Aeromonas

Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 273-288

  Naharro, Germán ^a   Riaño, Jorge ^a   de Castro, Laura ^a   Alvarez, Sonia ^a   Luengo, José María ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEÓN   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874961090     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (188)

1. Martin-Carnahan, A. and Joseph S.W. Aeromonadaceae. In: Brenner D.J. et al. (eds), The Proteobacteria, Part B, Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition, Volume 2. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 2005.
2. USEPA. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register, September 17, 1999; 64 FR 50556, 1999.
3. USEPA. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 2; Final Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 70, No. 36. p. 9071, February 24, 2005.
4. USEPA Method 1605: Aeromonas in finished water by membrane filtration using ampicillin-dextrin agar with vancomycin (ADA-V). Washington, DC, 2001.
5. Krovacek, K. et al. Prevalence and characterization of Aeromonas spp. isolated from foods in Uppsala Sweden. Food Microbiol., 9, 29, 1992.
6. Palumbo, S.A. The Aeromonas hydrophila group in food. In: Austin, B., Altwegg, M., Gosling, P., and Joseph, S.W. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
7. Figueras, M.J. Clinical relevance of Aeromonas. Rev. Med. Microbiol., 16, 145, 2005.
8. Chu, Y.W. et al. Lack of association between presentation of diarrheal symptoms and faecal isolation of Aeromonas spp. amongst outpatients in Hong Kong. J. Med. Microbiol., 55, 349, 2006.
9. Evans, A.E. Causation and disease: The Henle-Koch postulates revisited. Yale J. Biol. Med., 49, 175, 1976.
10. Demarta, A. et al. Epidemiological relationships between Aeromonas strains isolated from symptomatic children and household environments as determined by ribotyping. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 16, 447, 2000.
11. Holmes, P., Niccolls, L.M. and Sartory, D.P. The ecology of mesophilic Aeromonas in aquatic environment, In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
12. Bomo, A.M. et al. Bacterial removal and protozoan grazing in biological sand filters. J. Environ. Quality, 33, 1041, 2004.
13. Hill, K.R., Caselitz, F.H. and Moody, L.M. A case of acute metastatic myositis caused by a new organism of the family Pseudomonadaceae. West Indian Med. J., 3, 9, 1954.
14. von Graevenitz, A. and Mensch, A.H. The genus Aeromonas in human bacteriology. Report of 30 cases and review of the literature. New Engl J. Med., 278, 245, 1968.
15. Joseph, S.W. Aeromonas gastrointestinal disease: a case study in causation? In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
16. Janda, M.J. and Abbott, S.L. Human pathogens. In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
17. Janda, J.M. and Abbott, S.L. Evolving concepts regarding the genus Aeromonas: an expanding panorama of species, disease presentations, and unanswered questions. Clin. Infect. Dis., 27, 332, 1998.
18. Cascon, A. et al. Cloning, characterization, and insertional inactivation of a major extracellular serine protease gene with elastolytic activity from Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Fish Dis., 23, 49, 2000.
19. Cascon, A. et al. A major secreted elastase is essential for pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect. Immun., 68, 3233, 2000.
20. Austin, B. and Adams, C. Fish pathogens. In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
21. Gosling, P. Aeromonas species in disease of animals. In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
22. Gray, S.J. and Stickler, D.J. Some observations on the faecal carriage of mesophilic Aeromonas species in cows and pigs. Epidemiol. Infect., 103, 523, 1989.
23. Carnahan, A.M. et al. Enzymatic characterization of three Aeromonas species using API Peptidase, API Osidase, and API Esterase test kits. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 10, 195, 1988.
24. Rivero, O. et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of an extracellular protease gene from Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Bacteriol., 172, 3905, 1990.
25. Rivero, O. et al. Cloning and characterization of an extracellular temperature-labile serine protease gene from Aeromonas hydrophila. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 81, 1, 1991.
26. Mateos, D. et al. Influence of growth temperature on the production of extracellular virulence factors and pathogenicity of environmental and human strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 74, 111, 1993.
27. Isonhood, J.H. and Drake, M. Aeromonas species in foods. J. Food Prot., 65, 575, 2002.
28. Sakazaki, R. and Shimada, T. O-serogrouping scheme for mesophilic Aeromonas strains. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 37, 247, 1984.
