메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 99, Issue 11-12, 2012, Pages 286-297

Clostridium difficile transmission risks for humans through diseased animals and symptomless but colonized animals

Author keywords

C. diff cile; Food microbiology; Occupational disease; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords


EID: 84875207636     PISSN: 0043535X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (2)

References (125)
  • 1
    • 0029742398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales
    • AL SAIF, N., BRAZIER, J. S. (1996): The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales. J Med Microbiol 45, 133-137. (Pubitemid 26291483)
    • (1996) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-137
    • Al Saif, N.1    Brazier, J.S.2
  • 3
    • 17644382355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection among health care workers receiving antibiotic therapy [8]
    • DOI 10.1086/429513
    • ARFONS, L., RAY, A. J., DONSKEY, C. J. (2005): Clostridium difficile infection among health care workers receiving antibiotic therapy. Clin Infect Dis 40, 1384-1385. (Pubitemid 40570259)
    • (2005) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.40 , Issue.9 , pp. 1384-1385
    • Arfons, L.1    Ray, A.J.2    Donskey, C.J.3
  • 4
    • 33646263104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential role of Clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses
    • ARROYO, L. G., STAMPFLI, H. R., WEESE, J. S. (2006): Potential role of Clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. J Med Microbiol 55, 605-608.
    • (2006) J Med Microbiol , vol.55 , pp. 605-608
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Stampfli, H.R.2    Weese, J.S.3
  • 5
    • 33846451108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea
    • DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.013, PII S0378113506003981
    • ARROYO, L. G., STAEMPFLI, H., WEESE, J. S. (2007): Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol 120, 179-183. (Pubitemid 46149211)
    • (2007) Veterinary Microbiology , vol.120 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 179-183
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Staempfli, H.2    Weese, J.S.3
  • 6
    • 6444227507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental Clostridium difficile enterocolitis in foals
    • DOI 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<734:ECDEIF>2.0.CO;2
    • ARROYO, L. G., WEESE, J. S., STAEMPFLI, H. R. (2004): Experimental Clostridium difficile enterocolitis in foals. J Vet Intern Med 18, 734-738. (Pubitemid 39406879)
    • (2004) Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 734-738
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Weese, J.S.2    Staempfli, H.R.3
  • 9
    • 0018075343 scopus 로고
    • Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • BARTLETT, J. G., MOON, N., CHANG, T. W., TAYLOR, N., ONDERDONK, A. B. (1978): Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology 75, 778-782. (Pubitemid 9040959)
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.75 , Issue.5 , pp. 778-782
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Moon, N.2    Chang, T.W.3
  • 11
    • 62249160649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative strategies for Clostridium difficile infection
    • BAUER, M. P., VAN DISSEL, J. T. (2009a): Alternative strategies for Clostridium difficile infection. Int J Antimicrob Ag 33(Suppl 1), S51-6.
    • (2009) Int J Antimicrob Ag , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Van Dissel, J.T.2
  • 12
    • 70350531026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands
    • BAUER, M. P., VEENENDAAL, D., VERHOEF, L., BLOEMBERGEN, P., VAN DISSEL, J. T., KUIJPER, E. J. (2009b): Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands. Clin Microbiol Infect 15, 1087-1092.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , pp. 1087-1092
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Veenendaal, D.2    Verhoef, L.3    Bloembergen, P.4    Van Dissel, J.T.5    Kuijper, E.J.6
  • 13
    • 0642283365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility
    • BAVERUD, V., GUSTAFSSON, A., FRANKLIN, A., ASPAN, A., GUNNARSSON, A. (2003): Clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Equine Vet J 35, 465-471. (Pubitemid 38698708)
    • (2003) Equine Veterinary Journal , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 465-471
    • Baverud, V.1    Gustafsson, A.2    Franklin, A.3    Aspan, A.4    Gunnarsson, A.5
  • 14
    • 0000617054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mature horses treated with antibiotics
    • BAVERUD, V., GUSTAFSSON, A., FRANKLIN, A., LINDHOLM, A., GUNNARSSON, A. (1997): Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mature horses treated with antibiotics. Equine Vet J 29, 279-284. (Pubitemid 127519409)
    • (1997) Equine Veterinary Journal , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 279-284
    • Baverud, V.1    Gustafsson, A.2    Franklin, A.3    Lindholm, A.4    Gunnarsson, A.5
  • 15
    • 48749126211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different ribotypes in community-acquired Clostridium difficile
    • BIGNARDI, G. E., SETTLE, C. (2008): Different ribotypes in community-acquired Clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect 70, 96-98.
