Oblique convergence, arc-parallel extension, and the role of strike-slip faulting in the High Himalaya

Geosphere

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 582-596

  Styron, Richard H ^a   Taylor, Michael H ^a   Murphy, Michael A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b University of Houston   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; GEODESY; GPS; NORMAL FAULT; PLATE CONVERGENCE; SPREADING CENTER; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT;

CHINA; HIMALAYAS; XIZANG;

EID: 80054730852     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00606.1     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Allmendinger, R.W., Reilinger, R., and Loveless, J., 2007, Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Ana tolia, and the Altiplano: Tectonics, v. 26, TC3013, doi: 10.1029/2006TC002030.
2. Altamimi, Z., Sillard, P., and Boucher, C., 2002, ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, 2214, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000561.
3. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., Mercier, J., and Tong-Lin, H., 1986, Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 13,803-13,872, doi: 10.1029/JB091iB14p13803.
4. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., and Han, T., 1989, Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 2787-2838, doi: 10.1029/JB094iB03p02787.
5. Avé Lallemant, H.G., and Oldow, J.S., 2000, Active displacement partitioning and arc-parallel extension of the Aleutian volcanic arc based on global positioning system geodesy and kinematic analysis: Geology, v. 28, p. 739-742, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28 <739:ADPAAE>2.0.CO;2.
6. Baltz, T., and Murphy, M.A., 2009, Structural evolution of the Thakkhola graben and implications on the architecture of the central Himalaya: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 90, no. 58, fall meeting supplement, abs. T43C-2110.
7. Banerjee, P., and Bürgmann, R., 2002, Convergence across the northwest Himalaya from GPS measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, 1652, 4 p., doi: 10.1029/2002GL015184.
8. Banerjee, P., Bürgmann, R., Nagarajan, B., and Apel, E., 2008, Intraplate deformation of the Indian sub continent: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, L18301, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035468.
9. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A., Nguyen, M.H., and Medvedev, S., 2004, Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the H imalayan-Tibetan orogen: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, B06406, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002809.
10. Bendick, R., and Bilham, R., 2001, How perfect is the Himalayan arc?: Geology, v. 29, p. 791-794, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0791:HPITHA>2.0.CO;2.
11. Bendick, R., Bilham, R., Khan, M.A., and Khan, S.F., 2007, Slip on an active wedge thrust from geodetic observations of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake: Geology, v. 35, p. 267-270, doi: 10.1130/G23158A.1.
12. Bettinelli, P., Avouac, J.-P., Flouzat, M., Jouanne, F., Bollinger, L., Willis, P., and Chitrakar, G., 2006, Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS Measurements: Journal of Geodesy, v. 80, p. 567-589, doi: 10.1007/s00190-006-0030-3.
13. Bird, P., 1991, Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 10,275-10,286, doi: 10.1029/91JB00370.
14. Bordet, P., Colchen, M., Krummenacher, D., Le Fort, P., Mouterde, R., and Remy, M., 1971, Recherches géologiques dans l'Himalaya du Népal, région de la Thakkhola: Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 279 p.
15. Brown, E.T., Bendick, R., Bourlès, D.L., Gaur, V., Molnar, P., Raisbeck, G.M., and Yiou, F., 2002, Slip rates of the Karakorum fault, Ladakh, India, determined using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris flows and moraines: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, no. B9, 2192, 13 p., doi: 10.1029/2000JB000100.
16. Chen, Q.Z., Freymueller, J.T., Wang, Q., Yang, Z.Q., Xu, C.J., and Liu, J.N., 2004a, A deforming block model for the present-day tectonics of Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, B09401, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002350.
17. Chen, Q.Z., Freymueller, J.T., Yang, Z.Q., Xu, C.J., Jiang, W.P., Wang, Q., and Liu, J.N., 2004b, Spatially variable extension in southern Tibet based on GPS measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, B01403, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002151.
18. Chevalier, M.-L., Ryerson, F.J., Tapponnier, P., Finkel, R.C., Van Der Woerd, J., Haibing, L., and Qing, L., 2005, Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum fault may imply secular variations in fault motion: Science, v. 307, p. 411-414, doi: 10.1126/science.1105466.
