메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 178-210

Speech impairment in down syndrome: A review

Author keywords

Fluency disorders; Genetic disorders; Prosody; Speech sound disorders; Voice disorders

Indexed keywords

DOWN SYNDROME; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPEECH; SPEECH ANALYSIS; SPEECH DISORDER;

EID: 84874507596     PISSN: 10924388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0148)     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (175)

References (203)
  • 3
    • 84874548149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Technical Report CSLU-11-002], Portland, OR: Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University
    • Amano-Kusumoto, A., & Hosom, J.-P. 2011. A review of research on speech intelligibility and correlations with acoustic features [Technical Report CSLU-11-002] (pp. 1-16). Portland, OR: Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University.
    • (2011) A review of research on speech intelligibility and correlations with acoustic features , pp. 1-16
    • Amano-Kusumoto, A.1    Hosom, J.-P.2
  • 4
    • 85014734661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association., Available from
    • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2007. Childhood apraxia of speech [Position statement]. Available from www.asha.org/policy.
    • (2007) Childhood apraxia of speech [Position statement]
  • 7
    • 0018383242 scopus 로고
    • Hearing loss in Down's syndrome: A treatable handicap more common than generally recognized
    • Balkany, T. J., Downs, M. P., Jafek, B. W., & Krajicek, M. J. 1979. Hearing loss in Down's syndrome: A treatable handicap more common than generally recognized. Clinical Pediatrics, 18, 116-118.
    • (1979) Clinical Pediatrics , vol.18 , pp. 116-118
    • Balkany, T.J.1    Downs, M.P.2    Jafek, B.W.3    Krajicek, M.J.4
  • 8
    • 0018824833 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating dental asymmetry: A measure of developmental instability in down syndrome
    • Barden, H. S. 1980. Fluctuating dental asymmetry: A measure of developmental instability in down syndrome. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 52, 169-173.
    • (1980) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.52 , pp. 169-173
    • Barden, H.S.1
  • 11
    • 84874509211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • InW.J. Hardcastle&J. Laver (Eds.), A handbook of phonetic sciences. Oxford, England: Blackwell
    • Beck, J. M. 1997. Organic variation in the vocal apparatus. InW. J. Hardcastle&J. Laver (Eds.), A handbook of phonetic sciences (pp. 256-297). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
    • (1997) Organic variation in the vocal apparatus , pp. 256-297
    • Beck, J.M.1
  • 12
    • 84867840304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic variation in the vocal apparatus
    • Oxford, In: W.J. Hardcastle, J. Laver, & F.E. Gibbon (Eds.), England: Wiley-Blackwell
    • Beck, J. M. 2010. Organic variation in the vocal apparatus. In W. J. Hardcastle, J. Laver, & F. E. Gibbon (Eds.), The handbook of phonetic sciences (pp. 155-201). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
    • (2010) The handbook of phonetic sciences , pp. 155-201
    • Beck, J.M.1
  • 13
    • 0020607627 scopus 로고
    • A noninvasive acoustic method using frequency perturbations and computer-generated vocal-tract shapes
    • Beckman, D. A., Wold, D. C., & Montague, J. C. J. 1983. A noninvasive acoustic method using frequency perturbations and computer-generated vocal-tract shapes. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 26, 304-314.
    • (1983) Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , vol.26 , pp. 304-314
    • Beckman, D.A.1    Wold, D.C.2    Montague, J.C.J.3
  • 18
    • 0018945840 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man: The Down syndrome
    • Bersu, E. T. 1980. Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man: The Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 5, 399-420.
    • (1980) American Journal of Medical Genetics , vol.5 , pp. 399-420
    • Bersu, E.T.1
  • 20
    • 38449089729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metric analysis of the hard palate in children with Down syndrome: A comparative study
    • Bhagyalakshmi, G., Renukarya, A., & Rajangam, S. 2007. Metric analysis of the hard palate in children with Down syndrome: A comparative study. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 12, 55-59.
    • (2007) Down Syndrome Research and Practice , vol.12 , pp. 55-59
    • Bhagyalakshmi, G.1    Renukarya, A.2    Rajangam, S.3
  • 21
    • 0021418801 scopus 로고
    • Three perspectives on the speech of children with Down's syndrome
    • Bleile, K. M., & Schwarz, I. 1984. Three perspectives on the speech of children with Down's syndrome. Journal of Communication Disorders, 17, 87-94.
    • (1984) Journal of Communication Disorders , vol.17 , pp. 87-94
    • Bleile, K.M.1    Schwarz, I.2
  • 24
    • 0004425973 scopus 로고
    • Consonant phoneme, and distinctive feature error patterns in speech
    • Berlin, In: D. Van Dyke, D. Lange, F. Heide, D. Van Duyne, & M. Soucek (Eds.), Germany: Springer-Verlag
    • Borghi, R. W. 1990. Consonant phoneme, and distinctive feature error patterns in speech. In D. Van Dyke, D. Lange, F. Heide, D. Van Duyne, & M. Soucek (Eds.), Clinical perspectives in the management of Down syndrome (pp. 147-152). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    • (1990) Clinical perspectives in the management of Down syndrome , pp. 147-152
    • Borghi, R.W.1
  • 26
    • 84973831227 scopus 로고
    • The language skills of children with Down's syndrome aged 12 to 16 years
    • Bray, M., & Woolnough, L. 1988. The language skills of children with Down's syndrome aged 12 to 16 years. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 4, 311-324.
    • (1988) Child Language Teaching and Therapy , vol.4 , pp. 311-324
    • Bray, M.1    Woolnough, L.2
  • 27
    • 0030816495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of speech production abilities in children with Down syndrome
    • Brown-Sweeney, S. G., & Smith, B. L. 1997. The development of speech production abilities in children with Down syndrome. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 11, 345-362.