29. Cheasty, T. et al. Serogrouping of the Aeromonas hydrophila group. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res., 6, 95, 1988.
30. Fricker, C.R. Serotyping of mesophilic Aeromonas spp. on the basis of lipopolysaccharide antigens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 4, 113, 1987.
31. Thomas, L.V. et al. Extended serogrouping scheme for motile mesophilic Aeromonas species. J. Clin. Microbiol., 28, 980, 1990.
32. Shimada, T. and Kosako, Y. Comparison of two O-serogrouping systems for mesophilic Aeromonas spp. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29, 197, 1991.
33. Albert, M.J. et al. Characterization of Aeromonas trota strains that cross-react with Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33, 3119, 1995.
34. Janda, J.M. et al. Further studies on biochemical characteristics and serologic properties of the genus Aeromonas. J. Clin. Microbiol., 34, 1930, 1996.
35. Korbsrisate, S. et al. Distribution of Aeromonas hydrophila serogroups in different clinical samples and the development of polyclonal antibodies for rapid identification of the genus Aeromonas by direct agglutination. Microbiol. Immunol., 46, 875, 2002.
36. Koehler, J.M. and Ashdown, L.R. In vitro susceptibilities of tropical strains of Aeromonas species from Queensland, Australia, to 22 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 905, 1993.
37. Walsh, T.R. et al. Evaluation of a new E-test for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in routine clinical testing. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40, 2755, 2002.
38. Walsh, T.R. et al. Distribution and expression of beta-lactamase genes among Aeromonas spp. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 40, 171, 1997.
39. Chaudhury, A. et al. Biochemical characterisation, enteropathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance plasmids of clinical and environmental Aeromonas isolates. J. Med. Microbiol., 44, 434, 1996.
40. Zimmermann, O.E.R. Die bakteriem unserer trink- und Nutzwässer, insbesondere des wassers der chemnitzer wasserleitung. Elfter. Bericht. Naturewiss. Gess. Chemnitz., 53, 154, 1890.
41. Sanarelli, G. Über einen neuen mikroorganismus des wassers welcher fur tiere mit veräenderlicher und konstanter temperatur pathogenist. Zbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk., 9, 222, 1891.
42. Stanier, R.Y. A note on the taxonomy of Proteus hidrophilus. J. Bacteriol., 46, 213, 1943.
43. Miles, E.M. and Miles, A.A. The identity of Proteus hidrophilus Bergey et al. and Proteus melanovogenes Miles and Halvan, and their relation to the genus Aeromonas Kluyver and Van Niel. J.Gen. Microbiol., 5, 298, 1951.
44. Kluyver, A.J. and Van Niel, C.B. Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria. Zbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt.II, 94, 369, 1936.
45. Snieszko, S.F. Aeromonas. In: Breed, R.S., Murray, E.G.D. and Smith, N.R. (eds), Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th edn. The William and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, 1957.
46. Schubert, R.H.W., Aeromonas. In: Buchanan, R.E. and Gibbons, N.E. (eds), Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edn. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, 1974.
47. Popoff, M. and Véron, M. A taxonomic study of the Aeromonas hydrophila-Aeromonas punctata group. J. Gen. Microbiol., 94, 11, 1976.
48. Popoff, M. et al. Polynucleotide sequence relatedness among motile Aeromonas species. Curr. Microbiol., 5, 109, 1981.
49. AL. In: Krieg, N.R. and Holt, J.G. (eds), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1. 1st edn. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, 1984.
50. Martinez, M.J. et al. The presence of capsular polysaccharide in mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila serotypes O: 11 and O: 34. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 128, 69, 1995.
51. Esteve, C., Gutierrez, M.C. and Ventosa, A. Aeromonas encheleia sp. nov., isolated from European eels. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45, 462, 1995.
52. Huys, G. et al. Aeromonas popoffii sp. nov., a mesophilic bacterium isolated from drinking water production plants and reservoirs. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 47, 1165, 1997.
53. Saavedra, M.J., Figueras, M.J. and Martínez-Murcia, A.J. Updated phylogeny of the genus Aeromonas. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 56, 2481, 2006.
54. Martínez-Murcia, A.J., Antón, A.I. and Rodriguez-Valera, F. Patterns of sequence variation in two regions of the 16S rRNA multigene family of Escherichia coli. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 49, 601, 1999.
