Anisotropic Pn tomography of Turkey and adjacent regions

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 187, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 1743-1758

  Mutlu, Ahu Kömeç ^a   Karabulut, Hayrullah ^a  

^a BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Composition of the mantle; Crustal structure; Seismic anisotropy; Seismic tomography; Tomography

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE TECTONICS; ADRIATIC SEA; AEGEAN SEA; BLACK SEA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; LATERAL VARIATIONS; LEAST-SQUARES INVERSION; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE; MEDITERRANEAN BASIN; NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; STUDY AREAS; TEMPORARY NETWORKS; TRAVEL TIME; UPPERMOST MANTLE; VOLCANIC ZONE; VOLCANICS; WESTERN ANATOLIA;

DEFORMATION; SEISMIC PROSPECTING; SEISMOLOGY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TECTONICS; TOMOGRAPHY; VELOCITY;

ANISOTROPY;

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; LEAST SQUARES METHOD; MANTLE STRUCTURE; P-WAVE; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; TRAVEL TIME; WAVE VELOCITY;

TURKEY;

CYPRIA;

EID: 81555219084     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05235.x     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aktuǧ, B. et al., 2009. Deformation of western Turkey from a combination of permanent and campaign GPS data: limits to block-like behavior, J. geophys. Res., 114, B10404, doi:.
2. Akyol, N., Zhu, L., Mitchell, B.J., Sözbilir, H. & Kekovali, K., 2006. Crustal structure and local seismicity in Western Anatolia, Geophys. J. Int., 166(3), 1259-1269.
3. Al-Lazki, A., Sandvol, E., Seber, D., Barazangi, M., Turkelli, N. & Mohamad, R., 2004. Pn tomographic imaging of mantle lid velocity and anisotropy at the junction of the Arabian, Eurasian and African plates, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 1024-1040.
4. Angelier, J., 1978. Tectonic evolution of the Hellenic Arc since the late Miocene, Tectonophysics, 49, 23-36.
5. Arpat, E. & Şaroǧlu, F., 1971. The East Anatolian Fault system: troughs on its development, Min. Res. Expl. Inst. Turkey Bull., 78, 33-39.
6. Babuska, V. & Carra, M., 1991. Seismic Anisotropy in the Earth, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht.
7. Backus, G.E., 1965. Possible forms of seismic anisotropy of the uppermost mantle under Oceans, J. geophys. Res., 70, 3429-3439.
8. Barka, A.A. & Kadinsky-Cade, K., 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity, Tectonics, 7(3), 663-684.
9. Biryol, C.B., Zandt, G. Beck, S.L. Özacar, A.A. Adiyaman, H.E. & Gans, C.R., 2010, Shear wave splitting along a nascent plate boundary: the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 1201-1213.
10. Biryol, C.B., Beck, S.L., Zandt, G. & Özacar, A.A., 2011. Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophys. J. Int, 184, 1037-1057.
11. Bozkurt, E., 2001. Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis, Geodin. Acta: Eur. J. Geodyn., 14(1-3), 3-30.
12. Buttles, J. & Olson, P., 1998. A laboratory model of subduction zone anisotropy. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 164, 245-262.
13. Cambaz, M.D. & Karabulut, H., 2010. Love wave group velocity maps of Turkey and surrounding regions, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 502-520.
14. Carlson, R.W., Pearson, D.G. & James, D.E., 2005. Physical, chemical, and chronological characteristics of continental mantle, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG1001, doi:.
15. Christensen, N.I., 2004. Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, Int. Geol. Rev., 46, 795-816.
16. Crampin, S., 1977. A review of the effects of anisotropic layering on the propagation of seismic waves, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 49, 9-27.
17. Deniel, C., Aydar, E. & Gourgaud, A., 1998. The Hasan Daǧi stratovolcano (Central Anatolia, Turkey): evolution from calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism in a collision zone, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 87, 275-302.
18. DiLuccio, F. & Pasyanos, M.E., 2007. Crustal and upper mantle structure in the eastern Mediterranean from the analysis of surface wave dispersion curves, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 1139-1152.