    • (1997) Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , vol.11 , pp. 345-362
    • Brown-Sweeney, S.G.1    Smith, B.L.2
  • 29
    • 0025351592 scopus 로고
    • Early onset of presbyacusis in Down syndrome
    • Buchanan, L. H. 1990. Early onset of presbyacusis in Down syndrome. Scandinavian Audiology, 19, 103-110.
    • (1990) Scandinavian Audiology , vol.19 , pp. 103-110
    • Buchanan, L.H.1
  • 30
    • 34247171631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech perception and motor control in children with Down syndrome
    • Bunn, L., Roy, E. A., & Elliott, D. 2007. Speech perception and motor control in children with Down syndrome. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 262-275.
    • (2007) Child Neuropsychology , vol.13 , pp. 262-275
    • Bunn, L.1    Roy, E.A.2    Elliott, D.3
  • 31
    • 0036020243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech production errors in adults with and without Down syndrome following verbal, written, and pictorial cues
    • Bunn, L., Simon, D. A., Welsh, T. N., Watson, C., & Elliott, D. 2002. Speech production errors in adults with and without Down syndrome following verbal, written, and pictorial cues. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21, 157-172.
    • (2002) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.21 , pp. 157-172
    • Bunn, L.1    Simon, D.A.2    Welsh, T.N.3    Watson, C.4    Elliott, D.5
  • 32
    • 79952129856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of articulatory working space area in vowel production of adults with Down syndrome
    • doi:10.3109/02699206.2010.535647
    • Bunton, K., & Leddy, M. 2011. An evaluation of articulatory working space area in vowel production of adults with Down syndrome. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 25, 321-334. doi:10.3109/02699206.2010.535647
    • (2011) Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , vol.25 , pp. 321-334
    • Bunton, K.1    Leddy, M.2
  • 34
    • 0033036921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phonological awareness skills in four year old British children: An assessment and normative data
    • Burt, L., Holm, A., & Dodd, B. 1999. Phonological awareness skills in four year old British children: An assessment and normative data. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 34, 311-335.
    • (1999) International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders , vol.34 , pp. 311-335
    • Burt, L.1    Holm, A.2    Dodd, B.3
  • 35
    • 35348967698 scopus 로고
    • Some findings in speech and voice therapy among mentally deficient children
    • Cabanas, R. 1954. Some findings in speech and voice therapy among mentally deficient children. Folia Phoniatrica, 6, 34-39.
    • (1954) Folia Phoniatrica , vol.6 , pp. 34-39
    • Cabanas, R.1
  • 36
    • 33750692731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous treatment of grammatical and speech-comprehensibility deficits in children with Down syndrome
    • Camarata, S., Yoder, P., & Camarata, M. 2006. Simultaneous treatment of grammatical and speech-comprehensibility deficits in children with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research & Practice, 11, 9-17.
    • (2006) Down Syndrome Research & Practice , vol.11 , pp. 9-17
    • Camarata, S.1    Yoder, P.2    Camarata, M.3
  • 37
    • 33751514701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of childhood dysphonia: A cross-sectional study
    • the ALSPAC Study Team
    • Carding, P. N., Roulstone, S., Northstone, K., & the ALSPAC Study Team. 2006. The prevalence of childhood dysphonia: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Voice, 20, 623-630.
    • (2006) Journal of Voice , vol.20 , pp. 623-630
    • Carding, P.N.1    Roulstone, S.2    Northstone, K.3
  • 38
    • 0037331794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A four-year longitudinal study of palatal plate therapy in children with Down syndrome: Effects on oral motor function, articulation and communication preferences
    • Carlstedt, K., Henningsson, G., & Dahllof, G. 2003. A four-year longitudinal study of palatal plate therapy in children with Down syndrome: Effects on oral motor function, articulation and communication preferences. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 61, 39-46.
    • (2003) Acta Odontologica Scandinavica , vol.61 , pp. 39-46
    • Carlstedt, K.1    Henningsson, G.2    Dahllof, G.3
  • 43
    • 0029937824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relations of motor vocal milestones in typically developing infants and infants with Down syndrome
    • Cobo-Lewis, A. B., Oller, D. K., & Lynch, M. P. 1996. Relations of motor vocal milestones in typically developing infants and infants with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100, 456-467.
    • (1996) American Journal on Mental Retardation , vol.100 , pp. 456-467
    • Cobo-Lewis, A.B.1    Oller, D.K.2    Lynch, M.P.3
  • 44
    • 0001487103 scopus 로고
    • Dental and facial characteristics in Down's syndrome (Mongolism)
    • Cohen, M. M., & Winer, R. A. 1965. Dental and facial characteristics in Down's syndrome (Mongolism). Journal of Dental Research, 44, 197-208.
    • (1965) Journal of Dental Research , vol.44 , pp. 197-208
    • Cohen, M.M.1    Winer, R.A.2
  • 46
    • 0024315168 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between cluster and liquid simplification and sentence length, age, and IQ in Down's syndrome children
    • Crosley, P. A., & Dowling, S. 1989. The relationship between cluster and liquid simplification and sentence length, age, and IQ in Down's syndrome children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 22, 151-168.
    • (1989) Journal of Communication Disorders , vol.22 , pp. 151-168
    • Crosley, P.A.1    Dowling, S.2
  • 47
    • 84874551068 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between syllable reduction, final consonant deletion, and sentence length in children with Down syndrome
    • Crosley, P. A., & Dowling, S. (1989-1990). The relationship between syllable reduction, final consonant deletion, and sentence length in children with Down syndrome. National Student Speech, Language, and Hearing Journal, 17, 65-71.