55. Morandi, A. et al. Evolutionary and diagnostic implications of intragenomic heterogeneity in the 16S rRNA gene in Aeromonas strains. J. Bacteriol., 187, 6561, 2005.
56. Küpfer, M. et al. Genetic relationships of Aeromonas strains inferred from 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 56, 2743, 2006.
57. Yáñez, M.A. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Aeromonas based on gyrB gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 53, 875, 2003.
58. Nhung P.H. et al. Use of the novel phylogenetic marker dnaJ and DNA-DNA hybridization to clarify interrelationships within the genus Aeromonas. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 57, 1232, 2007.
59. Sepe, A. et al. Evaluation of recA sequencing for the classification of Aeromonas strains at the genotype level. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 46, 439, 2008.
60. Stackebrandt, E. et al. Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 52, 1043, 2002.
61. Chopra, A.K. and Houston, C.W. Enterotoxins in Aeromonasassociated gastroenteritis. Microbes Infect., 1, 1129, 1999.
62. von Graevenitz, A. The role of Aeromonas in diarrhea: a review. Infection, 35, 59, 2007.
63. del Val, A., Moles, J.R. and Garrigues, V. Very prolonged diarrhea associated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 85, 1535, 1990.
64. Janda, J.M. and Duffey, P.S. Mesophilic aeromonads in human disease: current taxonomy, laboratory identification, and infectious disease spectrum. Rev. Infect. Dis., 10, 980, 1988.
65. Buchanan, R.L. The “New” pathogens: an update of selected examples. Assoc. Food Drug Officials Quarterly Bull., 48, 142, 1984.
66. Kirov, S.M. The public health significance of Aeromonas spp. in foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 20, 179, 1993.
67. Merino, S. et al. Emerging pathogens: Aeromonas spp. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 28, 157, 1995.
68. Borchardt, M.A., Stemper, M.E. and Standridge, J.H. Aeromonas isolates from human diarrheic stool and groundwater compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 224, 2003.
69. Joseph, S.W. and Carnahan, A.M. Update on the genus Aeromonas. Am. Soc. Microbiol. News, 66, 218, 2000.
70. Altwegg, M. et al. Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis after consumption of contaminated shrimp. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 10, 44, 1991.
71. Moyer, N.P. et al. Value of rRNA gene restriction patterns of Aeromonas spp. for epidemiological investigations. Curr. Microbiol., 24, 15, 1992.
72. Moyer, N.P. and Larew, M.S. Recurrent gastroenteritis caused by Aeromonas species: a case history. J. Diarr. Dis. Res., 8, 144, 1988.
73. Sinha, S. et al. Prevalence, serotype distribution, antibiotic susceptibility and genetic profiles of mesophilic Aeromonas species isolated from hospitalized diarrhoeal cases in Kolkata, India. J. Med. Microbiol., 53, 527, 2004.
74. Agger, W.A., McCormick, J.D. and Gurwith, M.J. Clinical and microbiological features of Aeromonas hydrophila-associated diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol., 21, 909, 1985.
75. Moyer, N.P. Clinical significance of Aeromonas species isolated from patients with diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol., 25, 2044, 1987.
76. Pazzaglia, G. et al. High frequency of coinfecting enteropathogens in Aeromonas-associated diarrhea of hospitalized Peruvian infants. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29, 1151, 1991.
77. Challapalli, M. et al. Aeromonas-associated diarrhea in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 7, 693, 1988.
78. Figura, N. et al. Prevalence, species differentiation, and toxigenicity of Aeromonas strains in cases of childhood gastroenteritis and in controls, J. Clin. Microbiol., 23, 595, 1986.
79. Bauab, T.M. et al. Niche-specific association of Aeromonas ribotypes from human and environmental origin. Microbiol. Immunol., 47, 7, 2003.
80. Pitarangsi, C. et al. Enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides: prevalence among individuals with and without diarrhea in Thailand. Infect. Immun., 35, 666, 1982.
81. Albert, M.J. et al. Prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from children with diarrhea, healthy controls, and the environment. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38, 3785, 2000.
82. Kühn, I. et al. Characterization of Aeromonas spp. isolated from humans with diarrhea, from healthy controls, and from surface water in Bangladesh. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35, 369, 1997.