19. Eberhart-Phillips, D., Christensen, D., Brocher, T.M., Hansen, R., Ruppert, N.A., Haeussler, P.J. & Abers, G.A., 2006. Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data, J. geophys. Res., 111, B11303, doi:.
20. Evangelidis, C.P., Liang, W.T., Melis, N.S. & Konstantinou, K.I., 2011. Shear wave anisotropy beneath the Aegean inferred from SKS splitting observations, J. geophys. Res., 116, B04314, doi:.
21. Faccenna, C. & Becker, T.W., 2010. Shaping mobile belts by small-scale convection. Nature, 465(3), 602-605, doi:.
22. Faccenna, C., Bellier, O., Martinod, J., Piromallo, C. & Regard, V., 2006. Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: a possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 242, 85-97.
23. Gans, C.R., Beck, S.L., Zandt, G., Biryol, C.B. & Özacar, A.A., 2009. Detecting the limit of slab break-off in Central Turkey: new high-resolution Pn tomography results, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 1566-1572.
24. Glover, C. & Robertson, A.H.F., 1998. Neogen intersection of the Aegean and Cyprus Arcs: extensional and strike-slip faulting in the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey, Tectonophysics, 298, 103-132.
25. Gök, R., Pasyanos, M. & Zor, E., 2007. Lithospheric structure of the continent-continent collision zone: eastern Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 1079-1088.
26. Göncüoǧlu, M.C., Turhan, N., Şentürk, K., Özcan, A., Uysal, Ş. & Yaliniz, M.K., 2000. A geotraverse across northwestern Turkey: tectonic units of the central Sakarya region and their tectonic evolution, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 173, 139-161, doi:.
27. Hatzfeld, D. et al., 2001. Shear wave anisotropy in the upper-mantle beneath the Aegean related to internal deformation, J. geophys, Res., 106, 30 737-30 753.
28. Hearn, T.M., 1996. Anisotropic Pn tomography in the western United States, J. geophys. Res, 101, 8403-8414.
29. Hearn, T.M., 1999. Uppermost mantle velocities and anisotropy beneath Europe. J. geophys. Res., 104(B7), 15 123-15 139.
30. Hearn, T.M. & Ni, J., 1994. Pn velocities beneath continental collision zones: the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 117, 273-283.
31. Hess, H.H., 1964. Seismic anisotropy of the uppermost mantle under oceans, Nature, 203, 629-631.
32. Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C. & Piromallo, C., 2009. From mantle to crust: stretching the Mediterranean, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 285, 198-209, doi:.
33. Kahle, H.-G. et al., 1998. The strain field in the eastern Mediterranean region, estimated by repeated GPS measurements, Tectonophysics, 294, 237-252.
34. Karagianni, E.E., Papazachos, C.B., Panagiotopoulos, D.G., Suhadolc, P., Vuan, A. & Panza, G.F., 2005. Shear velocity structure in the Aegean area obtained by inversion of Rayleigh waves, Geophys. J. Int., 160, 127-143.
35. Karato, S.I., 1995. Effects of water on seismic wave velocities in the upper mantle, Proc. Jpn. Acad., 71, 61-66.
36. Karato, S.I. & Jung, H., 1998. Water, partial melting and the origin of the seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone in the upper mantle, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 193-207.
37. Kaviani, A., Paul, A., Hatzfeld, D., Vergne, J. & Mokhtari, M., 2007. A strong seismic velocity contrast in the shallow mantle across the Zagros collision zone (Iran), Geophys. J. Int., 171, 399-410.
38. Keskin, M., 2003. Magma generation by slab steepening and break off beneath a subduction-accretion complex: an alternative model for collision-related volcanism in eastern Anatolia, Turkey, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 8046.
39. Kissling, E., Ellsworth, W.L., Eberhart-Phillips, D. & Kradolfer, U., 1994. Initial reference models in local earthquake tomography, J. geophys. Res., 99(B10), 19 635-19 646, doi:.
40. Kreemer, C., Chamot-Rooke, N. & Le Pichon, X., 2004. Constraints on the evolution and vertical coherency of deformation in the Northern Aegean from a comparison of geodetic, geologic and seismologic data, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 225, 329-346.