    • (2008) J Hosp Infect , vol.70 , pp. 96-98
    • Bignardi, G.E.1    Settle, C.2
  • 16
    • 39349118238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile skin contamination in patients with C. difficile-associated disease
    • DOI 10.1086/525267
    • BOBULSKY, G. S., AL-NASSIR, W. N., RIGGS, M. M., SETHI, A. K., DONSKEY, C. J. (2008): Clostridium difficile skin contamination in patients with C. difficile-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis 46, 447-450. (Pubitemid 351263530)
    • (2008) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 447-450
    • Bobulsky, G.S.1    Al-Nassir, W.N.2    Riggs, M.M.3    Sethi, A.K.4    Donskey, C.J.5
  • 17
    • 0020693946 scopus 로고
    • Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection
    • BORRIELLO, S. P., HONOUR, P., TURNER, T., BARCLAY, F. (1983): Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection. J Clin Pathol 36, 84-87. (Pubitemid 13177657)
    • (1983) Journal of Clinical Pathology , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-87
    • Borriello, S.P.1    Honour, P.2    Turner, T.3    Barclay, F.4
  • 19
    • 55849129254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory-acquired Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027: A new risk for laboratory workers?
    • BOUZA, E., MARTIN, A., VAN DEN BERG, R. J., KUIJPER, E. J. (2008): Laboratory-acquired Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027: a new risk for laboratory workers? Clin Inf Dis 47, 1493-1494.
    • (2008) Clin Inf Dis , vol.47 , pp. 1493-1494
    • Bouza, E.1    Martin, A.2    Van Den Berg, R.J.3    Kuijper, E.J.4
  • 20
    • 84893385813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • War on the spore: Clostridium difficile disease among patients in a longterm acute care hospital
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1945-1474.2011.00182.x
    • BRAKOVICH, B., BONHAM, E., VANBRACKLE, L. (2012): War on the spore: Clostridium difficile disease among patients in a longterm acute care hospital. J Healthc Qual, doi: 10.1111/j.1945-1474.2011.00182.x.
    • (2012) J Healthc Qual
    • Brakovich, B.1    Bonham, E.2    Vanbrackle, L.3
  • 21
    • 33645346207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in dogs
    • CHOUICHA, N., MARKS, S. L. (2006): Evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in dogs. J Vet Diagnost Invest 18, 182-188.
    • (2006) J Vet Diagnost Invest , vol.18 , pp. 182-188
    • Chouicha, N.1    Marks, S.L.2
  • 22
    • 41949117132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit
    • CLOOTEN, J., KRUTH, S., ARROYO, L., WEESE, J. S. (2008): Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet Microbiol 129, 209-214.
    • (2008) Vet Microbiol , vol.129 , pp. 209-214
    • Clooten, J.1    Kruth, S.2    Arroyo, L.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 23
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America (2010): Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • COHEN, S. H., GERDING, D. N., JOHNSON, S., KELLY, C. P., LOO, V. G., MCDONALD, L. C., PEPIN, J., WILCOX, M. H., SOCIETY FOR HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AMERICA, INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY OF AMERICA (2010): Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Cont Hosp Ep 31, 431-455.
    • (2010) Infect Cont Hosp Ep , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Loo, V.G.5    McDonald, L.C.6    Pepin, J.7    Wilcox, M.H.8
  • 24
    • 70649095042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): Data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI)
    • CROBACH, M. J. T., DEKKERS, O. M., WILCOX, M. H., KUIJPER, E. J. (2009): European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): Data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI). Clin Microbiol Infect 15, 1053-1066.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , pp. 1053-1066
    • Crobach, M.J.T.1    Dekkers, O.M.2    Wilcox, M.H.3    Kuijper, E.J.4
  • 28
    • 58549107018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans
    • DEBAST, S. B., VAN LEENGOED, L. A., GOORHUIS, A., HARMANUS, C., KUIJPER, E. J., BERGWERFF, A. A. (2009): Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ Microbiol 11, 505-511.