    • (1989) National Student Speech, Language, and Hearing Journal , vol.17 , pp. 65-71
    • Crosley, P.A.1    Dowling, S.2
  • 49
    • 78651443643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Down syndrome behavioral phenotype: Implications for practice and research in occupational therapy
    • Daunhauer, L. A., & Fidler, D. J. 2011. The Down syndrome behavioral phenotype: implications for practice and research in occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 25, 7-25.
    • (2011) Occupational Therapy in Health Care , vol.25 , pp. 7-25
    • Daunhauer, L.A.1    Fidler, D.J.2
  • 52
    • 0025064989 scopus 로고
    • Speech dysfluency and manual specialization in Down's syndrome
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01536.x
    • Devenny, D. A., & Silverman, W. P. 1990. Speech dysfluency and manual specialization in Down's syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 34, 253-260. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01536.x
    • (1990) Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , vol.34 , pp. 253-260
    • Devenny, D.A.1    Silverman, W.P.2
  • 54
    • 0017227061 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the phonological systems of mental age matched, normal, severely subnormal and Down's syndrome children
    • Dodd, B. 1976. A comparison of the phonological systems of mental age matched, normal, severely subnormal and Down's syndrome children. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 11, 27-42.
    • (1976) British Journal of Disorders of Communication , vol.11 , pp. 27-42
    • Dodd, B.1
  • 55
    • 0015314320 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of babbling patterns in normal and Down-syndrome infants
    • Dodd, B. J. 1972. Comparison of babbling patterns in normal and Down-syndrome infants. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 16, 35-40.
    • (1972) Journal of Mental Deficiency Research , vol.16 , pp. 35-40
    • Dodd, B.J.1
  • 64
    • 21344446608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Praxis skills in young children with Down syndrome, other developmental disabilities, and typically developing children
    • Fidler, D. J., Hepburn, S. L., Mankin, G., & Rogers, S. J. 2005. Praxis skills in young children with Down syndrome, other developmental disabilities, and typically developing children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59, 129-138.
    • (2005) American Journal of Occupational Therapy , vol.59 , pp. 129-138
    • Fidler, D.J.1    Hepburn, S.L.2    Mankin, G.3    Rogers, S.J.4
  • 65
    • 0023808718 scopus 로고
    • Cephalometric comparison between children with and without Down's syndrome
    • Fischer-Brandies, H. 1988. Cephalometric comparison between children with and without Down's syndrome. European Journal of Orthodontics, 10, 255-263.
    • (1988) European Journal of Orthodontics , vol.10 , pp. 255-263
    • Fischer-Brandies, H.1
  • 67
    • 0015374194 scopus 로고
    • TONAR II: An instrument for use in management of nasality
    • Fletcher, S. G. 1972. TONAR II: An instrument for use in management of nasality. Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences, 9, 333-338.
    • (1972) Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences , vol.9 , pp. 333-338
    • Fletcher, S.G.1
  • 68
    • 0345390825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prepausal accuracy in the speech of adults with down syndrome
    • Flipsen, P. 1999. Prepausal accuracy in the speech of adults with down syndrome. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13, 55-65.
    • (1999) Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , vol.13 , pp. 55-65
    • Flipsen, P.1
  • 69
    • 84874546738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acoustic correlates of nasopharyngeal resonance
    • Athens, In: A. Botinis (Ed.), Greece: University of Athens and the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA)
    • Fourakis, M., Karlsson, H., Tilkens, C., & Shriberg, L. 2010. Acoustic correlates of nasopharyngeal resonance. In A. Botinis (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd ISCA Tutorial and ResearchWorkshop on Experimental Linguistics (pp. 41-44). Athens, Greece: University of Athens and the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA).
    • (2010) Proceedings of the 3rd ISCA Tutorial and ResearchWorkshop on Experimental Linguistics , pp. 41-44
    • Fourakis, M.1    Karlsson, H.2    Tilkens, C.3    Shriberg, L.4
  • 70
    • 0015095827 scopus 로고
    • Craniofacial complex in the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's syndrome)
    • Frostad, W. A., Cleall, J. F., & Melosky, L. C. 1971. Craniofacial complex in the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's syndrome). Archives of Oral Biology, 16, 707-722.
    • (1971) Archives of Oral Biology , vol.16 , pp. 707-722
    • Frostad, W.A.1    Cleall, J.F.2    Melosky, L.C.3
  • 74
    • 84874543044 scopus 로고
    • The incidence of stuttering in a group of mongoloids
    • Gottsleben, R. H. 1955. The incidence of stuttering in a group of mongoloids. Training School Bulletin, 51, 209-218.
    • (1955) Training School Bulletin , vol.51 , pp. 209-218
    • Gottsleben, R.H.1
  • 75
    • 51649097590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative rather than absolute macroglossia in patients with Down syndrome: Implications for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
    • Guimaraes, C. V. A., Donnelly, L. F., Shott, S. R., Amin, R. S., & Kalra, M. 2008. Relative rather than absolute macroglossia in patients with Down syndrome: Implications for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatric Radiology, 38, 518-523.
    • (2008) Pediatric Radiology , vol.38 , pp. 518-523
    • Guimaraes, C.V.A.1    Donnelly, L.F.2    Shott, S.R.3    Amin, R.S.4    Kalra, M.5
  • 77
    • 0013230261 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the articulatory patterns of young adults with Down's syndrome using electropalatography
    • Hamilton, C. 1993. Investigation of the articulatory patterns of young adults with Down's syndrome using electropalatography. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 1, 15-28.