41. Koçyiǧit, A., Ünay, E. & Saraç, G., 2000. Episodic graben formation and extensional neotectonic regime in west Central Anatolia and the Isparta Angle: a case study in the Akşehir-Afyon Graben, Turkey, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 173, 405-421.
42. Kuşçu, G.G. & Geneli, F., 2008. Review of post-collisional volcanism in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (Turkey), with special reference to the Tepeköy Volcanic Complex, Int. J. Earth Sci., 99, 593-621.
43. Laigle, M., Becel, A., de Voogd, B. Him, A., Taymaz T. & Özalaybey, S., 2008. A first deep seismic survey in the sea of Marmara: deep basins and whole crust architecture and evolution, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 270, 168-179.
44. Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J., 1981. The Aegean Sea, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A300, 357-372.
45. Lienert B.R., Berg E. & Frazer L.N., 1986. Hypocenter: an earthquake location method using centered, scaled, and adaptively damped least squares, Bull. seism. Soc. Am. 76, 771-783.
46. McClusky, S. et al., 2000, Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus, J. geophys. Res., 105, 5695-5719.
47. McKenzie, D., 1978. Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 55, 217-254.
48. Nicolas, A. & Christensen, N.I., 1987. Formation of anisotropy in upper mantle peridotites-a review, in Composition, Structure and Dynamics of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System, pp. 111-123, eds Fuchs, K. & Froideoaux, C., AGU, Washington, DC.
49. Notsu, K., Fujitoni, T., Ui, T., Matsuda, J. & Ercan, T., 1995. Geochemical features of collision related volcanic rocks in central and Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 64, 171-192.
50. Okay, A.I., 2008; Geology of Turkey: a synopsis, Anschnitt, 21, 19-42.
51. Okay, A.I. & Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 156, 475-515, doi:.
52. Özeren, M.S. & Holt, W., 2010, The dynamics of the eastern Mediterranean and eastern Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 183, 1165-1184.
53. Paige, C.C. & Saunders M.A., 1982. LSQR: sparse linear equations and least squares problem, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 8(2), 195-209.
54. Pasquare, G., Poli, S., Venzolli, L. & Zanchi, A., 1988. Continental arc volcanism and tectonic setting in Central Anatolia, Tectonophysics, 146, 217-230.
55. Pasyanos, M.E., 2005. A variable resolution surface wave dispersion study of Eurasia, North Africa, and surrounding regions, J. geophys. Res., 110, B12301, doi:.
56. Paul, A., Hatzfeld, D., Karabulut, H., Hatzidimitriou, P., Childs, D. M. & Nikolova, S., 2008. The Simbaad experiment in W-Turkey and Greece: A dense seismic network to study the crustal and mantle structures, EOS, Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 89(3), Abstract T21A-1926.
57. Piromallo, C. & Morelli, A., 2003. P wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine-Mediterranean area, J. geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2065, doi:.
58. Polet, J. & Kanamori, H., 2002, Anisotropy beneath California: SKS splitting measurements using a dense, broadband array, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 313-327.
59. Reilinger, R.E., McClusky, S.C., Oral, M.B., King, W. & Toksöz, M.N., 1997. Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone, J. geophys. Res., 102, 9983-9999.
60. Reitter L., 1970, An investigation into the time term method in refraction seismology, Bull. seism. Soc. Am.60(1), 1-13.
61. Ribe, N.B., 1992. On the relation between seismic anisotropy and finite strain, J. geophys. Res., 97(B6), 8737-8747.
62. Robertson, A.H.F., 2000. Mesozoic-tertiary tectonic-sedimentary evolution of a south Tethyan oceanic basin and its margin in southern Turkey, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 173, 97-138, doi:.
63. Rossi, G. & Abers, G.A., 2006. Unusual mantle Poisson's ratio, subduction, and crustal structure in central Alaska, J. geophys. Res., 111(B9), B09311, doi:.
64. Sandvol, E., Türkelli, N. & Barazangi, M., 2003. The Eastern Turkey seismic experiment: the study of a young continent-continent collision, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 8038, doi:.
