Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities

Healthcare Infection

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 23-30

  Mitchell, Brett G ^a,b,c   Wilson, Fiona ^b   Dancer, Stephanie J ^d   McGregor, Alistair ^b,e  

^a AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Tasmanian Infection Prevention and Control Unit   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^d HAIRMYRES HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL HOBART HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; FLUORESCENT DYE;

ARTICLE; BIOLUMINESCENCE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COST; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; METHODOLOGY; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY CONTROL; STANDARDIZATION;

EID: 84874843706     PISSN: 18355617     EISSN: 18355625     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/HI12047     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Weinstein RA, Hota B. Contamination, disinfection, and crosscolonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39(8): 1182-9.
2. Boyce JM. Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65: 50-4. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(07) 60015-2
3. Colbeck J. Environmental aspects of Staphylococcal infections acquired in hospitals. Am J Public Health 1960; 50: 468-73. doi:10.2105/AJPH.50.4.468
4. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6(1): 130. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
5. Wagenvoort J, De Brauwer E, Penders R, Willems R, Bonten M. Environmental survival of vanomycin resistant Enterococcus faceium. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77: 282-3. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.11.008
6. Getchell-White SI, Donowitz LG, Groschel DH. The inanimate environment of an intensive care unit as a potential source of nosocomial bacteria: evidence for long survival of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1989; 10(9): 402-7. doi:10.1086/646061
7. Neely AN, Maley MP. Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(2): 724-6.
8. Casewell M, Phillips I. Hands as route of tranmission for Klebsiella species. BMJ 1977; 2: 1315-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6098.1315
9. Sanderson P, Weissler S. Recovery of coliforms from the hands of nurses and patients: activities leading to contamination. J Hosp Infect 1992; 21: 85-93. doi:10.1016/0195-6701(92)90027-J
10. Barker J, Vipond I, Bloomfield S. Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of norovirsus contamination via environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2004; 58: 42-9. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004. 04.021
11. Roberts K, Smith CF, Snelling AM,Kerr KG, Banfield KR, Sleigh PA, et al. Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile spores. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 7.
12. Bhalla A, Pultz N, Gries D, Ray A, Eckstein E, Aron DC, et al. Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25(2): 164-7. doi:10.1086/502369
13. Carling PC, Bartley JM. Evaluating hygienic cleaning in health care settings: What you do not know can harm your patients. Am J Infect Control 2010; 38(5): S41-50. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.03.004
14. Bonten MJ, Slaughter S, Ambergen AW, Hayden MK, van Voorhis J, Nathan C, et al. The role of "colonization pressure" in the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: an important infection control variable. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(10): 1127-32. doi:10.1001/ archinte.158.10.1127
15. Eveillard M, Lancien E, Hidri N, Barnaud G, Gaba S, Benlolo JA, et al. Estimation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission by considering colonization pressure at the time of hospital admission. J Hosp Infect 2005; 60(1): 27-31. doi:10.1016/j. jhin.2004.10.008
16. Merrer J, Santoli F, Appere de Vecchi C, Tran B,DeJonghe B, Outin H. "Colonization pressure" and risk of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a medical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(11): 718-23. doi:10.1086/501721
17. Puzniak LA, Mayfield J, Leet T, Kollef M, Mundy LM. Acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during scheduled antimicrobial rotation in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33(2): 151-7. doi:10.1086/321807
18. Dancer SJ, White LF, Lamb J, Girvan EK, Robertson C. Measuring the effect of enhanced cleaning in a UK hospital: a prospective cross-over study. BMC Med 2009; 7(1): 28. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-28