19. Clark, M.K., and Bilham, R., 2008, Miocene rise of the Shillong Plateau and the beginning of the end for the eastern Himalaya: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 269, p. 337-350, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.045.
20. Clark, R.J., 2005, Structural constraints on the exhumation of the Tso Morari Dome, NW Himalaya [M.S. thesis]: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 52 p.
21. Cogan, M.J., Nelson, K.D., Kidd, W.S.F., Wu, C., and Project, I.T., 1998, Shallow structure of the Yadong-Gulu rift, southern Tibet, from refraction analysis of Project INDEPTH common midpoint data: Tectonics, v. 17, p. 46-61, doi: 10.1029/97TC03025.
22. Colchen, M., Le Fort, P., and Pêcher, A., 1986, Annapurna-Manaslu-Ganesh Himal: Paris, Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique, 136 p.
23. Cook, K.L., and Royden, L.H., 2008, The role of crustal strength variations in shaping orogenic plateaus, with application to Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, B08407, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005457.
24. Copley, A., 2008, Kinematics and dynamics of the south-eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Geophysical Journal International, v. 174, p. 1081-1100, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03853.x.
25. Copley, A., and McKenzie, D., 2007, Models of crustal flow in the India-Asia collision zone: Geophysical Journal International, v. 169, p. 683-698, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03343.x.
26. Dewane, T., Stockli, D., Hager, C., Taylor, M., Ding, L., Lee, J., and Wallis, S., 2006, Timing of Cenozoic E-W extension in the Tangra Yum Co-Kung Co Rift, south-central Tibet: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 87, no. 52, fall meeting supplement, abs. T34C-04.
27. Dewey, J.F., 1988, Extensional collapse of orogens: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 1123-1139, doi: 10.1029/TC007i006p01123.
28. Drukpa, D., Velasco, A., and Doser, D., 2006, Seismicity in the Kingdom of Bhutan (1937-2003): Evidence for crustal transcurrent deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 111, B06301, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003087.
29. England, P.C., and Houseman, G.A., 1988, The mechanics of the Tibetan Plateau: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 326, p. 301-319, doi: 10.1098/rsta.1988.0089.
30. Epard, J.-L., and Steck, A., 2004, The Eastern prolongation of the Zanskar Shear Zone (Western Himalaya): Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 97, p. 193-212, doi: 10.1007/s00015-004-1116-7.
31. Epard, J.-L., and Steck, A., 2008, Structural development of the Tso Morari ultra-high pressure nappe of the Ladakh Himalaya: Tectonophysics, v. 451, p. 242-264, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.050.
32. Feldl, N., and Bilham, R., 2006, Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau: Nature, v. 444, p. 165-170, doi: 10.1038/nature05199.
33. Gan, W., Zhang, P., Shen, Z., Niu, Z., Wang, M., Wan, Y., Zhou, D., and Cheng, J., 2007, Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, B08416, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004120.
34. Garzione, C.N., DeCelles, P.G., Hodkinson, D.G., Ojha, T.P., and Upreti, B.N., 2003, East-west extension and Miocene environmental change in the southern Tibetan plateau: Thakkhola graben, central Nepal: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 3-20, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0003:EWEAME>2.0.CO;2.
35. 39Ar thermochronology: Tectonics, v. 20, p. 729-747, doi: 10.1029/2000TC001204.
36. Hager, C., Stockli, D., Dewane, T., Ding, L., Taylor, M., and Lee, J., 2006, Episodic Mio-Pliocene rifting in south-central Tibet. Thermochronometric constraints from the Xainza rift: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 87, no. 52, fall meeting supplement, abs. T34C-02.
37. Harrison, T.M., Ryerson, F.J., LeFort, P., Yin, A., Lovera, O.M., and Catlos, E.J., 1997, A Late Miocene-Pliocene origin for the Central Himalayan inverted metamorphism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 146, p. E1-E7, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00215-4.
38. Hodges, K.V., Parrish, R.R., and Searle, M.P., 1996, Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 1264-1291, doi: 10.1029/96TC01791.
39. Hodges, K.V., Wobus, C., Ruhl, K., Schildgen, T., and Whipple, K., 2004, Quaternary deformation, river steepening, and heavy precipitation at the front of the Higher Hima layan ranges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 220, p. 379-389, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00063-9.