    • (2009) Environ Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 505-511
    • Debast, S.B.1    Van Leengoed, L.A.2    Goorhuis, A.3    Harmanus, C.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Bergwerff, A.A.6
  • 30
    • 23844498714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among livestock exhibitors and visitors at a Texas Country Fair
    • DOI 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.193
    • DURSO, L. M., REYNOLDS, K., BAUER, N., JR, KEEN, J. E. (2005): Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among livestock exhibitors and visitors at a Texas County Fair. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5, 193-201. (Pubitemid 41149692)
    • (2005) Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-201
    • Durso, L.M.1    Reynolds, K.2    Bauer Jr., N.3    Keen, J.E.4
  • 31
    • 70349644969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods
    • EASTWOOD, K., ELSE, P., CHARLETT, A., WILCOX, M. (2009): Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods. J Clin Microbiol 47, 3211-3217.
    • (2009) J Clin Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 3211-3217
    • Eastwood, K.1    Else, P.2    Charlett, A.3    Wilcox, M.4
  • 34
    • 62249160651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile 30 years on: What has, or has not, changed and why?
    • GERDING, D. N. (2009): Clostridium difficile 30 years on: what has, or has not, changed and why? Int J Antimicrob Ag 33(Suppl 1), S2-8.
    • (2009) Int J Antimicrob Ag , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Gerding, D.N.1
  • 35
    • 39749111479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1086/521861
    • GERDING, D. N., MUTO, C. A., OWENS, R. C., JR (2008): Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Inf Dis 46(Suppl 1), S43-49. (Pubitemid 351323664)
    • (2008) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Muto, C.A.2    Owens Jr., R.C.3
  • 37
    • 77955821357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: A new foodborne pathogen?
    • GOULD, L. H., LIMBAGO, B. (2010): Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen? Clin Inf Dis 51, 577-582.
    • (2010) Clin Inf Dis , vol.51 , pp. 577-582
    • Gould, L.H.1    Limbago, B.2
  • 40
    • 65549132867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile Infection in a health care worker
    • HELL, M., INDRA, A., HUHULESCU, S., ALLERBERGER, F. (2009): Clostridium difficile Infection in a health care worker. Clin Inf Dis 48, 1329.
    • (2009) Clin Inf Dis , vol.48 , pp. 1329
    • Hell, M.1    Indra, A.2    Huhulescu, S.3    Allerberger, F.4
  • 41
    • 84862605837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in the community: A zoonotic disease?
    • HENSGENS, M. P., KEESSEN, E. C., SQUIRE, M. M., RILEY, T. V., KOENE, M. G., DE BOER, E., LIPMAN, L. J., KUIJPER, E. J.; on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD) (2012): Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? Clin Inf Dis 18, 635-645.
    • (2012) Clin Inf Dis , vol.18 , pp. 635-645
    • Hensgens, M.P.1    Keessen, E.C.2    Squire, M.M.3    Riley, T.V.4    Koene, M.G.5    De Boer, E.6    Lipman, L.J.7    Kuijper, E.J.8
  • 42
    • 77954060304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of healthy calves and pigs at slaughter and in minced meat in Switzerland
    • HOFFER, E., HAECHLER, H., FREI, R., STEPHAN, R. (2010): Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of healthy calves and pigs at slaughter and in minced meat in Switzerland. J Food Protect 73, 973-975.
    • (2010) J Food Protect , vol.73 , pp. 973-975
    • Hoffer, E.1    Haechler, H.2    Frei, R.3    Stephan, R.4
  • 48
    • 34250660545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.00224-07
    • KEEL, K., BRAZIER, J. S., POST, K. W., WEESE, S., SONGER, J. G. (2007): Prevalence of PCR Ribotypes among Clostridium difficile Isolates from Pigs, Calves, and Other Species. J Clin Microbiol 45, 1963-1964. (Pubitemid 46933933)
    • (2007) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.45 , Issue.6 , pp. 1963-1964
    • Keel, K.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Post, K.W.3    Weese, S.4    Songer, J.G.5
  • 49
    • 77749306405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in swine thought to have Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in eleven swine operations in the netherlands
    • KEESSEN, E. C., LEENGOED, L. A., BAKKER, D., VAN DEN BRINK, K. M., KUIJPER, E. J., LIPMAN, L. J. (2010): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in swine thought to have Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in eleven swine operations in the netherlands. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 135, 134-137.