    • (1993) Down Syndrome Research and Practice , vol.1 , pp. 15-28
    • Hamilton, C.1
  • 80
    • 53349171854 scopus 로고
    • Speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) characteristics of mongoloid girls
    • Hollien, H., & Copeland, R. H. 1965. Speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) characteristics of mongoloid girls. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 30, 344-349.
    • (1965) Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , vol.30 , pp. 344-349
    • Hollien, H.1    Copeland, R.H.2
  • 82
    • 0010556494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EXPLAN theory of fluency control and the diagnosis of stuttering
    • Amsterdam, In: E. Fava (Ed.), the Netherlands: John Benjamins
    • Howell, P., & Au-Yeung, J. 2002. The EXPLAN theory of fluency control and the diagnosis of stuttering. In E. Fava (Ed.), Pathology and therapy of speech disorders (pp. 75-94). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.
    • (2002) Pathology and therapy of speech disorders , pp. 75-94
    • Howell, P.1    Au-Yeung, J.2
  • 83
    • 0035985367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Listener comprehension of severely dysarthric speech: Effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion
    • Hustad, K. C., & Beukelman, D. R. 2002. Listener comprehension of severely dysarthric speech: Effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 545-558.
    • (2002) Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , vol.45 , pp. 545-558
    • Hustad, K.C.1    Beukelman, D.R.2
  • 85
    • 0036855868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Word-length effect in verbal short-term memory in individuals with Down syndrome
    • Kanno, K., & Ikeda, Y. 2002. Word-length effect in verbal short-term memory in individuals with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 46, 613-618.
    • (2002) Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research , vol.46 , pp. 613-618
    • Kanno, K.1    Ikeda, Y.2
  • 88
    • 0037240382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training phonological awareness skills in children with Down syndrome
    • Kennedy, E. J., & Flynn, M. C. 2003. Training phonological awareness skills in children with Down syndrome. Research in Development Disability, 24, 44-57.
    • (2003) Research in Development Disability , vol.24 , pp. 44-57
    • Kennedy, E.J.1    Flynn, M.C.2
  • 89
    • 0018939830 scopus 로고
    • Acoustic and perceptual evaluation of hypernasality of mentally retarded persons
    • Kline, L. S., & Hutchinson, J. M. 1980. Acoustic and perceptual evaluation of hypernasality of mentally retarded persons. American Journal ofMental Deficiency, 85, 153-160.
    • (1980) American Journal ofMental Deficiency , vol.85 , pp. 153-160
    • Kline, L.S.1    Hutchinson, J.M.2
  • 90
    • 0028376208 scopus 로고
    • Intelligibility of speech in children with Down syndrome in natural settings: Parents' perspective
    • Kumin, L. 1994. Intelligibility of speech in children with Down syndrome in natural settings: Parents' perspective. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 307-313.
    • (1994) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.78 , pp. 307-313
    • Kumin, L.1
  • 91
    • 33747849583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech intelligibility and childhood verbal apraxia in children with Down syndrome
    • Kumin, L. 2006. Speech intelligibility and childhood verbal apraxia in children with Down syndrome. Down's Syndrome, Research, and Practice, 10, 10-22.
    • (2006) Down's Syndrome, Research, and Practice , vol.10 , pp. 10-22
    • Kumin, L.1
  • 92
    • 0028577205 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of the emergence of phonemes in children with Down syndrome
    • Kumin, L., Councill, C., & Goodman, M. 1994. A longitudinal study of the emergence of phonemes in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Communication Disorders, 27, 293-303.
    • (1994) Journal of Communication Disorders , vol.27 , pp. 293-303
    • Kumin, L.1    Councill, C.2    Goodman, M.3
  • 93
    • 0006420970 scopus 로고
    • A perceptual protocol for the analysis of vocal profiles
    • Edinburgh, In: J.D. Laver (Ed.), Scotland: Edinburgh University Press
    • Laver, J. D., Wirz, S. L., Mackenzie, J., & Hiller, S. 1991. A perceptual protocol for the analysis of vocal profiles. In J. D. Laver (Ed.), The gift of speech (pp. 265-280). Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
    • (1991) The gift of speech , pp. 265-280
    • Laver, J.D.1    Wirz, S.L.2    Mackenzie, J.3    Hiller, S.4
  • 94
    • 0031782979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of nonword repetition as a test of phonological memory in children with Down syndrome
    • Laws, G. 1998. The use of nonword repetition as a test of phonological memory in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39, 1119-1130.
    • (1998) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines , vol.39 , pp. 1119-1130
    • Laws, G.1
  • 96
    • 0006094764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biological bases of speech in people with Down syndrome
    • Baltimore, In: J.F. Miller, M. Leddy, & L.A. Leavitt (Eds.), MD: Brookes
    • Leddy, M. 1999. The biological bases of speech in people with Down syndrome. In J. F. Miller, M. Leddy, & L. A. Leavitt (Eds.), Improving the communication of people with Down syndrome (pp. 61-80). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
    • (1999) Improving the communication of people with Down syndrome , pp. 61-80
    • Leddy, M.1
  • 97
    • 57949100750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intonation and phonation in young adults with Down syndrome
    • Lee, M. T., Thorpe, J., & Verhoeven, J. 2009. Intonation and phonation in young adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Voice, 23, 82-87.
    • (2009) Journal of Voice , vol.23 , pp. 82-87
    • Lee, M.T.1    Thorpe, J.2    Verhoeven, J.3
  • 98
    • 0042253952 scopus 로고
    • People and objects affect the quality of vocalizations in infants with Down syndrome
    • Legerstee, M., Bowman, T. G., & Fels, S. 1992. People and objects affect the quality of vocalizations in infants with Down syndrome. Early Development and Parenting, 1, 149-156.
