메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1182-1189

Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: Are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DETERGENT; DISINFECTANT AGENT;

EID: 12844278645     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/424667     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (524)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0020420063 scopus 로고
    • Relation of the inanimate hospital environment to endemic nosocomial infection
    • Maki DG, Alvarado CJ, Hassemr CA, Zilz MA. Relation of the inanimate hospital environment to endemic nosocomial infection. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:1562-6.
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.307 , pp. 1562-1566
    • Maki, D.G.1    Alvarado, C.J.2    Hassemr, C.A.3    Zilz, M.A.4
  • 2
    • 0029685966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals
    • Garner JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17:53-80.
    • (1996) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.17 , pp. 53-80
    • Garner, J.S.1
  • 3
    • 0142156154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of influenza: Implications for control in health care settings
    • Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB. Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1094-101.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 1094-1101
    • Bridges, C.B.1    Kuehnert, M.J.2    Hall, C.B.3
  • 4
    • 0037871799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities: Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
    • Sehulster L, Chinn RY, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HICPAC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 2003; 52(RR-10):1-42.
    • (2003) MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.52 , Issue.RR-10 , pp. 1-42
    • Sehulster, L.1    Chinn, R.Y.2
  • 5
    • 0025233611 scopus 로고
    • Survival and disinfection of parainfluenza viruses on environmental surfaces
    • Brady MT, Evans J, Cuartas J. Survival and disinfection of parainfluenza viruses on environmental surfaces. Am J Infect Control 1990; 18:18-23.
    • (1990) Am J Infect Control , vol.18 , pp. 18-23
    • Brady, M.T.1    Evans, J.2    Cuartas, J.3
  • 6
    • 0003174565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norwalk like viruses: Public health consequences and management
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norwalk like viruses: public health consequences and management. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001; 50 (RR-09):1-18.
    • (2001) MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.50 , Issue.RR-09 , pp. 1-18
  • 7
    • 0033770108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis
    • Cheesbrough JS, Green J, Gallimore CI, et al. Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 125:93-8.
    • (2000) Epidemiol Infect , vol.125 , pp. 93-98
    • Cheesbrough, J.S.1    Green, J.2    Gallimore, C.I.3
  • 8
    • 0033870779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus in a hotel restaurant
    • Marks PJ, Vipond IB, Carlisle D, et al. Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus in a hotel restaurant. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124:481-7.
    • (2000) Epidemiol Infect , vol.124 , pp. 481-487
    • Marks, P.J.1    Vipond, I.B.2    Carlisle, D.3
  • 9
    • 0007550015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disinfection, sterilization, and control of hospital waste
    • Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone
    • Zaidi M, Wenzel RP. Disinfection, sterilization, and control of hospital waste. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 3000-2.
    • (2000) Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th Ed. , pp. 3000-3002
    • Zaidi, M.1    Wenzel, R.P.2
  • 10
    • 0034682057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of hepatitis B associated with reusable subdermal electroencephalogram electrodes
    • Hepatitis B Outbreak Investigation Team. An outbreak of hepatitis B associated with reusable subdermal electroencephalogram electrodes. CMAJ 2000; 162:1127-31.
    • (2000) CMAJ , vol.162 , pp. 1127-1131
  • 11
    • 0026569484 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with the use of a spring-loaded finger-stick device
    • Polish LB, Shapiro CN, Bauer F, et al. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with the use of a spring-loaded finger-stick device. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:721-5.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 721-725
    • Polish, L.B.1    Shapiro, C.N.2    Bauer, F.3
  • 12
    • 84984559172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SARS in hospital emergency room
    • May
    • Chen YC, Huang LM, Chan CC, et al. SARS in hospital emergency room. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] May 2004. Available at: http: //www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ EID/vol10no5/03-0579.htm. Accessed 29 February 2004.
    • (2004) Emerg Infect Dis [Serial Online]
    • Chen, Y.C.1    Huang, L.M.2    Chan, C.C.3
  • 15
    • 0038170225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SARS: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, management, and infection control measures
    • Sampathkumar P, Temesgen Z, Smith TF, et al. SARS: epidemiology, clinical presentation, management, and infection control measures. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:882-90.
    • (2003) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.78 , pp. 882-890
    • Sampathkumar, P.1    Temesgen, Z.2    Smith, T.F.3
  • 16
    • 0031965014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Candida glabrata colonization: An epidemiologic study
    • Vazquez JA, Dembry LM, Sanchez V, et al. Nosocomial Candida glabrata colonization: an epidemiologic study. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:421-6.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 421-426
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Dembry, L.M.2    Sanchez, V.3
  • 17
    • 0036122253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative study of the survival of two species of Candida on porous and non-porous environmental surfaces and hands
    • Traore O, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA. A quantitative study of the survival of two species of Candida on porous and non-porous environmental surfaces and hands. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:549-55.