40. Hurtado, J., Hodges, K., and Whipple, K., 2001, Neotectonics of the Thakkhola graben and implications for recent activity on the South Tibetan fault system in the central Nepal Himalaya: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 222-240, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (2001)113<0222:NOTTGA>2.0.CO;2.
41. Jade, S., Bhatt, B., Yang, Z., Bendick, R., Gaur, V., Molnar, P., Anand, M., and Kumar, D., 2004, GPS measurements from the Ladakh Himalaya, India: Preliminary tests of plate-like or continuous deformation in Tibet: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 1385-1391, doi: 10.1130/B25357.1.
42. Jade, S., Mukul, M., Bhattacharyya, A., Vijayan, M., Jaganathan, S., Kumar, A., Tiwari, R., Kalita, S., and Sahu, S., 2007, Estimates of interseismic deformation in northeast India from GPS measurements: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 263, p. 221-234, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.031.
43. Jessup, M., Newell, D., Cottle, J., Berger, A., and Spotila, J., 2008, Orogen-parallel extension and exhumation enhanced by denudation in the trans-Himalayan Arun River gorge, Ama Drime Massif, Tibet-Nepal: Geology, v. 36, p. 587-590, doi: 10.1130/G24722A.1.
44. Jouanne, F., Mugnier, J.L., Pandey, M.R., Gamond, J.F., Le Fort, P., Serrurier, L., Vigny, C., and Avouac, J.P., 1999, Oblique convergence in the Himalayas of western Nepal deduced from preliminary results of GPS measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, p. 1933-1936, doi: 10.1029/1999GL900416.
45. Kali, E., Leloup, P.H., Arnaud, N., Mahéo, G., Liu, D., Boutonnet, E., Van der Woerd, J., Liu, X., Liu-Zeng, J., and Li, H., 2010, Exhumation history of the deepest central Himalayan rocks, Ama Drime range: Key pressure-temperature-deformation-time constraints on orogenic models: Tectonics, v. 29, TC2014, doi: 10.1029/2009TC002551.
46. Kapp, P., and Guynn, J.H., 2004, Indian punch rifts Tibet: Geology, v. 32, p. 993-996, doi: 10.1130/G20689.1.
47. Klootwijk, C.T., Conaghan, P.J., and Powell, C.M., 1985, The Himalayan Arc-Large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreading: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 75, p. 167-183, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(85)90099-8.
48. Lacassin, R., Valli, F., Arnaud, N., Leloup, P.H., Paquette, J.L., Haibing, L., Tapponnier, P., Chevalier, M.-L., Guillot, S., Mahéo, G., and Zhiqin, X., 2004, Large-scale geometry, offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault, Tibet: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 219, p. 255-269, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (04)00006-8.
49. Langille, J.M., Jessup, M.J., Cottle, J.M., Newell, D., and Seward, G., 2010, Kinematic evolution of the Ama Drime detachment: Insight into orogen-parallel extension and exhumation of the Ama Drime Massif, Tibet-Nepal: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 32, p. 900-919, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.04.005.
50. Larson, K.M., Bürgmann, R., Bilham, R., and Freymueller, J.T., 1999, Kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. B1, p. 1077-1093, doi: 10.1029/1998JB900043.
51. Lavé, J., and Avouac, J.P., 2000, Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. B3, p. 5735-5770, doi: 10.1029/1999JB900292.
52. Lee, J., Hager, C., Wallis, S.R., Stockli, D.F., Whitehouse, M.J., Aoya, M., and Wang, Y., 2011, Middle to late Miocene extremely rapid exhumation and thermal reequilibriation in the Kung Co rift, southern Tibet: Tectonics, doi: 10.1029/2010TC002745, (in press).
53. Li, D., and Yin, A., 2008, Orogen-parallel, active left-slip faults in the Eastern Himalaya: Implications for the growth mechanism of the Himalayan Arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 274, p. 258-267, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.043.
54. Liu, Z., and Bird, P., 2008, Kinematic modelling of neotectonics in the Persia-Tibet-Burma orogen: Geophysical Journal International, v. 172, p. 779-797, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03640.x.