    • (1992) Early Development and Parenting , vol.1 , pp. 149-156
    • Legerstee, M.1    Bowman, T.G.2    Fels, S.3
  • 102
    • 72149102563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new EPG protocol for assessing DDK accuracy scores in children: A Down's syndrome study
    • August, In J. Trouvain &W.J. Barry (Eds.), Saarbrücken, Germany: Saarland University
    • McCann, J., & Wrench, A. A. (2007, August). A new EPG protocol for assessing DDK accuracy scores in children: A Down's syndrome study. In J. Trouvain &W. J. Barry (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1985-1988). Saarbrücken, Germany: Saarland University.
    • (2007) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences , pp. 1985-1988
    • McCann, J.1    Wrench, A.A.2
  • 103
    • 43549099781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voice assessment: Updates on perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, and endoscopic imaging methods
    • Mehta, D. D., & Hillman, R. E. 2008. Voice assessment: Updates on perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, and endoscopic imaging methods. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 16, 211-215.
    • (2008) Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery , vol.16 , pp. 211-215
    • Mehta, D.D.1    Hillman, R.E.2
  • 106
    • 0013314947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal fluency, speech intelligibility and communicative effectiveness
    • Baltimore, In: J.F. Miller, M. Leddy, & L.A. Leavitt (Eds.), MD: Brookes
    • Miller, J., & Leddy, M. 1999. Verbal fluency, speech intelligibility and communicative effectiveness. In J. F. Miller, M. Leddy, & L. A. Leavitt (Eds.), Improving the communication of people with Down syndrome (pp. 81-91). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
    • (1999) Improving the communication of people with Down syndrome , pp. 81-91
    • Miller, J.1    Leddy, M.2
  • 109
    • 0018247551 scopus 로고
    • Perceived pitch and fundamental frequency comparisons of institutionalized Down's syndrome children
    • Montague, J. C., Jr., Hollien, H., Hollien, P. A., & Wold, D. C. 1978. Perceived pitch and fundamental frequency comparisons of institutionalized Down's syndrome children. Folia Phoniatrica, 30, 245-256.
    • (1978) Folia Phoniatrica , vol.30 , pp. 245-256
    • Montague Jr., J.C.1    Hollien, H.2    Hollien, P.A.3    Wold, D.C.4
  • 111
    • 0022791208 scopus 로고
    • Identification of Down's syndrome adults from prolonged vowel samples
    • Moran, M. J. 1986. Identification of Down's syndrome adults from prolonged vowel samples. Journal of Communication Disorders, 19, 387-394.
    • (1986) Journal of Communication Disorders , vol.19 , pp. 387-394
    • Moran, M.J.1
  • 112
    • 0018069880 scopus 로고
    • Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome
    • Moran, M. J., &Gilbert, H. R. 1978. Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 83, 248-252.
    • (1978) American Journal of Mental Deficiency , vol.83 , pp. 248-252
    • Moran, M.J.1    Gilbert, H.R.2
  • 113
    • 0020082070 scopus 로고
    • Selected acoustic characteristics and listener judgments of the voice of Down syndrome adults
    • Moran, M. J., & Gilbert, H. R. 1982. Selected acoustic characteristics and listener judgments of the voice of Down syndrome adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 553-556.
    • (1982) American Journal of Mental Deficiency , vol.86 , pp. 553-556
    • Moran, M.J.1    Gilbert, H.R.2
  • 115
    • 0037243378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMA analysis of tongue function in children with dysarthria following traumatic brain injury
    • Murdoch, B. E., & Goozee, J. V. 2003. EMA analysis of tongue function in children with dysarthria following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 79-93.
    • (2003) Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology , vol.17 , pp. 79-93
    • Murdoch, B.E.1    Goozee, J.V.2
  • 117
    • 0042025827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Down's syndrome: A genetic disorder in biobehavioral perspective
    • Nadel, L. 2003. Down's syndrome: A genetic disorder in biobehavioral perspective. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 2, 156-166.
    • (2003) Genes, Brain and Behavior , vol.2 , pp. 156-166
    • Nadel, L.1
  • 118
    • 50449087612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic and phonological fluency in children with Down syndrome: Atypical organization of language or less efficient retrieval strategies?
    • Nash, H. M., & Snowling, M. J. 2008. Semantic and phonological fluency in children with Down syndrome: Atypical organization of language or less efficient retrieval strategies? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25, 690-703.
    • (2008) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.25 , pp. 690-703
    • Nash, H.M.1    Snowling, M.J.2
  • 119
    • 0015463865 scopus 로고
    • The voice of children with Down's syndrome
    • Novak, A. 1972. The voice of children with Down's syndrome. Folia Phoniatrica (Basel), 24, 182-194.
    • (1972) Folia Phoniatrica (Basel) , vol.24 , pp. 182-194
    • Novak, A.1
  • 121
    • 0345489635 scopus 로고
    • Copenhagen, the Netherlands: Danish Science Press
    • Oster, J. 1953. Mongolism. Copenhagen, the Netherlands: Danish Science Press.
    • (1953) Mongolism
    • Oster, J.1
  • 122
    • 58149417162 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of speech disfluencies in Down's syndrome and in normally intelligent subjects
    • Otto, F. M., & Yairi, E. 1974. An analysis of speech disfluencies in Down's syndrome and in normally intelligent subjects. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1, 26-32.