    • (2002) J Appl Microbiol , vol.92 , pp. 549-555
    • Traore, O.1    Springthorpe, V.S.2    Sattar, S.A.3
  • 18
    • 0030061122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Med 1996; 100:32-40.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.100 , pp. 32-40
    • Samore, M.H.1    Venkataraman, L.2    DeGirolami, P.C.3
  • 19
    • 0019497353 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Kim KH, Fekety R, Batts DH, et al. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. J Infect Dis 1981; 143:42-50.
    • (1981) J Infect Dis , vol.143 , pp. 42-50
    • Kim, K.H.1    Fekety, R.2    Batts, D.H.3
  • 20
    • 0019503053 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis: Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment
    • Fekety R, Kim KH, Brown D, et al. Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis: isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Med 1981; 70:906-8.
    • (1981) Am J Med , vol.70 , pp. 906-908
    • Fekety, R.1    Kim, K.H.2    Brown, D.3
  • 21
    • 0021684674 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Why infection control efforts have failed
    • Olson B, Weinstein RA, Nathan C, et al. Epidemiology of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why infection control efforts have failed. J Infect Dis 1984; 150:808-16.
    • (1984) J Infect Dis , vol.150 , pp. 808-816
    • Olson, B.1    Weinstein, R.A.2    Nathan, C.3
  • 22
    • 0026340759 scopus 로고
    • Survival of bacteria under dry conditions: From a viewpoint of nosocomial infection
    • Hirai Y. Survival of bacteria under dry conditions: from a viewpoint of nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 1991; 19:191-200.
    • (1991) J Hosp Infect , vol.19 , pp. 191-200
    • Hirai, Y.1
  • 23
    • 0028275082 scopus 로고
    • Lack of association between clinical and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital wards
    • Orsi GB, Mansi A, Tomao P, et al. Lack of association between clinical and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital wards. J Hosp Infect 1994; 27:49-60.
    • (1994) J Hosp Infect , vol.27 , pp. 49-60
    • Orsi, G.B.1    Mansi, A.2    Tomao, P.3
  • 24
    • 0035999820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak due to multi-resistant A. bauman nii in a burn unit: Risk factors for acquisition and management
    • Simor AE, Lee M, Vearncombe M, et al. An outbreak due to multi-resistant A. bauman nii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:261-7.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 261-267
    • Simor, A.E.1    Lee, M.2    Vearncombe, M.3
  • 25
    • 0036479514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units
    • Das I, Lambert P, Hill D, et al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50:110-4.
    • (2002) J Hosp Infect , vol.50 , pp. 110-114
    • Das, I.1    Lambert, P.2    Hill, D.3
  • 26
    • 0031808598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces: Comparison of outbreak and sporadic isolates
    • Jawad A, Seifert H, Snelling AM, et al. Survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces: comparison of outbreak and sporadic isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1938-41.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 1938-1941
    • Jawad, A.1    Seifert, H.2    Snelling, A.M.3
  • 27
    • 0031780954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of an adult intensive care unit for long-term persistence of a multi-resistance strain of A. baumannii
    • Webster CA, Crowe M, Humphreys H, et al. Surveillance of an adult intensive care unit for long-term persistence of a multi-resistance strain of A. baumannii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17:171-6.
    • (1998) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 171-176
    • Webster, C.A.1    Crowe, M.2    Humphreys, H.3
  • 28
    • 0031229649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Possible infection control implications
    • Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, et al. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:622-7.
    • (1997) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 622-627
    • Boyce, J.M.1    Potter-Bynoe, G.2    Chenevert, C.3
  • 29
    • 0023749671 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the resistance to drying of staphylococcal strains
    • Beard-Pegler MA, Stubbs E, Vickery AM. Observations on the resistance to drying of staphylococcal strains. J Med Microbiol 1988; 26:251-5.
    • (1988) J Med Microbiol , vol.26 , pp. 251-255
    • Beard-Pegler, M.A.1    Stubbs, E.2    Vickery, A.M.3
  • 30
    • 0025309248 scopus 로고
    • Adherence and survival properties of an epidemic methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus compared with those of methicillin-sensitive strains
    • Duckworth GJ, Jordens JZ. Adherence and survival properties of an epidemic methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus compared with those of methicillin-sensitive strains. J Med Microbiol 1990; 32:195-200.
    • (1990) J Med Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 195-200
    • Duckworth, G.J.1    Jordens, J.Z.2
  • 31
    • 0025995661 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus : Colonization and infection in a long-term care facility
    • Bradley SF, Terpenning MS, Ramsey MA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus : colonization and infection in a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:417-22.
