeltzer M.S. Management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010, 8:175-181.
37. Chen C.J., Chiu C.H., Lin T.Y., et al. Experience with linezolid therapy in children with osteoarticular infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26:985-988.
38. Liu C., Bayer A., Cosgrove S.E., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:e18-e55.
39. Messina A.F., Namtu K., Guild M., et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for children with acute osteomyelitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30:1019-1021.
40. Yagupsky P., Katz O., Peled N. Antibiotic susceptibility of Kingella kingae isolates form respiratory carriers and patients with invasive infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001, 47:191-193.
41. Rice P.A. Gonococcal arthritis (disseminated gonococcal infection). Infect Dis Clin North Am 2005, 19:853-861.
42. Peek A.C., Lavy C.B., Thyoka M. Does long-term chloramphenicol cause anemia in Malawi?. Trop Doct 2006, 36:114-115.
43. Green J.H. Cloxacillin in treatment of acute osteomyelitis. Br Med J 1967, 2(5549):414-416.
44. Cole W.G., Dalziel R.E., Leitl S. Treatment of acute osteomyelitis in childhood. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1982, 64:218-223.
45. Jaberi F.M., Shahcheraghi G.H., Ahadzadeh M. Short-term intravenous antibiotic treatment of acute hematogenous bone and joint infection in children: a prospective randomized trial. J Pediatr Orthop 2002, 22:317-320.
46. Prado S.M., Lixama C.M., Peña D.A., et al. Rev Chilena Infectol 2008, 25:30-36. [in Spanish].
47. Roberts J.A., Paratz J., Paratz E., et al. Continous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe infections: a review of its role. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007, 30:11-18.
48. Odio C.M., Ramirez T., Arias G., et al. Double blind, randomized, placepo-controlled study of dexamethasone therapy for hematogenous septic arthritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003, 22:883-888.
49. Harel L., Prais D., Bar-On E., et al. Dexamethasone therapy for septic arthritis in children: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Pediatr Orthop 2011, 31:211-215.
50. Pelkonen T., Roine I., Cruzeiro M.L., et al. Slow initial β-lactam infusion and oral paracetamol to treat childhood meningitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2011, 11:613-621.
51. Copley L. Infections of the musculoskeletal system. Tachdjian's pediatric orthopedics 2008, 2089-2119. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. 4th edition. J.A. Herring (Ed.).
52. Meller I., Manor Y., Bar-Ziv J., et al. Pediatric update #8. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Long-term results of surgical treatment. Orthop Rev 1989, 18:824-831.
53. Vaughan P.A., Newman N.M., Rosman M.A. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1987, 7:652-655.
54. Mah E.T., LeQuesne Q.W., Gent R.J., et al. Ultrasonic features of acute osteomyelitis in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994, 76:969-974.
55. Howard C.B., Einhorn M., Dagan R., et al. Ultrasound in diagnosis and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993, 75:79-82.
56. Scott R.J., Christofersen M.R., Roberson W.W., et al. Acute osteomyelitis in children: a review of 116 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 1990, 10:649-652.
57. Fabry G., Meire E. Septic arthritis of the hip in children: poor results after late and indaquate treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 1983, 3:461-466.
58. El-Sayed A.M. Treatment of early septic arthritis of the hip in children: comparison of arthrotomy versus artroscopic drainage. J Child Orthop 2008, 2:229-237.
59. Pääkkönen M., Kallio M.J., Peltola H., et al. Pediatric septic hip with or without arthrotomy: retrospective analysis of 62 consecutive nonneonatal culture-positive cases. J Pediatr Orthop B 2010, 19:264-269.
60. Pääkkönen M., Kallio P.E., Kallio M.J., et al. Management of osteoarticular infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is similar to that of other etiologies: analysis of 199 staphylococcal bone and joint infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012, 31:436-438.
61. Hawkshead J.J., Patel N.B., Steele R.W., et al. Comparative severity of pediatric osteomyelitis attributable to methicillin-resistant versus methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. J Pediatr Orthop 2009, 29:85-90.
62. Belthur M.V., Birchansky S.B., Verdugo A.A., et al. Pathologic fractures in children with acute Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012, 94:34-42.
63. Martínez-Aguilar G., Hammerman W.A., Mason E.O., et al. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-aqcuired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003, 22:593-598.
64. Bocchini C.E., Hulten K.G., Mason E.O., et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhanced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children. Pediatrics 2006, 117:433-440.
65. Mantadakis E., Plessa E., Vouloumanou E.K., et al. Deep venous thrombosis in children with musculoskeletal infections: the clinical evidence. Int J Infect Dis 2012, 16:e236-e243.
66. Uçkay I., Assal M., Legout L., et al. Recurrent osteomyelitis caused by infection with different bacterial strains without obvious source of reinfection. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1194-1196.
67. Sukswai P., Kovitvanitcha D., Thumkunanon V., et al. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: clinical characteristics and outcomes study. J Med Assoc Thai 2011, 94(Suppl 3):S209-S216.
68. Pääkkönen M., Peltola H. Simplifying the treatment of acute bacterial bone and joint infections in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011, 9:1125-1131.
69. Pääkkönen M., Kallio M.J., Kallio P.E., et al. Shortened hospital stay for childhood bone and joint infections: Analysis of 265 prospectively collected culture positive cases in 1983-2005. Scand J Infect Dis 2012, 44:683-688.