    • (1974) Journal of Fluency Disorders , vol.1 , pp. 26-32
    • Otto, F.M.1    Yairi, E.2
  • 124
    • 84863418016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of hearing loss in pediatric patients with Down syndrome
    • doi:10.1177/0194599811425156
    • Park, A. H., Wilson, M. A., Stevens, P. T., Harward, R., & Hohler, N. 2011. Identification of hearing loss in pediatric patients with Down syndrome. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 136, 135-140. doi:10.1177/0194599811425156
    • (2011) Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , vol.136 , pp. 135-140
    • Park, A.H.1    Wilson, M.A.2    Stevens, P.T.3    Harward, R.4    Hohler, N.5
  • 125
    • 0023088951 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tongue reduction on articulation in children with Down syndrome
    • Parsons, C. L., Iacono, T. A., & Rozner, L. 1987. Effect of tongue reduction on articulation in children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91, 328-332.
    • (1987) American Journal of Mental Deficiency , vol.91 , pp. 328-332
    • Parsons, C.L.1    Iacono, T.A.2    Rozner, L.3
  • 126
    • 0023200369 scopus 로고
    • Formant amplitude of children with Down syndrome
    • Pentz, A. L. J. 1987. Formant amplitude of children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 92, 230-233.
    • (1987) American Journal of Mental Deficiency , vol.92 , pp. 230-233
    • Pentz, A.L.J.1
  • 127
    • 0020511321 scopus 로고
    • Relation of selected acoustical parameters and perceptual ratings to voice quality in Down syndrome children
    • Pentz, A. L., Jr., & Gilbert, H. R. 1983. Relation of selected acoustical parameters and perceptual ratings to voice quality in Down syndrome children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 203-210.
    • (1983) American Journal of Mental Deficiency , vol.88 , pp. 203-210
    • Pentz Jr., A.L.1    Gilbert, H.R.2
  • 128
    • 0042122334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing intonation and prosody in children with atypical language development: The PEPS-C test and the revised version
    • Peppé, S., & McCann, J. 2003. Assessing intonation and prosody in children with atypical language development: The PEPS-C test and the revised version. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 17, 345-354.
    • (2003) Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , vol.17 , pp. 345-354
    • Peppé, S.1    McCann, J.2
  • 129
    • 78751702344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production and perception of word stress in children and adolescents with Down syndrome
    • doi:10.3104/reports.2036
    • Pettinato, M., & Verhoeven, J. 2008. Production and perception of word stress in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research & Practice, 13, 48-61. doi:10.3104/reports.2036
    • (2008) Down Syndrome Research & Practice , vol.13 , pp. 48-61
    • Pettinato, M.1    Verhoeven, J.2
  • 131
    • 0026335116 scopus 로고
    • The current status of corrective surgery for laryngomalacia
    • Prescott, C. A. J. 1991. The current status of corrective surgery for laryngomalacia. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 12, 230-236.
    • (1991) American Journal of Otolaryngology , vol.12 , pp. 230-236
    • Prescott, C.A.J.1
  • 133
    • 84874546310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • & J.E. Roberts, In: S.F. Warren & M.E. Fey (Series Eds.), R.S. Chapman & S.F. Warren (Vol. Eds.), Communication and language intervention series: Speech and language development and intervention in Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Baltimore, MD: Brookes
    • Price, J. R., & Kent, R. D. 2008. Increasing speech intelligibility in Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. In S. F. Warren & M. E. Fey (Series Eds.) & J. E. Roberts, R. S. Chapman & S. F. Warren (Vol. Eds.), Communication and language intervention series: Speech and language development and intervention in Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome (pp. 219-231). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
    • (2008) Increasing speech intelligibility in Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome , pp. 219-231
    • Price, J.R.1    Kent, R.D.2
  • 134
    • 10444242288 scopus 로고
    • The voice of people with Down syndrome: An EMG biofeedback study
    • Pryce, M. 1994. The voice of people with Down syndrome: An EMG biofeedback study. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 2, 106-111.
    • (1994) Down Syndrome Research and Practice , vol.2 , pp. 106-111
    • Pryce, M.1
  • 135
    • 0035252562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Too much of a good thing: Mechanisms of gene action in Down syndrome
    • Reeves, R. H., Baxter, L. L., & Richtsmeier, J. T. 2001. Too much of a good thing: Mechanisms of gene action in Down syndrome. Trends in Genetics, 17, 83-88.
    • (2001) Trends in Genetics , vol.17 , pp. 83-88
    • Reeves, R.H.1    Baxter, L.L.2    Richtsmeier, J.T.3
  • 136
    • 0022084507 scopus 로고
    • Matching prosodic and sound features: Performance of Down's syndrome preschoolers
    • Reichle, J., Siegel, G., & Rettie, M. 1985. Matching prosodic and sound features: Performance of Down's syndrome preschoolers. Journal of Communication Disorders, 18, 149-159.
    • (1985) Journal of Communication Disorders , vol.18 , pp. 149-159
    • Reichle, J.1    Siegel, G.2    Rettie, M.3
  • 137
    • 0023391805 scopus 로고
    • Clinical assessment of oropharyngeal motor development in young children
    • Robbins, J., & Klee, T. 1987. Clinical assessment of oropharyngeal motor development in young children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 52, 271-277.
    • (1987) Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , vol.52 , pp. 271-277
    • Robbins, J.1    Klee, T.2
  • 140
    • 0028840673 scopus 로고
    • Severe laryngomalacia: Surgical indications and results in 115 patients
    • Roger, G., Denoyelle, F., Triglia, J. M., & Garabedian, E. N. 1995. Severe laryngomalacia: Surgical indications and results in 115 patients. Laryngoscope, 105, 1111-1117.
    • (1995) Laryngoscope , vol.105 , pp. 1111-1117
    • Roger, G.1    Denoyelle, F.2    Triglia, J.M.3    Garabedian, E.N.4
  • 143
    • 0018702015 scopus 로고
    • Pilot perceptual and physiological investigation of hypernasality in Down's syndrome adults
    • Rolfe, C. R., Montague, J. C., Tirman, R. M., & Vandergrift, J. F. 1979. Pilot perceptual and physiological investigation of hypernasality in Down's syndrome adults. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 31, 177-187.