    • (2010) Tijdschr Diergeneeskd , vol.135 , pp. 134-137
    • Keessen, E.C.1    Leengoed, L.A.2    Bakker, D.3    Van Den Brink, K.M.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Lipman, L.J.6
  • 50
    • 80755172272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile on a pig farm and its environment
    • KEESSEN, E. C., DONSWIJK, C. J., HOL, S. P., HERMANUS, C., KUIJPER, E. J., LIPMAN, L. J. (2011a): Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile on a pig farm and its environment. Environ Res 111, 1027-1032.
    • (2011) Environ Res , vol.111 , pp. 1027-1032
    • Keessen, E.C.1    Donswijk, C.J.2    Hol, S.P.3    Hermanus, C.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Lipman, L.J.6
  • 52
    • 80655144379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between farm specific factors and prevalence of Clostridium difficile in slaughter pigs
    • KEESSEN, E. C., VAN DEN BERKT, A. J., HAASJES, N. H., HERMANUS, C., KUIJPER, E. J., LIPMAN, L. J. (2011c): The relation between farm specific factors and prevalence of Clostridium difficile in slaughter pigs. Vet Microbiol 154, 130-134.
    • (2011) Vet Microbiol , vol.154 , pp. 130-134
    • Keessen, E.C.1    Van Den Berkt, A.J.2    Haasjes, N.H.3    Hermanus, C.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Lipman, L.J.6
  • 53
    • 0031958706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.375
    • KELLY, C. P., LAMONT, J. T. (1998): Clostridium difficile infection. Annual Review of Medicine 49, 375-390. (Pubitemid 28197461)
    • (1998) Annual Review of Medicine , vol.49 , pp. 375-390
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 54
    • 58249093008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006
    • KIM, J., SMATHERS, S. A., PRASAD, P., LECKERMAN, K. H., COFFIN, S., ZAOUTIS, T. (2008): Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006. Pediatrics 122, 1266-1270.
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.122 , pp. 1266-1270
    • Kim, J.1    Smathers, S.A.2    Prasad, P.3    Leckerman, K.H.4    Coffin, S.5    Zaoutis, T.6
  • 57
    • 33748563622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile, EU Member States, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2006): Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe
    • KUIJPER, E. J., COIGNARD, B., TULL, P., ESCMID STUDY GROUP FOR Clostridium difficile, EU MEMBER STATES, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL (2006): Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Inf Dis 12(Suppl 6), 2-18.
    • (2006) Clin Inf Dis , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 2-18
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Coignard, B.2    Tull, P.3
  • 58
    • 54349087993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of Clostridium difficile infections outside health care facilities
    • KUIJPER, E. J., VAN DISSEL, J. T. (2008): Spectrum of Clostridium difficile infections outside health care facilities. CMAJ: Can Med Assoc J 179, 747-748.
    • (2008) CMAJ: Can Med Assoc J , vol.179 , pp. 747-748
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Van Dissel, J.T.2
  • 59
    • 79957940848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological model for Clostridium difficile transmission in healthcare settings
    • LANZAS, C., DUBBERKE, E. R., LU, Z., RESKE, K. A., GROHN, Y. T. (2011): Epidemiological model for Clostridium difficile transmission in healthcare settings. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 32, 553-561.
    • (2011) Infect Cont Hosp Ep , vol.32 , pp. 553-561
    • Lanzas, C.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Lu, Z.3    Reske, K.A.4    Grohn, Y.T.5
  • 61
    • 67651230886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions
    • LEFEBVRE, S. L., REID-SMITH, R. J., WALTNER-TOEWS, D., WEESE, J. S. (2009): Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234, 1404-1417.
    • (2009) J Am Vet Med Assoc , vol.234 , pp. 1404-1417
    • Lefebvre, S.L.1    Reid-Smith, R.J.2    Waltner-Toews, D.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 65
    • 0029336929 scopus 로고
    • Apparent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital
    • MADEWELL, B. R., TANG, Y. J., JANG, S., MADIGAN, J. E., HIRSH, D. C., GUMERLOCK, P. H., SILVA, J., JR (1995): Apparent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J Vet Diagnost Invest 7, 343-346.