55. Mahéo, G., Leloup, P.H., Valli, F., Lacassin, R., Arnaud, N., Paquette, J.L., Fernandez, A., Haibing, L., Farley, K.A., and Tapponnier, P., 2007, Post 4 Ma initiation of normal faulting in southern Tibet. Constraints from the Kung Co half graben: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 233-243, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.029.
56. McCaffrey, R., 1992, Oblique plate convergence, slip vectors, and forearc deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 8905-8915, doi: 10.1029/92JB00483.
57. McCaffrey, R., and Nábelek, J., 1998, Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibet plateau: Geology, v. 26, p. 691-694, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0691:ROOCIT>2.3.CO;2.
58. Meade, B., 2007, Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone: Geology, v. 35, p. 81-84, doi: 10.1130/G22924A.1.
59. Métivier, F., Gaudemer, Y., Tapponnier, P., and Meyer, B., 1998, Northeastward growth of the Tibet plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas: The Qiadam and Hexi Corridor basins, China: Tectonics, v. 17, p. 823-842, doi: 10.1029/98TC02764.
60. Molnar, P., and Lyon-Caen, H., 1989, Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins: Geophysical Journal International, v. 99, p. 123-153, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X .1989.tb02020.x.
61. Molnar, P., England, P., and Martinod, J., 1993, Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 357-396, doi: 10.1029/93RG02030.
62. Murphy, M.A., and Burgess, W.P., 2006, Geometry, kinematics, and landscape characteristics of an active transtension zone, Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 268-283, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.10.009.
63. Murphy, M.A., and Copeland, P., 2005, Transtensional deformation in the central Himalaya and its role in accommodating growth of the Himalayan orogen: Tectonics, v. 24, TC4012, doi: 10.1029/2004TC001659.
64. Murphy, M.A., Yin, A., Kapp, P., Harrison, T.M., Lin, D., and Guo, J.H., 2000, Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: Timing and magnitude of slip: Geology, v. 28, p. 451-454, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<451:SPOTKF>2.0.CO;2.
65. Murphy, M., Yin, A., Kapp, P., Harrison, T., Manning, C., Ryerson, F., Lin, D., and Jinghui, G., 2002, Structural evolution of the Gurla Mandhata detachment system, southwest Tibet: Implications for the eastward extent of the Karakoram fault system: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 428-447, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0428:SEOTGM>2.0.CO;2.
66. Murphy, M.A., Saylor, J.E., and Ling, D., 2009, Landscape evolution of southwest Tibet based on integrated paleoelevation reconstructions and structural history: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 282, p. 1-9, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.006.
67. Murphy, M.A., Sanchez, V., and Taylor, M.H., 2010, Syncollisional extension along the India-Asia suture zone, south-central Tibet: Implications for crustal deformation of Tibet: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 290, p. 233-243, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.046.
68. Nakata, T., 1989, Active faults of the Himalaya of India and Nepal: Tectonics of the western Himalayas, in Malinconico, L.L., Jr., and Lillie, R., eds., Tectonics of the Western Himalayas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 232, p. 243-264.
69. Paul, J., Bürgmann, R., Gaur, V.K., Bilham, R., Larson, K.M., Ananda, M.B., Jade, S., Mukal, M., Anupama, T.S., Satyal, G., and Kumar, D., 2001, The motion and active deformation of India: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, p. 647-651, doi: 10.1029/2000GL011832.
70. Peltzer, G., and Tapponnier, P., 1988, Formation and evolution of strike-slip faults, rifts, and basins during the India-Asia collision-An experimental approach: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 15,085-15,117, doi: 10.1029/JB093iB12p15085.
71. Phillips, R.J., Parrish, R.R., and Searle, M.P., 2004, Age constraints on ductile deformation and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 226, p. 305-319, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.037.
72. Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Liu, G., and Chen, C., 1994, Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India-Asia collision: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. B10, p. 19,917-19,945, doi: 10.1029/94JB00932.
73. Robinson, A.C., 2009, Geologic offsets across the northern Karakorum fault: Implications for its role and terrane correlations in the western Himalayan-Tibetan orogen: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 279, p. 123-130, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.039.
74. Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., King, R.W., Wang, E., Chen, Z.L., Shen, F., and Liu, Y.P., 1997, Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet: Science, v. 276, p. 788-790, doi: 10.1126/science.276.5313.788.
75. Savage, J., and Burford, R., 1973, Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 78, p. 832-845, doi: 10.1029/JB078i005p00832.
76. Schill, E., Appel, E., Zeh, O., Singh, V., and Gautam, P., 2001, Coupling of late-orogenic tectonics and secondary pyrrhotite remanences: Towards a separation of different rotation processes and quantification of rotational underthrusting in the western Himalaya (northern India): Tectonophysics, v. 337, p. 1-21, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00113-5.
77. Schill, E., Crouzet, C., Gautam, P., Singh, V.K., and Appel, E., 2002, Where did rotational shortening occur in the Himalayas? Inferences from palaeomagnetic remagnetisations: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 203, p. 45-57, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00842-7.
78. Schill, E., Appel, E., Crouzet, C., Gautam, P., Wehland, F., Staiger, M., 2004, Oroclinal bending versus regional significant clockwise rotations in the Hamalayan arc-Constraints from secondary pyrrhotite remanences, in Sussman, A.J., Weil, A.B., eds., Orogenic Curvature: Integrating Paleomagnetic and Structural Analyses: Geological Society of America Special Paper 383, p. 73-85, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2383-3 (2004)383[73:OBVRSC]2.0.CO;2.
79. Searle, M., 1991, Geology and tectonics of the Karakoram Mountains: New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 358 p.
80. Searle, M.P., 1996, Geological evidence against large-scale pre-Holocene offsets along the Karakoram fault: Implications for the limited extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 171-186, doi: 10.1029/95TC01693.
81. Searle, M., 2010, Low-angle normal faults in the compressional Himalayan orogen: Evidence from the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Himalaya, Nepal: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 296-315, doi: 10.1130/GES00549.1.
82. Searle, M.P., and Godin, L., 2003, The South Tibetan detachment and the Manaslu leucogranite: A structural re-interpretation and restoration of the Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal: Journal of Geology, v. 111, p. 505-523, doi: 10.1086/376763.
83. Searle, M.P., Weinberg, R.F., and Dunlap, W.J., 1998, Transpressional tectonics along the Karakoram fault zone, northern Ladakh: Constraints on Tibetan extrusion, in Holdsworth, R.E., et al., eds., Continental transpressional and transtensional tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication 135, p. 307-326, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.135.01.20.
84. Seeber, L., and Pêcher, A., 1998, Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform: Geology, v. 26, p. 791-794, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1998)026<0791:SPATHA>2.3.CO;2.
85. Shen, Z., Lu, J., Wang, M., and Bürgmann, R., 2005, Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the Tibetan plateau: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, B11409, 17 p., doi: 10.1029/2004JB003421.
86. Steck, A., Epard, J.-L., Vannay, J.-C., Hunziker, J., Girard, M., Morard, A., and Robyr, M., 1998, Geological transect across the Tso Morari and Spiti areas: The nappe structures of the Tethys Himalaya: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 91, p. 103-121.
87. Styron, R., Taylor, M., and Murphy, M., 2009, Himalayan orogen-parallel extension from GPS geodesy and structural geology: 5th International Symposium on Tibetan Plateau-24th Himalaya-Karakorum-Tibet Workshop, Beijing, China, p. 11-14.
88. Styron, R., Taylor, M., and Okoronkwo, K., 2010, Database of active structures from the Indo-Asian Collision: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 91, no. 20, doi: 10.1029/2010EO200001.
89. Sundell, K., Taylor, M., Stockli, D., Styron, R., Kapp, P., Liu, D., and Ding, L., 2010, Low-temperature thermochronology of the North Lunggar Rift, west-central Tibet: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 42, no. 5, p. 664.
90. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A.Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P., 1982, Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine: Geology, v. 10, p. 611-616, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<611:PETIAN>2.0.CO;2.
91. Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z.Q., Roger, F., Meyer, B., Arnaud, N., Wittlinger, G., and Yang, J.S., 2001, Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau: Science, v. 294, p. 1671-1677, doi: 10.1126/science.105978.