83. Hänninen, M.L. et al. Association of Aeromonas spp. with travelers’ diarrhoea in Finland. J. Med. Microbiol., 42, 26, 1995.
84. Figueroa, G. et al. Enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas species isolated from infants: a cohort study. J. Infect., 17, 205, 1988.
85. Svenungsson, B. et al. Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis., 30, 770, 2000.
86. Lee, W.S. and Puthucheary, S.D. Bacterial enteropathogens isolated in childhood diarrhoea in Kuala Lumpur-the changing trend. Med. J. Malaysia, 57, 24, 2002.
87. Kehinde, A.O. et al. Childhood gastroenteritis due to Aeromonas hydrophila in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 30, 345, 2001.
88. Essers, B. et al. Acute community-acquired diarrhea requiring hospital admission in Swiss children. Clin. Infect. Dis., 31, 192, 2000.
89. Maltezou, H.C. et al. Acute diarrhoea in children treated in an outpatient setting in Athens, Greece. J. Infect., 43, 122, 2001.
90. George, W.L. et al. Aeromonas-related diarrhea in adults. Arch. Intern. Med., 145, 2207, 1985.
91. Dumontet, S. et al. Incidence and characterisation of Aeromonas spp. in environmental and human samples in southern Italy. New Microbiol., 26, 215, 2003.
92. Janda, J.M. Aeromonas and Plesiomonas. In: Sussman, M. (ed.), Molecular Medical Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001.
93. Trower, C.J. et al. Production of an enterotoxin by a gastroenteritis- associated Aeromonas strain. J. Med. Microbiol., 49, 121, 2000.
94. Kay, W.W. et al. Purification and disposition of a surface protein associated with virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida. J. Bacteriol., 147, 1077, 1981.
95. Shaw, J.G. et al. Invasion of tissue culture cells by Aeromonas caviae. Med. Microbiol. Lett., 4, 324, 1995.
96. Kirov, S.M. et al. Lateral flagella and swarming motility in Aeromonas species. J. Bacteriol., 184, 547, 2002.
97. Kirov, S.M., and Sanderson, K. Aeromonas cell line adhesion, surface structures and in vivo models of intestinal colonization. Med. Microbiol. Lett., 4, 305, 1995.
98. Rocha de Souza, C.M. et al. Identification of a 43-kDa outermembrane protein as an adhesin in Aeromonas caviae. J. Med. Microbiol., 50, 313, 2001.
99. Kirov, S. M. et al. Electron microscopic examination of factors influencing the expression of filamentous surface structures on clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria. Microbiol. Immunol., 39, 329, 1995.
100. Fang, H.M., Ge, R. and Sin, Y.M. Cloning, characterisation and expression of Aeromonas hydrophila major adhesion. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 16, 645, 2004.
101. Gavin, R. et al. Lateral flagella are required for increased cell adherence, invasion and biofilm formation by Aeromonas spp. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 224, 77, 2003.
102. Sara, M. and Sleytr, U.B. S-layer proteins. J. Bacteriol., 182, 859, 2000.
103. Merino, S. et al. The role of the capsular polysaccharide of Aeromonas salmonicida in the adherence and invasion of fish cell lines. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 142, 185, 1996.
104. Merino, S., Camprubi, S. and Tomas, J.M. The role of lipopolysaccharide in complement-killing of Aeromonas hydrophila strains of serotype O: 34. J. Gen. Microbiol., 137, 1583, 1991.
105. Aguilar, A. et al. Influence of osmolarity on lipopolysaccharides and virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila serotype O: 34 strains grown at 37 degrees C. Infect. Immun., 65, 1245, 1997.
106. Francki, K.T. and Chang, B.J. Variable expression of O-antigen and the role of lipopolysaccharide as an adhesin in Aeromonas sobria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 122, 97, 1994.
107. Canals, R. et al. The UDP N-acetylgalactosamine 4-epimerase gene is essential for mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila serotype O: 34 virulence. Infect. Immun., 74, 537, 2006.
108. Jimenez, N. et al. Molecular analysis of three Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3 (Serotype O34) lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis gene clusters. J. Bacteriol., 190, 3176, 2008.