65. Sato, H., Sacks, I.S. & Murase, T., 1989. the use of laboratory velocity data for estimating temperature and partial melt fraction in the low-velocity zone: comparison with heat flow and electrical conductivity studies, J. geophys. Res., 94(B5), 5689-5704, doi:.
66. Saunders, P., Priestly K. & Taymaz T., 1998, Variations in the crustal structure beneath western Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 134, 373-389.
67. Savage, M.K., 1999. Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation: what have we learned from shear-wave splitting?, Rev. Geophys., 37, 65-106.
68. Scheidegger A.E. & Willmore, P.L., 1957. The use of a least squares method for the interpretation of data from seismic surveys, Geophysics, 22, 9-22.
69. Şengör, A.M.C. & Yilmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach, Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
70. Şengör, A.M.C., Satir, M. & Akkok, R., 1984. Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan-African basement in Turkey, Tectonics, 3, 693-707.
71. Şengör, A.M.C., Özeren, S., Genç, T. & Zor, E., 2003. East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle supported, north-south shortened domal structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 8045, doi:.
72. Şengör, A.M.C., Tüysüz, O., İmren, C., Sakinç, M., Eyidoǧan, H., Görür, N., Le Pichon, X. & Claude Rangin, C., 2005, The North Anatolian Fault. A new look, Ann. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 33, 1-75.
73. Silver, P.G., 1996. Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents: probing the depths of geology, Ann. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 24, 385-432.
74. Sodoudi, F. et al., 2006. Lithospheric structure of the Aegean obtained from P and S receiver functions, J. geophys. Res., 111, B12307, doi:.
75. Stampfli G.M., 2000, Tethyan oceans, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 173, 1-23, doi:.
76. Taymaz, T., Jackson, J. & Mckenzie, D.P. 1991. Active tectonics of the North and Central Aegean Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 106, 433-490.
77. Taymaz, T., Yilmaz, Y. & Dilek, Y., 2007. The geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia: introduction, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 291, 1-16, doi:.
78. Wagner, L.S., Anderson, M.L., Jackson, J., Beck, S.L. & Zandt, G., 2008. Seismic evidence for orthopyroxene enrichment in the continental lithosphere, Geology, 36, 935-938.
79. Watanabe, T., 1993. Effects of water and melt on seismic velocities and their application to characterization of seismic reflectors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(24), 2933-2936, doi:.
80. Wessel, P. & Smith, W.H.F., 1998. New, improved version of generic mapping tools released, EOS, Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 79, 579.
81. Willmore P.L. & Bancroft, A.M., 1960. The time term approach to refraction seismology, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 3, 419-432.
82. Wortel, R. & Spakman, W., 2000. Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region, Science, 290, 1910-1917.
83. Yilmaz, Y., 1997. Geology of western Anatolia, in Active Tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia-The Marmara Poly-Project, pp. 31-53, eds Schidler, C. & Fister, M.P., E.T.H. Univ. Press, Zurich.
84. Yilmaz, Y., Güner, Y. & Şaroǧlu, F., 1998. Geology of the quaternary volcanic centers of the east anatolia, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 85, 173-210.
85. Zheng, Y. & Lay, T., 2006, LowVp /Vsratios in the crust and upper mantle beneath the sea of Okhotsk inferred from teleseismicpmP, smP, andsmSunderside reflections from the Moho, J. geophys. Res., 111, B01305, doi:.
86. Zhu, L., Mitchell, B.J., Akyol, N., Cemen, I. & Kekovali, K., 2006. Crustal thickness variations in the Aegean region and implications for the extension of continental crust, J. geophys. Res., 111, B01301, doi:.
87. Zor, E., Sandvol, E., Gürbüz, C., Türkelli, N., Şeber, D. & Barazangi, M., 2003. The crustal structure of the east Anatolian plateau (Turkey) from receiver functions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 8044, doi:.
88. Zor, E., Özalaybey, S. & Gürbüz, C., 2006. The crustal structure of the eastern Marmara region (Turkey) by teleseismic receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 213-222.