Mantle fluids in the Karakoram fault: Helium isotope evidence

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 366, Issue , 2013, Pages 59-70

  Klemperer, Simon L ^a   Kennedy, B Mack ^b   Sastry, Siva R ^c   Makovsky, Yizhaq ^d   Harinarayana, T ^c,f   Leech, Mary L ^e  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^e SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Innovation and Incubation Centre   (India)

Author keywords

Geothermal activity; Helium isotopes; Himalaya; India Asia collision; Karakoram fault; Tibet

Indexed keywords

GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY; HELIUM ISOTOPES; HIMALAYAS; INDIA-ASIA COLLISION; KARAKORAM FAULT; TIBET;

HELIUM; ISOTOPES; TECTONICS;

METAMORPHIC ROCKS;

CONTINENTAL CRUST; DEFORMATION; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; HELIUM ISOTOPE; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; SUTURE ZONE; UPPER CRUST;

CHINA; HIMALAYAS; KARAKORAM FAULT ZONE; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

EID: 84875130595     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.013     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Andrews J.N. The isotopic composition of radiogenic helium and its use to study groundwater movements in confined aquifers. Chem. Geol. 1985, 49:339-351.
2. Arora B.R., Unsworth M.J., Rawat G. Deep resistivity structure of the northwest Indian Himalaya and its tectonic implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L04307. 10.1029/2006GL029165.
3. Ballentine C.J., Burgess R., Marty B. Tracing fluid origin, transport and interaction in the crust. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:539-614. 10.2138/rmg.2002.47.13.
4. Barron J., Priestley K. Observations of frequency-dependent Sn propagation in Northern Tibet. Geophys. J. Int. 2009, 179:475-488. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04318.x.
5. Beaumont C., Nguyen M., Jamieson R., Ellis S. Crustal flow modes in large hot orogens. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 2006, 268:91-145. 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.05.
6. Caldwell W.B., Klemperer S.L., Rai S.S., Lawrence J.F. Partial melt in the upper-middle crust of the northwest Himalaya revealed by Rayleigh wave dispersion. Tectonophysics 2009, 477:58-65. 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.013.
7. Caldwell, W.B., Klemperer, S.L., Lawrence, J.F., Rai, S.S., Ashish., 2013. Characterizing the Main Himalayan Thrust in the Garhwal Himalaya, India with receiver function CCP stacking. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., http://10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.009.
8. Chen W.-P., Yang Z. Earthquakes beneath the Himalayas and Tibet: evidence for strong lithospheric mantle. Science 2004, 304:1949-1952. 10.1126/science.1097324.
9. Cuney M., Le Fort P., Wang Z. Uranium and thorium geochemistry and mineralogy in the Manaslu leucogranite (Nepal, Himalaya). Geology of Granites and their Metallogenetic Relations 1984, 853-873. Science Press, Beijing. K. Xu, G. Tu (Eds.).
10. Chowdhury A.N., Handa B.K., Das A.K. High lithium, rubidium and cesium contents of thermal spring water, spring sediments, and borax deposits in Puga valley, Kashmir, India. Geochem. J. 1974, 8:61-65.
11. 13C along the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Appl. Geochem. 2010, 25:524-539. 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.01.010.
12. 2 from active faults: observations from the Marmara region of the North Anatolian Fault zone, Turkey. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2009, 10:Q11009. 10.1029/2009GC002745.
13. England P., Molnar P. Active deformation of Asia: from kinematics to dynamics. Science 1997, 278:647-650. 10.1126/science.278.5338.647.
14. Gilbert H. Crustal structure and signatures of recent tectonism as influenced by ancient terranes in the western United States. Geosphere 2012, 8:141-157. 10.1130/GES00720.1.
15. Güleç N., Hilton D.R., Mutlu H. Helium isotope variations in Turkey: relationship to tectonics, volcanism and recent seismic activities. Chem. Geol. 2002, 187:129-142. 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00015-3.
16. Hammond W.C., Thatcher W. Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:B08403. 10.1029/2003JB002746.
17. Harinarayana T., Abdul Azeez K., Murthy D., Veeraswamy K., Eknath Rao S., Manoj C., Naganjaneyulu K. Exploration of geothermal structure in Puga geothermal field, Ladakh Himalayas, India by magnetotelluric studies. J. Appl. Geophys. 2006, 58:280-295. 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.05.005.