    • (1991) Ann Intern Med , vol.115 , pp. 417-422
    • Bradley, S.F.1    Terpenning, M.S.2    Ramsey, M.A.3
  • 32
    • 0031132010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of environmental contamination in the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Role of environmental contamination in the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:306-9.
    • (1997) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 306-309
    • Weber, D.J.1    Rutala, W.A.2
  • 33
    • 0031265786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological study of hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: Possible transmission by an electronic ear-probe thermometer
    • Porwancher R, Sheth A, Remphrey S, et al. Epidemiological study of hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: possible transmission by an electronic ear-probe thermometer. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:771-3.
    • (1997) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 771-773
    • Porwancher, R.1    Sheth, A.2    Remphrey, S.3
  • 34
    • 0027209392 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infection with microsphere beds
    • Gould FK, Freeman R. Nosocomial infection with microsphere beds. Lancet 1993; 342:241-2.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 241-242
    • Gould, F.K.1    Freeman, R.2
  • 35
    • 0030347251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term survival of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on a contaminated surface
    • Bonilla HF, Zervos MJ, Kauffman CA. Long-term survival of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on a contaminated surface. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17:770-2.
    • (1996) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.17 , pp. 770-772
    • Bonilla, H.F.1    Zervos, M.J.2    Kauffman, C.A.3
  • 37
    • 0042835788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of environmental contamination as a risk factor for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients treated in a medical intensive care unit
    • Martinez JA, Ruthazer R, Hansjosten K, et al. Role of environmental contamination as a risk factor for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients treated in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1905-12.
    • (2003) Arch Intern Med , vol.163 , pp. 1905-1912
    • Martinez, J.A.1    Ruthazer, R.2    Hansjosten, K.3
  • 38
    • 0033791024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor: Possible association with toys
    • Rogers M, Weinstock DM, Eagan J, et al. Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor: possible association with toys. Am J Infect Control 2000; 28:378-80.
    • (2000) Am J Infect Control , vol.28 , pp. 378-380
    • Rogers, M.1    Weinstock, D.M.2    Eagan, J.3
  • 39
    • 0031779353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay
    • Green J, Wright PA, Gallimore CI, et al. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. J Hosp Infect 1998; 39:39-45.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.39 , pp. 39-45
    • Green, J.1    Wright, P.A.2    Gallimore, C.I.3
  • 40
    • 0037074030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships - United States, 2002
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships - United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51:1112-5.
    • (2002) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.51 , pp. 1112-1115
  • 41
    • 1942467995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus
    • Yu ITS, Li Y, Wong TW, et al. Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. New Engl J Med 2004; 350:1731-9.
    • (2004) New Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1731-1739
    • Yu, I.T.S.1    Li, Y.2    Wong, T.W.3
  • 42
    • 0027212685 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial acquisition of Candida albicans: An epidemiologic study
    • Vazquez JA, Sanchez V, Dmuchowski C, et al. Nosocomial acquisition of Candida albicans: an epidemiologic study. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:195-201.
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.168 , pp. 195-201
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Sanchez, V.2    Dmuchowski, C.3
  • 43
    • 0029959130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections
    • Fridkin SK, Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9:499-511.
    • (1996) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.9 , pp. 499-511
    • Fridkin, S.K.1    Jarvis, W.R.2
  • 44
    • 0034947292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of endemic Clostridium difficile infection
    • Fawley WN, Wilcox MH. Molecular epidemiology of endemic Clostridium difficile infection. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 126:343-50.
    • (2001) Epidemiol Infect , vol.126 , pp. 343-350
    • Fawley, W.N.1    Wilcox, M.H.2
  • 45
    • 0033796566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii: The importance of cross-transmission
    • D'Agata EM, Thayer V, Schaffner W. An outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii: the importance of cross-transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:588-91.
    • (2000) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.21 , pp. 588-591
    • D'Agata, E.M.1    Thayer, V.2    Schaffner, W.3
  • 46
    • 0034798885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit associated with tracheostomy
    • Mah MW, Memish ZA, Cunningham G, et al. Outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit associated with tracheostomy. Am J Infect Control 2001; 29:284-8.
    • (2001) Am J Infect Control , vol.29 , pp. 284-288
    • Mah, M.W.1    Memish, Z.A.2    Cunningham, G.3
  • 47
    • 0027034635 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and long-term care facilities: Microbiology, epidemiology, and preventive measures
    • Boyce JM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and long-term care facilities: microbiology, epidemiology, and preventive measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992; 13:725-37.
    • (1992) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.13 , pp. 725-737
    • Boyce, J.M.1
  • 48
    • 0024345851 scopus 로고
    • Staff carriage of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Cookson B, Peters B, Webster M, et al. Staff carriage of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:1471-6.