109. Knirel, Y.A. et al. Structural studies on the R-type lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila. Carbohydr. Res., 339, 787, 2004.
110. Zhang, Y.L., Arakawa, E. and Leung, K.Y. Novel Aeromonas hydrophila PPD134/91 genes involved in O-antigen and capsule biosynthesis. Infect. Immun., 70, 2326, 2002.
111. Barnett, T.C. et al. Aeromonas spp. possess at least two distinct type IV pilus families. Microb. Pathog., 23, 241, 1997.
112. Merino, S., Shaw, J.G. and Tomás, J.M. Bacterial lateral flagella: an inducible flagella system. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 263, 127, 2006.
113. Canals, R. et al. Analysis of the lateral flagellar gene system of Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3. J. Bacteriol., 188, 852, 2006.
114. Canals, R. et al. Polar flagellum biogenesis in Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Bacteriol., 188, 542, 2006.
115. Kirov, S.M. Bacteria that express lateral flagella enable dissection of the multifunctional roles of flagella in pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 224, 151, 2003.
116. Kirov, S.M., Castrisios, M. and Shaw, J.G. Aeromonas flagella (polar and lateral) are enterocyte adhesins that contribute to biofilm formation on surfaces. Infect. Immun., 72, 1939, 2004.
117. Hokama., A. and Iwanaga, M. Purification and characterization of Aeromonas sobria pili, a possible colonization factor. Infect. Immun., 59, 3478, 1991.
118. Ho, A.S. et al. The pili of Aeromonas hydrophila: identification of an environmentally regulated “mini pilin”. J. Exp. Med., 172, 795, 1990.
119. Kirov, S.M., Hayward, L.J. and Nerrie, M.A. Adhesion of Aeromonas spp. to cell lines used as models for intestinal adhesion. Epidemiol. Infect., 115, 465, 1995.
120. Iwanaga, M. and Hokama, A. Characterization of Aeromonas sobria TAP13 pili: a possible new colonization factor. J. Gen. Microbiol., 138, 1913, 1992.
121. Craig, L. and Li, J. Type IV pili: paradoxes in form and function. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 18, 267, 2008.
122. Barnett, T.C. and Kirov, S.M. The type IV Aeromonas pilus (Tap) gene cluster is widely conserved in Aeromonas species. Microb. Pathog., 26, 77, 1999.
123. Kirov, S.M., O’Donovan, L.A. and Sanderson, K. Functional characterization of type IV pili expressed on diarrhea-associated isolates of Aeromonas species. Infect. Immun., 67, 5447, 1999.
124. Boyd, J.M. et al. Contribution of Type IV pili to the virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). Infect. Immun., 76, 1445, 2008.
125. Pemberton, J.M., Kidd, S.P. and Schmidt, R. Secreted enzymes of Aeromonas. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 152, 1, 1997.
126. Leung, K.Y. and Stevenson, R.M.W. Characteristics and distribution of extracellular proteases from Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Gen. Microbiol., 134, 151, 1988.
127. Merino, S. et al. Cloning, sequencing, and role in virulence of two phospholipases (A1 and C) from mesophilic Aeromonas sp. serogroup O: 34. Infect. Immun., 67, 4008, 1999.
128. Brumlik, M.J. and Buckley, J.T. Identification of the catalytic triad of the lipase/acyltransferase from Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Bacteriol., 178, 2060, 1996.
129. Leclere, V., Bechet, M. and Blondeau, R. Functional significance of a periplasmic Mn-superoxide dismutase from Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Appl. Microbiol., 96, 828, 2004.
130. Asao, T. et al. Purification and some properties of Aeromonas hydrophila hemolysin. Infect. Immun., 46, 122, 1984.
131. Singh, D.V. and Sanyal, S.C. Enterotoxicity of clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp. J. Med. Microbiol., 36, 269, 1992.
132. Sha, J., Kozlova, E.V. and Chopra, A.K. Role of various enterotoxins in Aeromonas hydrophila-induced gastroenteritis: generation of enterotoxin gene-deficient mutants and evaluation of their enterotoxic activity. Infect. Immun., 70, 1924, 2002.
133. Chopra, A.K. et al. The cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila induces proinflammatory cytokine production and activates arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages. Infect. Immun., 68, 2808, 2000.