    • (1995) J Vet Diagnost Invest , vol.7 , pp. 343-346
    • Madewell, B.R.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Jang, S.3    Madigan, J.E.4    Hirsh, D.C.5    Gumerlock, P.H.6    Silva Jr., J.7
  • 66
    • 33644795034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type
    • DOI 10.2460/javma.228.5.751
    • MAGDESIAN, K. G., DUJOWICH, M., MADIGAN, J. E., HANSEN, L. M., HIRSH, D. C., JANG, S. S. (2006): Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228, 751-755. (Pubitemid 43352519)
    • (2006) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , vol.228 , Issue.5 , pp. 751-755
    • Magdesian, K.G.1    Dujowich, M.2    Madigan, J.E.3    Hansen, L.M.4    Hirsh, D.C.5    Jang, S.S.6
  • 67
    • 0012918580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs
    • MARKS, S. L., KATHER, E. J., KASS, P. H., MELLI, A. C. (2002): Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 16, 533-540. (Pubitemid 135747431)
    • (2002) Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 533-540
    • Marks, S.L.1    Kather, E.J.2    Kass, P.H.3    Melli, A.C.4
  • 68
    • 80051917133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis for investigation of the genetic association of Clostridium difficile isolates from food, food animals and humans
    • MARSH, J. W., TULENKO, M. M., SHUTT, K. A., THOMPSON, A. D., WEESE, J. S., SONGER, J. G., LIMBAGO, B. M., HARRISON, L. H. (2011): Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis for investigation of the genetic association of Clostridium difficile isolates from food, food animals and humans. Anaerobe 17, 156-160.
    • (2011) Anaerobe , vol.17 , pp. 156-160
    • Marsh, J.W.1    Tulenko, M.M.2    Shutt, K.A.3    Thompson, A.D.4    Weese, J.S.5    Songer, J.G.6    Limbago, B.M.7    Harrison, L.H.8
  • 72
    • 78650574888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteriophage treatment significantly reduces viable Clostridium difficile and prevents toxin production in an in vitro model system
    • MEADER, E., MAYER, M. J., GASSON, M. J., STEVERDING, D., CARDING, S. R., NARBAD, A. (2010): Bacteriophage treatment significantly reduces viable Clostridium difficile and prevents toxin production in an In vitro model system. Anaerobe 16, 549-554.
    • (2010) Anaerobe , vol.16 , pp. 549-554
    • Meader, E.1    Mayer, M.J.2    Gasson, M.J.3    Steverding, D.4    Carding, S.R.5    Narbad, A.6
  • 73
    • 0347950950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of Fatal Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease during Continuous Administration of Clindamycin in Hamsters
    • MERRIGAN, M. M., SAMBOL, S. P., JOHNSON, S., GERDING, D. N. (2003): Prevention of fatal Clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters. J Inf Dis 188, 1922-1927. (Pubitemid 38064879)
    • (2003) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.188 , Issue.12 , pp. 1922-1927
    • Merrigan, M.M.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 75
    • 77956579593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retail pork
    • METCALF, D., REID-SMITH, R. J., AVERY, B. P., WEESE, J. S. (2010): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retail pork. Can Vet J 1, 873-876.
    • (2010) Can Vet J , vol.1 , pp. 873-876
    • Metcalf, D.1    Reid-Smith, R.J.2    Avery, B.P.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 76
    • 70949099096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Varied prevalence of Clostridium difficile in an integrated swine operation
    • NORMAN, K. N., HARVEY, R. B., SCOTT, H. M., HUME, M. E., ANDREWS, K., BRAWLEY, A. D. (2009): Varied prevalence of Clostridium difficile in an integrated swine operation. Anaerobe 15, 256-260.
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , pp. 256-260
    • Norman, K.N.1    Harvey, R.B.2    Scott, H.M.3    Hume, M.E.4    Andrews, K.5    Brawley, A.D.6
  • 77
    • 79958739691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens
    • OTTER, J. A., YEZLI, S., FRENCH, G. L. (2011): The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 32, 687-699.
    • (2011) Infect Cont Hosp Ep , vol.32 , pp. 687-699
    • Otter, J.A.1    Yezli, S.2    French, G.L.3
  • 78
    • 70350018031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile
    • OUGHTON, M. T., LOO, V. G., DENDUKURI, N., FENN, S., LIBMAN, M. D. (2009): Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 30, 939-944.