    • (1989) J Clin Microbiol , vol.27 , pp. 1471-1476
    • Cookson, B.1    Peters, B.2    Webster, M.3
  • 49
    • 0026020124 scopus 로고
    • Mattresses as reservoirs of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Ndawula EM, Brown L. Mattresses as reservoirs of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Lancet 1991; 337:488.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 488
    • Ndawula, E.M.1    Brown, L.2
  • 50
    • 0029989860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on naturally contaminated dry mops
    • Oie S, Kamiya A. Survival of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on naturally contaminated dry mops. J Hosp Infect 1996; 34:145-9.
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.34 , pp. 145-149
    • Oie, S.1    Kamiya, A.2
  • 52
    • 0034769091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that hospital hygiene is important in the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Rampling A, Wiseman S, Davis L, et al. Evidence that hospital hygiene is important in the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49:109-16.
    • (2001) J Hosp Infect , vol.49 , pp. 109-116
    • Rampling, A.1    Wiseman, S.2    Davis, L.3
  • 53
    • 0030001595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat and chemical resistance of enterococci
    • Bradley CR, Fraise AP. Heat and chemical resistance of enterococci. J Hosp Infect 1996; 34:191-6.
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.34 , pp. 191-196
    • Bradley, C.R.1    Fraise, A.P.2
  • 54
    • 0036482956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of enterococci during hospital laundry processing
    • Orr KE, Holliday MG, Jones AL, et al. Survival of enterococci during hospital laundry processing. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50:133-9.
    • (2002) J Hosp Infect , vol.50 , pp. 133-139
    • Orr, K.E.1    Holliday, M.G.2    Jones, A.L.3
  • 55
    • 0000821246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of colonisation of patients and environment with vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Bonten MJ, Hayden MK, Nathan C, et al. Epidemiology of colonisation of patients and environment with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1996; 348:1615-9.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 1615-1619
    • Bonten, M.J.1    Hayden, M.K.2    Nathan, C.3
  • 57
    • 0032904131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing molecular epidemiology and establishment of endemicity of vancomycin resistance in enterococci at one hospital over a 6-year period
    • Kim WJ, Weinstein RA, Hayden MK. The changing molecular epidemiology and establishment of endemicity of vancomycin resistance in enterococci at one hospital over a 6-year period. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:173-1.
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 173-181
    • Kim, W.J.1    Weinstein, R.A.2    Hayden, M.K.3
  • 58
    • 0030587227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the effect of universal use of gloves and gowns with that of glove use alone on acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a medical intensive care unit
    • Slaughter S, Hayden MK, Nathan C, et al. A comparison of the effect of universal use of gloves and gowns with that of glove use alone on acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a medical intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:448-56.
    • (1996) Ann Intern Med , vol.125 , pp. 448-456
    • Slaughter, S.1    Hayden, M.K.2    Nathan, C.3
  • 59
    • 0033578480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection-control measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting
    • Montecalvo MA, Jarvis WR, Uman J, et al. Infection-control measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:269-72.
    • (1999) Ann Intern Med , vol.131 , pp. 269-272
    • Montecalvo, M.A.1    Jarvis, W.R.2    Uman, J.3
  • 60
    • 0029116505 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and mortality risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infections
    • Shay DK, Maloney SA, Montecalvo M, et al. Epidemiology and mortality risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infections. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:993-1000.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.172 , pp. 993-1000
    • Shay, D.K.1    Maloney, S.A.2    Montecalvo, M.3
  • 61
    • 0028989194 scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: Risk factors for infection
    • Edmond MB, Ober JF, Weinbaum DL, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:1126-33.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1126-1133
    • Edmond, M.B.1    Ober, J.F.2    Weinbaum, D.L.3
  • 62
    • 0029738949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. 1994, 1995, and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee
    • Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.
    • Rutala WA. APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. 1994, 1995, and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Am J Infect Control 1996; 24:313-42.
    • (1996) Am J Infect Control , vol.24 , pp. 313-342
    • Rutala, W.A.1
  • 63
    • 0036331264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine surface disinfection in health care facilities: Should we do it?
    • Allerberger F, Ayliffe G, Bassetti M, et al. Routine surface disinfection in health care facilities: should we do it? Am J Infect Control 2002; 30:318-9.
    • (2002) Am J Infect Control , vol.30 , pp. 318-319
    • Allerberger, F.1    Ayliffe, G.2    Bassetti, M.3
  • 64
    • 85033935135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disinfection of hospital rooms contaminated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium
    • Byers KE, Durbin LJ, Simonton BM, et al. Disinfection of hospital rooms contaminated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19:261-4.
    • (1998) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.19 , pp. 261-264
    • Byers, K.E.1    Durbin, L.J.2    Simonton, B.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.