    • (1979) Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica , vol.31 , pp. 177-187
    • Rolfe, C.R.1    Montague, J.C.2    Tirman, R.M.3    Vandergrift, J.F.4
  • 147
    • 34547586972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phonotactic patterns in the speech of children with Down syndrome
    • Rupela, V., &Manjula, R. 2007. Phonotactic patterns in the speech of children with Down syndrome. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 21, 605-622.
    • (2007) Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , vol.21 , pp. 605-622
    • Rupela, V.1    Manjula, R.2
  • 150
    • 84919905257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of acoustic features in speakers with cognitive disorders and speech impairments [Article ID 159234]
    • Vol. 2009. doi:10.1155/2009/159234
    • Saz, O., Simon, J., Rodriguez, W.-R., Lleida, E., & Vaquero, C. 2009. Analysis of acoustic features in speakers with cognitive disorders and speech impairments [Article ID 159234]. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol. 2009. doi:10.1155/2009/159234
    • (2009) EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
    • Saz, O.1    Simon, J.2    Rodriguez, W.-R.3    Lleida, E.4    Vaquero, C.5
  • 151
    • 61549111269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health of children 3 to 17 years of age with Down Syndrome in the 1997-2005 National Health Interview Survey
    • Schieve, L.A., Sheree, A., Boulet, L., Boyle, C., Rasmussen, S. A., & Schendel, D. 2009. Health of children 3 to 17 years of age with Down Syndrome in the 1997-2005 National Health Interview Survey. Pediatrics, 123, e253-e260.
    • (2009) Pediatrics , vol.123
    • Schieve, L.A.1    Sheree, A.2    Boulet, L.3    Boyle, C.4    Rasmussen, S.A.5    Schendel, D.6
  • 152
    • 7144255602 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of speech defects among the institutionalized mentally retarded
    • Schlanger, B. B., & Gottsleben, R. H. 1957. Analysis of speech defects among the institutionalized mentally retarded. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 22, 98-103.
    • (1957) Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , vol.22 , pp. 98-103
    • Schlanger, B.B.1    Gottsleben, R.H.2
  • 154
    • 0016741618 scopus 로고
    • Amplified developmental instability in Down's syndrome
    • Shapiro, B. L. 1975. Amplified developmental instability in Down's syndrome. Annals of Human Genetics, 38, 429-437.
    • (1975) Annals of Human Genetics , vol.38 , pp. 429-437
    • Shapiro, B.L.1
  • 157
    • 71949111113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Down syndrome among children and adolescents in 10 regions of the United States
    • the Congenital Anomaly Multistate Prevalence and Survival (CAMPS) Collaborative
    • Shin, M., Besser, J. M., Kucik, J. E., Lu, C., Siffel, C., & Correa, A. & the Congenital Anomaly Multistate Prevalence and Survival (CAMPS) Collaborative. 2009. Prevalence of Down syndrome among children and adolescents in 10 regions of the United States. Pediatrics, 124, 1565-1571.
    • (2009) Pediatrics , vol.124 , pp. 1565-1571
    • Shin, M.1    Besser, J.M.2    Kucik, J.E.3    Lu, C.4    Siffel, C.5    Correa, A.6
  • 162
    • 0025604830 scopus 로고
    • Speech and prosody characteristics of adults with mental retardation
    • Shriberg, L. D., & Widder, C. J. 1990. Speech and prosody characteristics of adults with mental retardation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33, 627-653.
    • (1990) Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , vol.33 , pp. 627-653
    • Shriberg, L.D.1    Widder, C.J.2
  • 165
    • 0019515254 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of pre-meaningful vocalizations produced by normally developing and Down's syndrome infants
    • Smith, B. L., & Oller, D. K. 1981. A comparative study of pre-meaningful vocalizations produced by normally developing and Down's syndrome infants. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 46-51.
    • (1981) Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , vol.46 , pp. 46-51
    • Smith, B.L.1    Oller, D.K.2
  • 166
    • 0020962308 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of the development of stop consonant production in normal and Down's syndrome children
    • Smith, B. L., & Stoel-Gammon, C. 1983. A longitudinal study of the development of stop consonant production in normal and Down's syndrome children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 48, 114-118.
    • (1983) Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , vol.48 , pp. 114-118
    • Smith, B.L.1    Stoel-Gammon, C.2
  • 167
    • 0029915961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative analysis of the reduplicated and variegated babbling in vocalizations by Down syndrome infants
    • Smith, B. L., & Stoel-Gammon, C. 1996. A quantitative analysis of the reduplicated and variegated babbling in vocalizations by Down syndrome infants. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 10, 119-130.
    • (1996) Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , vol.10 , pp. 119-130
    • Smith, B.L.1    Stoel-Gammon, C.2
  • 168
    • 0027999476 scopus 로고
    • Down's syndrome and the acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children
    • So, L. K., & Dodd, B. J. 1994. Down's syndrome and the acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 38, 501-517.
    • (1994) Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research , vol.38 , pp. 501-517
    • So, L.K.1    Dodd, B.J.2
  • 172
  • 173
    • 0032818728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal abnormalities in fetuses with Down's syndrome: A radiographic post-mortem study
    • Stempfle, N., Huten, Y., Fredouille, C., Brisse, H., & Nessmann, C. 1999. Skeletal abnormalities in fetuses with Down's syndrome: A radiographic post-mortem study. Pediatric Radiology, 29, 682-688.