    • (2009) Infect Cont Hosp Ep , vol.30 , pp. 939-944
    • Oughton, M.T.1    Loo, V.G.2    Dendukuri, N.3    Fenn, S.4    Libman, M.D.5
  • 81
  • 83
    • 0032844901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced ileocecitis with bacteriophage
    • DOI 10.1006/anae.1999.0192
    • RAMESH, V., FRALICK, J. A., ROLFE, R. D. (1999): Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced ileocecitis with bacteriophage. Anaerobe 5(2), 69-78. (Pubitemid 29431598)
    • (1999) Anaerobe , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 69-78
    • Ramesh, V.1    Fralick, J.A.2    Rolfe, R.D.3
  • 84
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents
    • DOI 10.1086/521854
    • RIGGS, M. M., SETHI, A. K., ZABARSKY, T. F., ECKSTEIN, E. C., JUMP, R. L., DONSKEY, C. J. (2007): Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Inf Dis 45, 992-998. (Pubitemid 47580347)
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.45 , Issue.8 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Zabarsky, T.F.3    Eckstein, E.C.4    Jump, R.L.P.5    Donskey, C.J.6
  • 85
    • 0026347074 scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics
    • RILEY, T. V., ADAMS, J. E., O'NEILL, G. L., BOWMAN, R. A. (1991): Gastrointestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics. Epidemiol Infect 107, 659-665.
    • (1991) Epidemiol Infect , vol.107 , pp. 659-665
    • Riley, T.V.1    Adams, J.E.2    O'Neill, G.L.3    Bowman, R.A.4
  • 86
    • 77955245344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile survives minimal temperature recommended for cooking ground meats
    • RODRIGUEZ-PALACIOS, A., REID-SMITH, R. J., STAEMPFLI, H. R., WEESE, J. S. (2010): Clostridium difficile survives minimal temperature recommended for cooking ground meats. Anaerobe 16, 540-542.
    • (2010) Anaerobe , vol.16 , pp. 540-542
    • Rodriguez-Palacios, A.1    Reid-Smith, R.J.2    Staempfli, H.R.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 90
    • 58849144336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea with special interest in Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
    • ROHDE, C. L., BARTOLINI, V., JONES, N. (2009): The use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea with special interest in Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Nutr Clin Pract 24, 33-40.
    • (2009) Nutr Clin Pract , vol.24 , pp. 33-40
    • Rohde, C.L.1    Bartolini, V.2    Jones, N.3
  • 92
    • 63749097441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection
    • RUBY, R., MAGDESIAN, K. G., KASS, P. H. (2009): Comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234, 777-784.
    • (2009) J Am Vet Med Assoc , vol.234 , pp. 777-784
    • Ruby, R.1    Magdesian, K.G.2    Kass, P.H.3
  • 93
    • 34147093284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01687.x
    • RUPNIK, M. (2007): Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 13, 457-459. (Pubitemid 46563496)
    • (2007) Clinical Microbiology and Infection , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 457-459
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 94
    • 77955820324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: (re) emergence of zoonotic potential
    • RUPNIK, M. (2010): Clostridium difficile: (re) emergence of zoonotic potential. Clin Inf Dis 51, 583-584.
    • (2010) Clin Inf Dis , vol.51 , pp. 583-584
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 95
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • RUPNIK, M., WILCOX, M. H., GERDING, D. N. (2009): Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7, 526-536.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 96
    • 0031156868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant hospital bacteria to disinfectants
    • RUTALA, W. A., STIEGEL, M. M., SARUBBI, F. A., WEBER, D. J. (1997): Susceptibility of antibiotic-susceptible and antibioticresistant hospital bacteria to disinfectants. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 18, 417-421. (Pubitemid 127470991)
    • (1997) Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 417-421
    • Rutala, W.A.1    Stiegel, M.M.2    Sarubbi, F.A.3    Weber, D.J.4
  • 97
    • 0037115014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonization for the prevention of Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters
    • DOI 10.1086/345676
    • SAMBOL, S. P., MERRIGAN, M. M., TANG, J. K., JOHNSON, S., GERDING, D. N. (2002): Colonization for the prevention of Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. J Inf Dis 186, 1781-1789. (Pubitemid 35463511)
    • (2002) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.186 , Issue.12 , pp. 1781-1789
    • Sambol, S.P.1    Merrigan, M.M.2    Tang, J.K.3    Johnson, S.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 98
    • 72449194859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of Clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. difficile infection
    • SETHI, A. K., AL-NASSIR, W. N., NERANDZIC, M. M., BOBULSKY, G. S., DONSKEY, C. J. (2010): Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of Clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. difficile infection. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 31, 21-27.