19. Carling PC, Briggs J, Hylander D, Perkins J. An evaluation of patient area cleaning in 3 hospitals using a novel targeting methodology. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34(8): 513-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.09.001
20. Hardy KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F, Hawkey PM. A study of the relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patients' acquisition of MRSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27(2): 127-32. doi:10.1086/500622
21. Dancer SJ. Hospital cleaning in the 21st century. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30: 1473-81. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1250-x
22. HaydenMK,BontenMJM,BlomDW,LyleEA,van de VijverDAMC, Weinstein RA. Reduction in acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus after enforcement of routine environmental cleaning measures. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42(11): 1552-60. doi:10.1086/503845
23. Cooper RA, Griffith CJ, Malik RE, Obee P, Looker N. Monitoring the effectiveness of cleaning in four British hospitals. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35(5): 338-41. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.015
24. Griffith CJ, Obee P, Cooper RA, Burton NF, Lewis M. The effectiveness of existing and modified cleaning regimens in a Welsh hospital. J Hosp Infect 2007; 66(4): 352-9. doi:10.1016/j. jhin.2007.05.016
25. Boyce JM, Havill NL, Dumigan DG, Golebiewski M, Balogun O, Rizvani R. Monitoring the effectiveness of hospital cleaning practices by use of an adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30(7): 678-84. doi:10.1086/598243
26. Dancer SJ. The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 2009; 73(4): 378-85. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.03.030
27. Dancer SJ. Mopping up hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43(2): 85-100. doi:10.1053/jhin.1999.0616
28. Dancer SJ. How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2004; 56(1): 10-5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2003.09.017
29. Carling PC, Parry MF, Bruno-Murtha LA, Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (4): 1054. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cdf705
30. Pratt RJ, Pellowe CM, Wilson JA, Loveday HP, Harper PJ, Jones S, et al. epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65: S1-59. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(07)60002-4
31. National Health & Medical Research Council. Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare. Canberra: NHMRC; 2010.
32. Dancer SJ. Importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8(2): 101-13. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07) 70241-4
33. Griffith C, Cooper R, Gilmore J, Davies C, Lewis M. An evaluation of hospital cleaning regimes and standards. J Hosp Infect 2000; 45(1): 19-28. doi:10.1053/jhin.1999.0717
34. Lewis T, Griffith C, Gallo M, Weinbren M. A modified ATP benchmark for evaluating the cleaning of some hospital environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2008; 69(2): 156-63. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2008. 03.013
35. Sherlock O,O'Connell N, Creamer E, Humphreys H. Is it really clean? An evaluation of the efficacy of four methods for determining hospital cleanliness. J Hosp Infect 2009; 72(2): 140-6. doi:10.1016/j. jhin.2009.02.013
36. Willis C, Morley R, Westbury J, Greenwood M, Pallett A. Evaluation of ATP bioluminescence swabbing as a monitoring and training tool for effective hospital cleaning. Brit J Infect Control 2007; 8(5): 17. doi:10.1177/ 1469044607083604
37. Malik RE, Cooper RA, Griffith CJ. Use of audit tools to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning systems in hospitals.AmJ Infect Control 2003; 31(3): 181-7. doi:10.1067/mic.2003.34
38. Carling PC, Briggs JL, Perkins J, Highlander D. Improved cleaning of patient rooms using a new targeting method. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42(3): 385-8.
39. Carling PC, Parry MM, Rupp ME, Po JL, Dick B, Von Beheren S. Improving cleaning of the environment surrounding patients in 36 acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29(11): 1035-41. doi:10.1086/591940
40. Carling PC, Von Beheren S, Kim P, Woods C. Intensive care unit environmental cleaning: an evaluation in sixteen hospitals using a novel assessment tool. J Hosp Infect 2008; 68(1): 39-44. doi:10.1016/ j.jhin.2007.09.015
41. Goodman ER, Platt R, Bass R, Onderdonk AB, Yokoe DS, Huang SS. Impact of an environmental cleaning intervention on the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci on surfaces in intensive care unit rooms. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29(7): 593. doi:10.1086/588566