18. Hetényi G., Vergne J., Bollinger L., Cattin R. Discontinuous low-velocity zones in southern Tibet question the viability of the channel flow model. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 2011, 353:99-108.
19. Hilton D.R. The leaking mantle. Science 2007, 318:1389-1390. 10.1126/science.1151983.
20. Hilton D., Thirlwall M.F., Taylor R.N., Murton B.J., Nichols A. Controls on magmatic degassing along the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for the helium paradox. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 183:43-50.
21. Hoke L., Lamb S., Hilton D.R., Poreda R.J. Southern limit of mantle-derived geothermal helium emissions in Tibet: implications for lithospheric structure. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 180:297-308. 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00174-6.
22. Hou Z.Q., Li Z.Q. Possible location for underthrusting front of the Indus continent: constrains from helium isotope of the geothermal gas in southern Tibet and eastern Tibet. Acta Geol. Sin. 2004, 78(4):482-493. (in Chinese with English abstract).
23. Ilkşk O.M. Regional heat flow in western Anatolia using silica temperature estimates from thermal springs. Tectonophysics 1995, 244:175-184.
24. Jade S., Bhatt B.C., Yang Z., Bendick R., Gaur V.K., Molnar P., Anand M.B., Kumar D. GPS measurements from the Ladakh Himalaya, India: preliminary tests of plate-like or continuous deformation in Tibet. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2004, 116:1385-1391. 10.1130/B25357.1.
25. Jamieson R., Beaumont C., Nguyen M., Grujic D. Provenance of the Greater Himalayan Sequence and associated rocks: predictions of channel flow models. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 2006, 268:165-182. 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.07.
26. Jaupart C., Francheteau J., Shen X.J. On the thermal structure of the southern Tibetan crust. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1985, 81:131-155. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb01355.x.
27. Kapp P., Murphy M.A., Yin A., Harrison T.M., Ding L., Guo J. Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Shiquanhe area of western Tibet. Tectonics 2003, 22:1029. 10.1029/2001TC001332.
28. Kennedy B.M., van Soest M.C. A helium isotope perspective on the Dixie Valley, Nevada, hydrothermal system. Geothermics 2006, 35:26-43. 10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.004.
29. Kennedy B.M., van Soest M.C. Flow of mantle fluids through the ductile lower crust: Helium isotope trends. Science 2007, 318:1433-1436. 10.1126/science.1147537.
30. Kennedy B.M., Kharaka Y.K., Evans W.C., Ellwood A., DePaolo D.J., Thordsen J., Ambats G., Mariner R.H. Mantle fluids in the San Andreas fault system, California. Science 1997, 278:1278-1281. 10.1126/science.278.5341.1278.
31. Kind R., Yuan X., Saul J., Nelson D., Sobolev S.V., Mechie J., Zhao W., Kosarev G., Ni J., Achauer U., Jiang M. Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet: evidence for Eurasian plate subduction. Science 2002, 298:1219-1221. 10.1126/science.1078115.
32. Klemperer S.L. Crustal flow in Tibet: geophysical evidence for the physical state of Tibetan lithosphere, and inferred patterns of active flow. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 2006, 268:39-70. 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.03.
33. Klemperer S.L. Reconciling lithospheric deformation and lower crustal flow beneath central Tibet. Comment. Geology 2008, 10.1130/G25097C.1.
34. Kosarev G., Kind R., Sobolev S.V., Yuan X., Hanka W., Oreshin S. Seismic evidence for a detached Indian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet. Science 1999, 283:1306-1309. 10.1126/science.283.5406.1306.
35. Kulongoski J.T., Hilton D.R., Barry P.H., Esser B.K., Hillegonds D., Belitz K. Volatile fluxes through the Big Bend section of the San Andreas Fault, California: Helium and carbon-dioxide systematics. Chem. Geol. 2013, 339:92-102. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.007.
36. Leech M.L. Does the Karakoram fault interrupt mid-crustal channel flow in the western Himalaya?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 276:314-322. 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.006.