134. Xu, X. et al. Role of a cytotoxic enterotoxin in Aeromonasassociated infections: development of transposon and isogenic mutants. Infect. Immun., 66, 3501, 1998.
135. Moyer, N.P. Isolation and enumeration of aeromonads, In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
136. Carnahan, A.M. Aeromonas taxonomy-a sea of change. Med. Microbiol. Lett., 2, 206, 1993.
137. Gobat, P.F. and Jemmi, F. Comparison of seven selective media for the isolation of mesophilic Aeromonas species in fish and meat. Int. J. Food. Microbiol., 24, 375, 1995.
138. Havelaar, A.H., During, M. and Versteegh, J.F.M. Ampicillindextrin agar medium for the enumeration of Aeromonas species in water by membrane filtration. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 62, 279, 1987.
139. Kersters, I., Smeyers, N. and Verstraete, W. Comparison of different media for the enumeration of Aeromonas spp. in freshwaters. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 81, 257, 1996.
140. Pin, C. et al. Comparison of different media for the isolation and enumeration of Aeromonas spp. in foods. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 18, 190, 1994.
141. Hunt, G.H. et al. Isolation of Aeromonas sp. from faecal specimens. J. Clin. Pathol., 40, 1382, 1987.
142. Neyts, K. et al. Modification of the bile salts-Irgasan-brilliant green agar for enumeration of Aeromonas species from food. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 57, 211, 2000.
143. Carnahan, A.M., Behram, S. and Joseph, S.W. Aerokey II: a flexible key for identifying clinical Aeromonas species. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29, 2843, 1991.
144. Abbott, S.L. et al. Identification of Aeromonas strains to the genospecies level in the clinical laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol., 30, 1262, 1992.
145. Carson, J. et al. Miniaturized tests for computer-assisted identification of motile Aeromonas species with an improved probability matrix. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90, 190, 2001.
146. Janda, J.M., Reitano, M. and Bottone, E.J. Biotyping of Aeromonas isolates as a correlate to delineating a species-associated disease spectrum. J. Clin. Microbiol., 19, 44, 1984.
147. Abbott, S.L., Cheung, W.K.W. and Janda, J.M. The genus Aeromonas: biochemical characteristics, atypical reactions, and phenotypic identification schemes. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, 2348, 2003.
148. Ozbas, Z.Y., Lehner, A. and Wagner, M. Development of a multiplex and semi-nested PCR assay for detection of Yersinia enterocolitica and Aeromonas hydrophila in raw milk. Food Microbiol., 17, 197, 2000.
149. Kong, R.Y. et al. Rapid detection of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex PCR. Water Res., 36, 2802, 2002.
150. Peng, X.X. et al. Immuno-capture PCR for detection of Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Microbiol. Methods, 49, 335, 2002.
151. Nayduch, D. et al. Detection of Aeromonas caviae in the common housefly Musca domestica by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiol. Infect., 127, 561, 2001.
152. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, M.N. et al. PCR detection of potentially pathogenic aeromonads in raw and cold-smoked freshwater fish. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93, 675, 2002.
153. Fukushima, H., Tsunomori, Y. and Seki, R. Duplex real-time SYBR green PCR assays for detection of 17 species of foodor waterborne pathogens in stools. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, 5134, 2003.
154. Ji, N. et al. Universal primer PCR with DGGE for rapid detection of bacterial pathogens. J. Microbiol. Methods, 57, 409, 2004.
155. Kannan, S. et al. Direct detection of diarrheagenic Aeromonas from faeces by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting aerolysin toxin gene. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci., 5, 91, 2001.
156. Kingombe, C.I. et al. The usefulness of molecular techniques to assess the presence of Aeromonas spp. harboring virulence markers in foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, 113, 2004.
157. Kingombe, C.I. et al. PCR detection, characterization, and distribution of virulence genes in Aeromonas spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 5293, 1999.
158. Sen, K. and Rodgers, M. Distribution of six virulence factors in Aeromonas species isolated from U.S. drinking water utilities: a PCR identification. J. Appl. Microbiol., 97, 1077, 2004.
159. Wang, G. et al. Detection and characterization of the hemolysin genes in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria by multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, 1048, 2003.
160. Cascon, A. et al. Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila hybridization group 1 by PCR assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 1167, 1996.