42. Murphy CL, Macbeth DA, Derrington P, Gerrard J, Faloon J, Kenway K, et al. An assessment of high touch object cleaning thoroughness using a fluorescent marker in two Australian hospitals. Healthc Infect 2011; 16(4): 156-63. doi:10.1071/HI11024
43. Mulvey D, Redding P, Robertson C, Woodall C, Kingsmore P, Bedwell D, et al. Finding a benchmark for monitoring hospital cleanliness. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77: 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2010. 08.006
44. Simpson J, Archibald L, Giles CJ. Repeatability of hygiene test systems in measurement of low levels of ATP. Cara Technology Ltd Report 30606, 27 July 2006.
45. Aycicek H, Oguz U, Karci K. Comparison of results of ATP bioluminescence and traditional hygiene swabbing methods for the determination of surface cleanliness at a hospital kitchen. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209(2): 203-6. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.09.007
46. Malik RE, Cooper RA, Griffith CJ. Use of audit tools to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning systems in hospitals.AmJ Infect Control 2003; 31(3): 181-7. doi:10.1067/mic.2003.34
47. Vanne L, KarwoskiM,Karppinen S, SjöbergAM.HACCP-based food quality control and rapid detection methods for microorganisms. Food Contr 1996; 7(6): 263-76. doi:10.1016/S0956-7135(96)00064-3
48. Green TA, Russell SM, Fletcher DL. Effect of chemical cleaning agents and commercial sanitizers on ATP bioluminescence measurements. J Food Prot 1999; 62(1): 86-90.
49. Boyce JM, Havill NL, Lipka A, Havill H, Rizvani R. Variations in hospital daily cleaning practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31(1): 99. doi:10.1086/649225
50. Brown E, Eder AR, Thompson KM. Do surface and cleaning chemistries interfere with ATP measurement systems for monitoring patient room hygiene? J Hosp Infect 2010; 74(2): 193-5. doi:10.1016/ j.jhin.2009.10.006
51. McGowan JE Jr. Environmental factors in nosocomial infection: a selective focus. Rev Infect Dis 1981; 3(4): 760-9. doi:10.1093/clinids/ 3.4.760
52. Moore G, Griffith C. A comparison of surface sampling methods for detecting coliforms on food contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 2002; 19(1): 65-73. doi:10.1006/fmic.2001.0464
53. Moore G, Griffith C, Fielding L. A comparison of traditional and recently developed methods for monitoring surface hygiene within the food industry: a laboratory study. Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation 2001; 21(6): 478-88.
54. Obee P, Griffith CJ, Cooper RA, Bennion NE. An evaluation of different methods for the recovery of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65(1): 35-41. doi:10.1016/j.jhin. 2006.09.010
55. AndersenBM,RaschM,Kvist J, Tollefsen T, LukkassenR, Sandvik L, et al. Floor cleaning: effect on bacteria and organic materials in hospital rooms. J Hosp Infect 2009; 71(1): 57-65. doi:10.1016/ j.jhin.2008.09.014
56. Sexton T, Clarke P, O'Neill E, Dillane T, Humphreys H. Environmental reservoirs of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in isolation rooms: correlation with patient isolates and implications for hospital hygiene. J Hosp Infect 2006; 62(2): 187-94. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.07.017
57. Shiomori T, Miyamotoy H, Makishima K, Yoshida M, Fujiyoshi T, Udaka T, et al. Evaluation of bedmaking-related airborne and surface methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50: 30-5. doi:10.1053/jhin.2001.1136
58. Sehulster L, Chinn RY, Arduino MJ, Carpenter J, Donlan R, Ashford D. et al. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations from CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Chicago, IL: American Society for Healthcare Engineering/American Hospital Association; 2004.
59. Patient Environment Action Team (PEAT) - 2012 results, England. Leeds,UK: National Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2012. Available online at: https://catalogue.ic.nhs.uk/publications/patient/ facilities/pat-envi-acti-team- res-eng-2012/pat-envi-acti-team-res-eng- 2012-rep.pdf [verified 6 February 2013].
60. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections: Quality improvement guide. NICE public health guidance 36. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2011.
61. Eckstein BC, Adams DA, Eckstein EC, Rao A, Sethi AK, Yadavalli GK, et al. Reduction of Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods.BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7(1): doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-61