37. Leech M.L., Singh S., Jain A., Klemperer S.L., Manickavasagam R. The onset of India-Asia continental collision: early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 234:83-97. 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.038.
38. Li C., van der Hilst R.D., Meltzer A.S., Engdahl E.R. Subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 274:157-168. 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.016.
39. Li S., Unsworth M.J., Booker J.R., Wei W., Tan H., Jones A.G. Partial melt or aqueous fluid in the midcrust of Southern Tibet? Constraints from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data. Geophys. J. Int. 2003, 153:289-304. 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01850.x.
40. Liang C., Song X. A low velocity belt beneath northern and eastern Tibetan Plateau from Pn tomography. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L22306. 10.1029/2006GL027926.
41. Liang X., Sandvol E., Chen Y.J., Hearn T., Ni J., Klemperer S., Shen Y., Tilmann F. A complex Tibetan upper mantle: a fragmented Indian slab and no south-verging subduction of Eurasian lithosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 333-334:101-111. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.036.
42. Makovsky Y., Klemperer S.L. Measuring the seismic properties of Tibetan bright spots: evidence for free aqueous fluids in the Tibetan middle crust. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:10795-10825. 10.1029/1998JB900074.
43. Makovsky Y., Klemperer S., Ratschbacher L., Alsdorf D. Midcrustal reflector on INDEPTH wide-angle profiles: an ophiolitic slab beneath the India-Asia suture in southern Tibet?. Tectonics 1999, 18:793-808. 10.1029/1999TC900022.
44. Murphy M.A., Yin A., Kapp P., Harrison T.M., Ling D., Jinghui G. Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: timing and magnitude of slip. Geology 2000, 28:451-454. 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<451:SPOTKF>2.0.CO;2.
45. Murphy M.A., Burgess W.P. Geometry, kinematics, and landscape characteristics of an active transtension zone, Karakoram fault, Southwest Tibet. J. Struct. Geol. 2006, 28:268-283. 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.10.009.
46. Mutlu A.K., Karabulut H. Anisotropic Pn tomography of Turkey and adjacent regions. Geophys. J. Int. 2011, 187:1743-1758. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05235.x.
47. Nábělek J., Hetenyi G., Vergne J., Sapkota S., Kafle B., Jiang M., Su H., Chen J., Huang B., Hi-CLIMB Team Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment. Science 2009, 325:1371-1374. 10.1126/science.1167719.
48. Newell D.L., Crossey L.J., Karlstrom K.E., Fischer T.P., Hilton D.R. Continental-scale links between the mantle and groundwater systems of the western United States: evidence from travertine springs and regional He isotope data. GSA Today 2005, 15:4-10. 10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015<4:CSLBTM>2.0.CO;2.
49. 2. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2008, 9:Q08014. 10.1029/2008GC002021.
50. Phillips R.J., Parrish R.R., Searle M.P. Age constraints on ductile deformation and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 226:305-319. 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.037.
51. Pili E., Ricard Y., Lardeaux J.M., Sheppard S.M.F. Lithospheric shear zones and mantle-crust connections. Tectonophysics 1997, 280:15-29.
52. 86Sr. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2013, 249:1-11. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.09.006.
53. Poreda R.J., Farley K.A. Rare gases in Samoan xenoliths. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 113:129-144. 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90215-H.
54. Priestley K., Jackson J., McKenzie D. Lithospheric structure and deep earthquakes beneath India, the Himalaya and southern Tibet. Geophys. J. Int. 2008, 172:345-362. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03636.x.
55. Rai S.S., Priestley K., Gaur V.K., Mitra S., Singh M.P., Searle M. Configuration of the Indian Moho beneath the NW Himalaya and Ladakh. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L15308. 10.1029/2006GL026076.
56. Replumaz A., Tapponnier P. Reconstruction of the deformed collision zone between India and Asia by backward motion of lithospheric blocks. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108:2285. 10.1029/2001JB000661.
57. Robinson A.C. Evidence against Quaternary slip on the northern Karakorum Fault suggests kinematic reorganization at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 286:158-170. 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.025.