161. Cascon, A. et al. RFLP-PCR análisis of the aroA gene as a taxonomic tool for the genus Aeromonas. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 156, 199, 1997.
162. Stine, O.C. et al. Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays. Environ. Monit. Assess., 81, 327, 2003.
163. Galindo, C.L. et al. Microarray analysis of Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin-treated murine primary macrophages. Infect. Immun., 72, 5439, 2004.
164. Galindo, C.L. et al. Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin induced genes in macrophages using microarrays. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 40198, 2003.
165. Galindo, C.L. et al. Microarray and proteomics analyses of human intestinal epithelial cells treated with the Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin. Infect. Immun., 73, 2628, 2005.
166. Asfie, M., Yoshijima, T. and Sugita, H. Characterization of the goldfish fecal microflora by the fluorescent in situ hybridization method. Fisheries Sci., 69, 21, 2003.
167. Borrell, N. et al. Identification of Aeromonas clinical isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35, 1671, 1997.
168. Figueras, M.J. et al. Extended method for discrimination of Aeromonas spp. by 16S rDNA RFLP analysis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 50, 2069, 2000.
169. Graf, J. Diverse restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes in Aeromonas veronii strains and possible misidentification of Aeromonas species. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37, 3194, 1999.
170. Klappenbach, J.A., Dunbar, J.M. and Schmidt, T.M. rRNA operon copy number reflects ecological strategies of bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 1328, 2000.
171. Boucher, Y. et al. Intragenomic heterogeneity and intergenomic recombination among haloarchaeal rRNA genes. J. Bacteriol., 186, 3980, 2004.
172. Coenye, T. and Vandamme, P. Intragenomic heterogeneity between multiple 16S ribosomal RNA operons in sequenced bacterial genomes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 228, 45, 2003.
173. Martinez-Murcia, A.J., Benlloch, S. and Collins, M.D. Phylogenetic interrelationships of members of the genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonas as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing: lack of congruence with results of DNADNA hybridizations. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 42, 412, 1992.
174. Sneath, P.H.A. Evidence from Aeromonas for genetic crossing- over in ribosomal sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 43, 626, 1993.
175. Soler, L. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas based on two housekeeping genes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 54, 1511, 2004.
176. Takewaki, S. et al. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the mycobacterial dnaJ gene and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of mycobacterial species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 44, 159, 1994.
177. Liu, H. et al. Use of the dnaJ gene for the detection and identification of all Legionella pneumophila serogroups and description of the primers used to detect 16S rDNA gene sequences of major members of the genus Legionella. Microbiol. Immunol., 47, 859, 2003.
178. Itoh, Y. et al. dnaJ and gyrB gene sequence relationship among species and strains of genus Streptococcus. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 29, 368, 2006.
179. Carnahan, A.M. Genetic relatedness of Aeromonas species based on the DNA sequence of four distinct genomic loci. PhD Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 2001.
180. Martínez-Murcia, A.J. et al. Aeromonas aquariorum sp. nov., isolated from aquaria of ornamental fish. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 58, 1169, 2008.
181. Altwegg, M. Subtyping methods for Aeromonas species. In: Austin, B. et al. (eds), The Genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.
182. APHA. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edn. Washington, DC, 1998.
183. USFDA. Bacterial Analytical Manual Online http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-mm.html, 2001.
184. Esteve, C., Gutierrez, M.C. and Ventosa, A. DNA relatedness among Aeromonas allosaccharophila strains and DNA hybridization groups of the genus Aeromonas. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45, 390, 1995.
185. Huys, G., Kämpfer, P. and Swings, J. New DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotypic data on the species Aeromonas ichthiosmia and Aeromonas allosaccharophila: A. ichthiosmia Shubert et al. 1990 is a later synonym of A. veronii Hickman-Brenner et al. 1987. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 24, 177, 2001.
186. Martínez-Murcia, A.J. et al. Phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic discrepancies to differentiate Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas bestiarum from each other. Int. Microbiol., 8, 259, 2005.
187. Lautrop, H. Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from human feces and its possible pathological significance. APMIS, 51/S 144, 299, 1961.
188. Moyer, N.P. et al. Media and methods for isolation of aeromonads from fecal specimens, A multilaboratory study. Experientia, 47, 409, 1991.