    • (2010) Infect Cont Hosp Ep , vol.31 , pp. 21-27
    • Sethi, A.K.1    Al-Nassir, W.N.2    Nerandzic, M.M.3    Bobulsky, G.S.4    Donskey, C.J.5
  • 99
    • 33749248315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe
    • DOI 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.01.009, PII S0035920306000976
    • SIMANGO, C. (2006): Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 1146-1150. (Pubitemid 44478721)
    • (2006) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.100 , Issue.12 , pp. 1146-1150
    • Simango, C.1
  • 100
    • 43849106225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility
    • SIMANGO, C., MWAKURUDZA, S. (2008): Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Int J Food Microbiol 124, 268-270.
    • (2008) Int J Food Microbiol , vol.124 , pp. 268-270
    • Simango, C.1    Mwakurudza, S.2
  • 102
    • 73949097294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridia as agents of zoonotic disease
    • SONGER, J. G. (2010): Clostridia as agents of zoonotic disease. Vet Microbiol 140, 399-404.
    • (2010) Vet Microbiol , vol.140 , pp. 399-404
    • Songer, J.G.1
  • 103
    • 28844494379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: An important pathogen of food animals
    • DOI 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.09.001, PII S1075996405001277
    • SONGER, J. G., ANDERSON, M. A. (2006): Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. Anaerobe 12, 1-4. (Pubitemid 41774737)
    • (2006) Anaerobe , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-4
    • Songer, J.G.1    Anderson, M.A.2
  • 104
    • 34547950896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of porcine Clostridium difficile-associated disease by competitive exclusion with nontoxigenic organisms
    • DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.019, PII S0378113507001861
    • SONGER, J. G., JONES, R., ANDERSON, M. A., BARBARA, A. J., POST, K. W., TRINH, H. T. (2007): Prevention of porcine Clostridium difficile-associated disease by competitive exclusion with nontoxigenic organisms. Vet Microbiol 124, 358-361. (Pubitemid 47268670)
    • (2007) Veterinary Microbiology , vol.124 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 358-361
    • Songer, J.G.1    Jones, R.2    Anderson, M.A.3    Barbara, A.J.4    Post, K.W.5    Trinh, H.T.6
  • 106
    • 0028471103 scopus 로고
    • Fecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in dogs: A period prevalence survey in a veterinary medical teaching hospital
    • STRUBLE, A. L., TANG, Y. J., KASS, P. H., GUMERLOCK, P. H., MADEWELL, B. R., SILVA, J., JR (1994): Fecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in dogs: a period prevalence survey in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J Vet Diagnost Invest 6, 342-347.
    • (1994) J Vet Diagnost Invest , vol.6 , pp. 342-347
    • Struble, A.L.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Kass, P.H.3    Gumerlock, P.H.4    Madewell, B.R.5    Silva Jr., J.6
  • 107
    • 20644443513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2004.028480
    • TONNA, I., WELSBY, P. D. (2005): Pathogenesis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Postgrad Med J 81, 367-369. (Pubitemid 40834901)
    • (2005) Postgraduate Medical Journal , vol.81 , Issue.956 , pp. 367-369
    • Tonna, I.1    Welsby, P.D.2
  • 108
  • 111
    • 0024747792 scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of dogs and cats
    • WEBER, A., KROTH, P., HEIL, G. (1989): The occurrence of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples of dogs and cats. J Vet Med B 36, 568-576.
    • (1989) J Vet Med B , vol.36 , pp. 568-576
    • Weber, A.1    Kroth, P.2    Heil, G.3
  • 112
    • 79952387238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the environment in transmission of Clostridium difficile infection in healthcare facilities
    • WEBER, D. J., RUTALA, W. A. (2011): The role of the environment in transmission of Clostridium difficile infection in healthcare facilities. Infect Cont Hosp Ep 32, 207-209.