92. Taylor, M., and Peltzer, G., 2006, Current slip rates on conjugate strike slip faults in central Tibet using synthetic aperture radar interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 111, B12402, 16 p., doi: 10.1029/2005JB004014.
93. Taylor, M., and Yin, A., 2009, Active structures of the Hima layan-Tibetan orogen and their relationships to earthquake distribution, contemporary strain field, and Cenozoic volcanism: Geosphere, v. 5, p. 199-214, doi: 10.1130/GES00217.1.
94. Taylor, M., Yin, A., Ryerson, F., Kapp, P., and Ding, L., 2003, Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the B angong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east-west extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau: Tectonics, v. 22, 1044, doi: 10.1029/2002TC001361.
95. Thatcher, W., 2007, Micoplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, B101401, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004244.
96. Thiede, R.C., Arrowsmith, J.R., Bookhagen, B., McWilliams, M., Sobel, E.R., and Strecker, M.R., 2006, Dome formation and extension in the Tethyan Himalaya, Leo Pargil, northwest India: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 635-650, doi: 10.1130/B25872.1.
97. Valli, F., Arnaud, N., Leloup, P.H., Sobel, E.R., Mahéo, G., Lacassin, R., Guillot, S., Li, H., Tapponnier, P., and Xu, Z., 2007, Twenty million years of continuous deformation along the Karakorum fault, western Tibet: A thermo chronological analysis: Tectonics, v. 26, TC4004, doi: 10.1029/2005TC001913.
98. Valli, F., Leloup, P., Paquette, J., Arnaud, N., Li, H., Tapponnier, P., Lacassin, R., Guillot, S., Liu, D., and Deloule, E., 2008, New U-Th/Pb constraints on timing of shearing and long-term slip-rate on the Karakorum fault: Tectonics, v. 27, TC5007, doi: 10.1029/2007TC002184.
99. Vannay, J., and Steck, A., 1995, Tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Upper Lahul (NW Himalaya, India): Tectonics, v. 14, p. 253-263, doi: 10.1029/94TC02455.
100. Vergnolle, M., Calais, E., and Dong, L., 2007, Dynamics of continental deformation in Asia: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, B11403, doi: 10.1029/2006JB004807.
101. Wang, Q., Zhang, P.Z., Niu, Z.J., Freymueller, J.T., Lai, X., Li, Y.X., Zhu, W.Y., Liu, J.N., Bilham, R., and Larson, K.M., 2001, Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by global positioning system measurements: Science, v. 294, p. 574-577, doi: 10.1126/science.1063647.
102. Williams, H., Turner, S., Kelley, S., and Harris, N., 2001, Age and composition of dikes in Southern Tibet: New constraints on the timing of east-west extension and its relationship to postcollisional vol canism: Geology, v. 29, p. 339-342, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (2001)029<0339:AACODI>2.0.CO;2.
103. oE): Tectonics, v. 17, p. 28-45, doi: 10.1029/97TC03386.
104. Yin, A., 2000, Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. B9, p. 21,745-21,759, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900168.
105. Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., 2000, Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 28, p. 211-280, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211.
106. Yin, A., Kapp, P., Murphy, M., Manning, C.E., Harrison, T.M., Din, L., Xiguang, D., and Chunming, W., 1999a, Significant late Neogene east-west extension in north Tibet: Geology, v. 27, p. 787-790, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0787:SLNEWE>2.3.CO;2.
107. Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Murphy, M.A., Grove, M., Nie, S., Ryerson, F.J., Feng, W.X., and Le, C.Z., 1999b, Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision: Geo logical Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1644-1664, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1644:TDHOSA> 2.3.CO;2.
108. Zhang, P., Shen, Z., Wang, M., Gan, W., Bürgmann, R., Molnar, P., Wang, Q., Niu, Z., Sun, J., and Wu, J., 2004, Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data: Geology, v. 32, p. 809-812, doi: 10.1130/G20554.1.
109. Zhang, R., Murphy, M.A., Lapen, T.J., Sanchez, V., and Heizler, M., 2010, Late Eocene crustal thickening followed by Early-Late Oligocene extension along the India-Asia suture zone: Evidence for cyclicity in the Himalayan orogen, in Leech, M.L., et al., eds., Proceedings of the 25th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1099, 2 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1099/zhangmurphy/.