메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 117-131

Subjective responses to synthesised speech with lexical emotional content: The effect of the naturalness of the synthetic voice

Author keywords

emotion; naturalness; synthesised speech

Indexed keywords

AFFECTIVE WORDS; DIPHONES; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS; EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES; FORMANT SYNTHESIS; NATURALNESS; POSITIVE FEELINGS; SUBJECTIVE RATING; SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES; SYNTHESISED; SYNTHETIC VOICES; UNIT SELECTION; VOICE QUALITY;

EID: 84874406163     PISSN: 0144929X     EISSN: 13623001     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2012.702285     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 33746192331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separate attentional resources for vision and audition
    • DOI 10.1098/rspb.2005.3420
    • Alais, D., Morrone, C., and, Burr, D. 2006. Separate attentional resources for vision and audition. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 273 (1592): 1339-1345. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3420) (Pubitemid 47308753)
    • (2006) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , vol.273 , Issue.1592 , pp. 1339-1345
    • Alais, D.1    Morrone, C.2    Burr, D.3
  • 4
    • 0034806344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How convincing is Mr. Data's smile: Affective expressions of machines
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1011811315582, User Modeling and Adaptation in Affective Computing (Part I)
    • Bartneck, C. 2001. How convincing is Mr Data's smile: affective expressions of machines. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 11 (4): 279-295. (doi:10.1023/A:1011811315582) (Pubitemid 32902624)
    • (2001) User Modelling and User-Adapted Interaction , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 279-295
    • Bartneck, C.1
  • 5
    • 67651151042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users
    • (doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.05.001)
    • Beale, R., and, Creed, C. 2009. Affective interaction: how emotional agents affect users. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 67 (9): 755-776. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.05.001)
    • (2009) International Journal of Human-Computer Studies , vol.67 , Issue.9 , pp. 755-776
    • Beale, R.1    Creed, C.2
  • 6
    • 73949091150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norms of emotional valence, arousal, threat value and shock value for 80 spoken French words: Comparison between neutral and emotional tones of voice
    • Bertels, J., Kolinsky, R., and, Morais, J. 2009. Norms of emotional valence, arousal, threat value and shock value for 80 spoken French words: comparison between neutral and emotional tones of voice. Psychologica Belgica, 49 (1): 19-40.
    • (2009) Psychologica Belgica , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-40
    • Bertels, J.1    Kolinsky, R.2    Morais, J.3
  • 7
    • 0028307950 scopus 로고
    • Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential
    • DOI 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
    • Bradley, M. M., and, Lang, P. J. 1994. Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25 (1): 49-59. (doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94) 90063-9) (Pubitemid 24214918)
    • (1994) Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-59
    • Bradley, M.M.1
  • 8
    • 0004311812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings
    • Gainesville: University of Florida
    • Bradley, M. M., and, Lang, P. J. 1999. " Affective norms for English words (ANEW): stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings ". In Technical report C-1, Gainesville: University of Florida.
    • (1999) Technical Report C-1
    • Bradley, M.M.1    Lang, P.J.2
  • 9
    • 0027764491 scopus 로고
    • Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans
    • DOI 10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.970
    • Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., and, Cuthbert, B. N. 1993. Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: habituation in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107 (6): 970-980. (doi:10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.970) (Pubitemid 24018207)
    • (1993) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.107 , Issue.6 , pp. 970-980
    • Bradley, M.M.1    Lang, P.J.2    Cuthbert, B.N.3
  • 10
    • 13444270637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computers that care: Investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.11.002, PII S1071581904001284, Subtle Expressivity for Characters and Robots
    • Brave, S., Nass, C., and, Hutchinson, K. 2005. Computers that care: investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 62 (2): 161-178. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.11.002) (Pubitemid 40206241)
    • (2005) International Journal of Human Computer Studies , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 161-178
    • Brave, S.1    Nass, C.2    Hutchinson, K.3
  • 12
    • 33744819920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of autonomic arousal and semantic relatedness on memory for emotional words
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.022, PII S0167876005002825
    • Buchanan, T. W. 2006. The influence of autonomic arousal and semantic relatedness on memory for emotional words. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61 (1): 26-33. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.022) (Pubitemid 43947277)
    • (2006) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-33
    • Buchanan, T.W.1    Etzel, J.A.2    Adolphs, R.3    Tranel, D.4
  • 13
    • 0002515370 scopus 로고
    • The generation of affect in synthesized speech
    • Cahn, J. 1990. The generation of affect in synthesized speech. Journal of the American Voice I/O Society, 8 (1): 1-19.
    • (1990) Journal of the American Voice I/O Society , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-19
    • Cahn, J.1
  • 14
    • 79953822842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affect detection: An interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications
    • (doi:10.1109/T-AFFC.2010.1)
    • Calvo, R. A., and, D'Mello, S. 2010. Affect detection: an interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 1 (1): 18-37. (doi:10.1109/T-AFFC.2010.1)
    • (2010) IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-37