58. Rolland Y., Mahéo G., Pĉcher A., Villa I. Syn-kinematic emplacement of the Pangong metamorphic and magmatic complex along the Karakorum fault (N Ladakh). J. Asian Earth Sci. 2009, 34:10-25. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.03.009.
59. Rudnick R.L., Gao S. The composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, The Crust 2005, vol. 3:1-64. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford.
60. Sass J.H., Williams C.F., Lachenbruch A.H., Galanis S.P., Grubb F.V. Thermal regime of the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:27575-27585. 10.1029/JB102iB12p27575.
61. Schulte-Pelkum V., Monsalve G., Sheehan A., Pandey M.R., Sapkota S., Bilham R., Wu F. Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya. Nature 2005, 435:1222-1225. 10.1038/nature03678.
62. Sharma K.K., Choubey V.M. Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the southern margin of the Ladakh Batholith between Upshi and Chumathang. Geology of the Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh 1983, 41-60. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India. V.C. Thakur, K.K. Sharma (Eds.).
63. Styron R.H., Taylor M.H., Murphy M.A. Oblique convergence, arc-parallel extension, and the role of strike-slip faulting in the High Himalaya. Geosphere 2011, 7:582-596. 10.1130/GES00606.1.
64. Tapponnier P., Xu Z., Roger F., Meyer B., Arnaud N., Wittlinger G., Yang J. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science 2001, 294:1671-1677. 10.1126/science.105978.
65. Thatcher W. Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:1-13. 10.1029/2005JB004244.
66. Valli F., Leloup P.H., Paquette J.-L., Arnaud N., Li H., Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Guillot S., Liu D., Deloule E., Xu Z., Mahéo G. New U-Th/Pb constraints on timing of shearing and long-term slip-rate on the Karakorum fault. Tectonics 2008, 27:TC5007. 10.1029/2007TC002184.
67. Walia V., Quattrocchi F., Virk H.S., Yang T.F., Pizzino L., Bajwa B.S. Radon, helium and uranium survey in some thermal springs located in NW Himalayas, India: mobilization by tectonic features or by geochemical barriers?. J. Environ. Monit. 2005, 7:850-855. 10.1039/B419135H.
68. Wang H., Wright T.J. Satellite geodetic imaging reveals internal deformation of western Tibet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39:L07303. 10.1029/2012GL051222.
69. Wittlinger G., Vergne J., Tapponnier P., Farra V., Poupinet G., Jiang M., Su H., Herquel G., Paul A. Teleseismic imaging of subducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath western Tibet. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 221:117-130. 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00723-4.
70. Yokoyama T., Nakai S., Wakita H. Helium and carbon isotopic compositions of hot spring gases in the Tibetan Plateau. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1999, 88:99-107. 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00108-5.
71. Zhang P.Z., Shen Z., Wang M., Gan W., Burgmann R., Molnar P., Wang Q., Niu Z., Sun J., Wu J., Sun H., You X. Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data. Geology 2004, 32:809-812,. 10.1130/G20554.1.
72. Zhao J., Yuan X., Liu H., Kumar P., Pei S., Kind R., Zhang Z., Teng J., Ding L., Gao X., Xu Q., Wang W. The boundary between the Indian and Asian tectonic plates below Tibet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107:11229-11233. 10.1073/pnas.1001921107.
73. Zhao P., Kennedy M., Duo J., Xie E., Du S., Shuster D., Jin J. Noble gases constraints on the origin and evolution of geothermal fluids from the Yangbajing geothermal field, Tibet. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2001, 18:539-550. (in Chinese with English abstract).
74. Zhao P., Xie E., Dor J., Jin J., Hu X., Du S., Yao Z. Geochemical characteristics of geothermal gases and their geological implications in Tibet. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2002, 19(3):569-576. (in Chinese with English abstract).
75. Zhao W., Nelson K.D., Project INDEPTH Team Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet. Nature 1993, 366:557-559. 10.1038/366557a0.
76. Zhao W., Kumar P., Mechie J., Kind R., Meissner R., Wu Z., Shi D., Su H., Xue G., Karplus M., Tilmann F. Tibetan plate overriding the Asian plate in central and northern Tibet. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4:1-4. 10.1038/NGEO1309.