    • (1999) Pediatric Radiology , vol.29 , pp. 682-688
    • Stempfle, N.1    Huten, Y.2    Fredouille, C.3    Brisse, H.4    Nessmann, C.5
  • 174
    • 0019155204 scopus 로고
    • Phonological analysis of four Down's syndrome children
    • Stoel-Gammon, C. 1980. Phonological analysis of four Down's syndrome children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 31-48.
    • (1980) Applied Psycholinguistics , vol.1 , pp. 31-48
    • Stoel-Gammon, C.1
  • 175
    • 78751701370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosodic deficits in children with Down syndrome
    • doi:10.1016/j.neuroling.2010.01.004
    • Stojanovik, V. 2010. Prosodic deficits in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24, 145-155. doi:10.1016/j.neuroling.2010.01.004
    • (2010) Journal of Neurolinguistics , vol.24 , pp. 145-155
    • Stojanovik, V.1
  • 176
    • 80052440162 scopus 로고
    • Speech problems of the Mongoloid child
    • Strazzulla, M. 1953. Speech problems of the Mongoloid child. Quarterly Review of Paediatrics, 8, 268-273.
    • (1953) Quarterly Review of Paediatrics , vol.8 , pp. 268-273
    • Strazzulla, M.1
  • 179
  • 180
    • 34249777237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal sensorimotor integrative function of the larynx in congenital laryngomalacia: A new theory of etiology
    • Thompson, D. M. 2009. Abnormal sensorimotor integrative function of the larynx in congenital laryngomalacia: A new theory of etiology. The Laryngoscope, 117(Suppl. 114), 1-33.
    • (2009) The Laryngoscope , vol.117 , Issue.SUPPL. 114 , pp. 1-33
    • Thompson, D.M.1
  • 182
    • 0023706117 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the speech of five Down's syndrome adolescents
    • Van Borsel, J. 1988. An analysis of the speech of five Down's syndrome adolescents. Journal of Communication Disorders, 21, 409-421.
    • (1988) Journal of Communication Disorders , vol.21 , pp. 409-421
    • Van Borsel, J.1
  • 187
    • 33745035951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor development and neuropsychological patterns in persons with Down syndrome
    • Vicari, S. 2006. Motor development and neuropsychological patterns in persons with Down syndrome. Behavior Genetics, 36, 355-364.
    • (2006) Behavior Genetics , vol.36 , pp. 355-364
    • Vicari, S.1
  • 188
    • 36749079264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vowel acoustic space development in children: A synthesis of acoustic and anatomic data
    • Vorperian, H., & Kent, R. 2007. Vowel acoustic space development in children: A synthesis of acoustic and anatomic data. Journal of Speech, Language, andHearing Research, 50, 1510-1545.
    • (2007) Journal of Speech, Language, andHearing Research , vol.50 , pp. 1510-1545
    • Vorperian, H.1    Kent, R.2
  • 192
    • 0014799740 scopus 로고
    • Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of five-and six-year-old children with Mongolism
    • Weinberg, B., & Zlatin, M. 1970. Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of five-and six-year-old children with Mongolism. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 13, 418-425.
    • (1970) Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , vol.13 , pp. 418-425
    • Weinberg, B.1    Zlatin, M.2
  • 195
    • 12944336150 scopus 로고
    • St. Louis, MO: Voice Tapes
    • Wilson, F. 1972. Voice disorders. St. Louis, MO: Voice Tapes.
    • (1972) Voice disorders
    • Wilson, F.1
  • 197
    • 0018528031 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary perceived voice deviations and hearing disorders of adults with Down's syndrome
    • Wold, D. C., & Montague, J. C., Jr. 1979. Preliminary perceived voice deviations and hearing disorders of adults with Down's syndrome. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49, 564.
    • (1979) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.49 , pp. 564
    • Wold, D.C.1    Montague Jr., J.C.2
  • 198
    • 67651167013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of electropalatography (EPG) in the assessment and treatment of motor speech disorders in children with Down's syndrome: Evidence from two case studies
    • Wood, S., Wishart, J., Hardcastle, W., Cleland, J., & Timmins, C. 2009. The use of electropalatography (EPG) in the assessment and treatment of motor speech disorders in children with Down's syndrome: Evidence from two case studies. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 66-75.
    • (2009) Developmental Neurorehabilitation , vol.12 , pp. 66-75
    • Wood, S.1    Wishart, J.2    Hardcastle, W.3    Cleland, J.4    Timmins, C.5
  • 199
    • 77549085936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of vocal tract configurations of older children with Down syndrome using acoustic reflection technology: A pilot study
    • Xue, S., Kaine, L., & Ng, M. L. 2010. Quantification of vocal tract configurations of older children with Down syndrome using acoustic reflection technology: A pilot study. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 74, 378-383.
    • (2010) International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology , vol.74 , pp. 378-383
    • Xue, S.1    Kaine, L.2    Ng, M.L.3
  • 201
    • 0030444519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the types of child utterances mothers expand in children with language delays and with Down's syndrome
    • Yoder, P. J., Hooshyar, N., Klee, T., & Schaffer, M. 1996. Comparison of the types of child utterances mothers expand in children with language delays and with Down's syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(Pt. 6), 557-567.
    • (1996) Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , vol.40 , Issue.PART 6 , pp. 557-567
    • Yoder, P.J.1    Hooshyar, N.2    Klee, T.3    Schaffer, M.4
  • 203
    • 16044370164 scopus 로고
    • Speech and language problems in Mongolism: A review of the literature
    • Zink, P. K., &Bialer, I. 1967. Speech and language problems in Mongolism: A review of the literature. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 32, 228-241.
    • (1967) Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , vol.32 , pp. 228-241
    • Zink, P.K.1    Bialer, I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.