    • (2011) Infect Cont Hosp Ep , vol.32 , pp. 207-209
    • Weber, D.J.1    Rutala, W.A.2
  • 113
    • 71849085180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food-innocent bystander or serious threat?
    • WEESE, J. S. (2010): Clostridium difficile in food-innocent bystander or serious threat? Clin Microbiol Infect 16, 3-10.
    • (2010) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.16 , pp. 3-10
    • Weese, J.S.1
  • 114
    • 0347625736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease in a Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital
    • DOI 10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0813:OODDIA>2.3.CO;2
    • WEESE, J. S., ARMSTRONG, J. (2003): Outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital. J Vet Intern Med 17, 813-816. (Pubitemid 38002205)
    • (2003) Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 813-816
    • Weese, J.S.1    Armstrong, J.2
  • 115
    • 67651244516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile in retail beef and pork
    • WEESE, J. S., AVERY, B. P., ROUSSEAU, J., REID-SMITH, R. J. (2009): Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile in retail beef and pork. Appl Env Microbiol 75, 5009-5011.
    • (2009) Appl Env Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 5009-5011
    • Weese, J.S.1    Avery, B.P.2    Rousseau, J.3    Reid-Smith, R.J.4
  • 116
    • 77954942781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of Clostridium difficile in dogs and the household environment
    • WEESE, J. S., FINLEY, R., REID-SMITH, R. R., JANECKO, N., ROUSSEAU, J. (2010): Evaluation of Clostridium difficile in dogs and the household environment. Epidemiol Infect 138, 1100-1104.
    • (2010) Epidemiol Infect , vol.138 , pp. 1100-1104
    • Weese, J.S.1    Finley, R.2    Reid-Smith, R.R.3    Janecko, N.4    Rousseau, J.5
  • 117
    • 77949409255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and characterization of Clostridium difficile in retail chicken
    • WEESE, J. S., REID-SMITH, R. J., AVERY, B. P., ROUSSEAU, J. (2010): Detection and characterization of Clostridium difficile in retail chicken. Lett Appl Microbiol 50, 362-365.
    • (2010) Lett Appl Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 362-365
    • Weese, J.S.1    Reid-Smith, R.J.2    Avery, B.P.3    Rousseau, J.4
  • 118
    • 0035403329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea
    • WEESE, J. S., STAEMPFLI, H. R., PRESCOTT, J. F. (2001): A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. Equine Vet J 33, 403-409. (Pubitemid 33644661)
    • (2001) Equine Veterinary Journal , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 403-409
    • Weese, J.S.1    Staempfli, H.R.2    Prescott, J.F.3
  • 121
    • 0000214622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: Rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance
    • WHEELER, J. G., SETHI, D., COWDEN, J. M., WALL, P. G., RODRIGUES, L. C., TOMPKINS, D. S., HUDSON, M. J., RODERICK, P. J. (1999): Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. The Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive. BMJ 318, 1046-1050. (Pubitemid 29191897)
    • (1999) British Medical Journal , vol.318 , Issue.7190 , pp. 1046-1050
    • Wheeler, J.G.1    Sethi, D.2    Cowden, J.M.3    Wall, P.G.4    Rodrigues, L.C.5    Tompkins, D.S.6    Hudson, M.J.7    Roderick, P.J.8
  • 122
    • 0034649081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile
    • WILCOX, M. H., FAWLEY, W. N. (2000): Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile. Lancet 356, 1324.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1324
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2
  • 124
    • 0019994934 scopus 로고
    • Fluorescent-antibody test for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens
    • WILSON, K. H., SILVA, J., FEKETY, F. R. (1982): Fluorescent-antibody test for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 16, 464-468. (Pubitemid 12050036)
    • (1982) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 464-468
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Silva, J.2    Fekety, F.R.3
  • 125
    • 60149085427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens
    • ZIDARIC, V., ZEMLJIC, M., JANEZIC, S., KOCUVAN, A., RUPNIK, M. (2008): High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens. Anaerobe 14, 325-327.
    • (2008) Anaerobe , vol.14 , pp. 325-327
    • Zidaric, V.1    Zemljic, M.2    Janezic, S.3    Kocuvan, A.4    Rupnik, M.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.