    • Calvo, R.A.1    D'Mello, S.2
  • 15
    • 0032487576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemispheric asymmetry for emotional stimuli detected with fMRI
    • Canli, T. 1998. Hemispheric asymmetry for emotional stimuli detected with fMRI. Neuroreport, 9 (14): 3233-3239. (doi:10.1097/00001756-199810050-00019) (Pubitemid 28522342)
    • (1998) NeuroReport , vol.9 , Issue.14 , pp. 3233-3239
    • Canli, T.1    Desmond, J.E.2    Zhao, Z.3    Glover, G.4    Gabrieli, J.D.E.5
  • 16
    • 0346881151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: A multivariate approach
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.08.002
    • Christie, I. C., and, Friedman, B. H. 2004. Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 51 (2): 143-153. (doi:10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2003.08.002) (Pubitemid 38018963)
    • (2004) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-153
    • Christie, I.C.1    Friedman, B.H.2
  • 17
    • 68149100832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirically building and evaluating a probabilistic model of user affect
    • (doi:10.1007/s11257-009-9062-8)
    • Conati, C., and, Maclaren, H. 2009. Empirically building and evaluating a probabilistic model of user affect. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 19 (3): 267-303. (doi:10.1007/s11257-009-9062-8)
    • (2009) User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 267-303
    • Conati, C.1    MacLaren, H.2
  • 18
    • 0037382510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech
    • (doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00071-7)
    • Cowie, R., and, Cornelius, R. R. 2003. Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech. Speech Communication, 40 (1-2): 5-32. (doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00071-7)
    • (2003) Speech Communication , vol.40 , Issue.12 , pp. 5-32
    • Cowie, R.1    Cornelius, R.R.2
  • 19
    • 27944510562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech-based cursor control using grids: Modelling performance and comparisons with other solutions
    • DOI 10.1080/01449290412331328563
    • Dai, L. 2005. Speech-based cursor control using grids: modeling performance and comparisons with other solutions. Behaviour & Information Technology, 24 (3): 219-230. (doi:10.1080/01449290412331328563) (Pubitemid 41673235)
    • (2005) Behaviour and Information Technology , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 219-230
    • Dai, L.1    Goldman, R.2    Sears, A.3    Lozier, J.4
  • 20
    • 0033895129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of animated interface agents: A review of empirical research
    • DOI 10.1006/ijhc.1999.0325
    • Dehn, D. M., and, van Mulken, S. 2000. The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52 (1): 1-22. (doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0325) (Pubitemid 30558463)
    • (2000) International Journal of Human Computer Studies , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-22
    • Dehn, D.M.1    Van Mulken, S.2
  • 22
    • 84889960454 scopus 로고
    • An argument for basic emotions
    • Ekman, P. 1992. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6 (3/4): 169-200.
    • (1992) Cognition and Emotion , vol.6 , Issue.34 , pp. 169-200
    • Ekman, P.1
  • 23
    • 0041029928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals
    • (doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3403-3)
    • Elliot, A. 1999. Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educational Psychologist, 34 (3): 169-189. (doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3403-3)
    • (1999) Educational Psychologist , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 169-189
    • Elliot, A.1
  • 24
    • 84894408325 scopus 로고
    • Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians
    • (doi:10.1007/BF02856470)
    • Estrada, A. E., Isen, A. M., and, Young, M. J. 1994. Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and Emotion, 18 (4): 285-299. (doi:10.1007/BF02856470)
    • (1994) Motivation and Emotion , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 285-299
    • Estrada, A.E.1    Isen, A.M.2    Young, M.J.3
  • 25
    • 17444372771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires
    • DOI 10.1080/02699930441000238
    • Fredrickson, B. L., and, Branigan, C. 2005. Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19 (3): 313-332. (doi:10.1080/02699930441000238) (Pubitemid 40542863)
    • (2005) Cognition and Emotion , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 313-332
    • Fredrickson, B.L.1    Branigan, C.2
  • 26
    • 0024003903 scopus 로고
    • The laws of emotion
    • (doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349)
    • Frijda, N. H. 1988. The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43 (5): 349-358. (doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349)
    • (1988) American Psychologist , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 349-358
    • Frijda, N.H.1
  • 27
    • 48149102180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Do ratings become more extreme with age?
    • (doi:10.3758/BRM.40.2.512)
    • Grühn, D., and, Scheibe, S. 2008. Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): do ratings become more extreme with age?. Behavior Research Methods, 40 (2): 512-521. (doi:10.3758/BRM.40.2.512)
    • (2008) Behavior Research Methods , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 512-521
    • Grühn, D.1    Scheibe, S.2
  • 29
    • 30344434077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • User experience - A research agenda
    • DOI 10.1080/01449290500330331, PII V52137816373744
    • Hassenzahl, M., and, Tractinsky, N. 2006. User experience-a research agenda. Behavior & Information Technology, 25 (2): 91-97. (doi:10.1080/01449290500330331) (Pubitemid 43065340)
    • (2006) Behaviour and Information Technology , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-97
    • Hassenzahl, M.1    Tractinsky, N.2
  • 30
    • 85047684449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression
    • DOI 10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.797
    • Harmon-Jones, E., and, Siegelman, J. 2001. State anger and prefrontal brain activity: evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (5): 797-803. (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.797) (Pubitemid 33594893)
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.80 , Issue.5 , pp. 797-803
    • Harmon-Jones, E.1    Sigelman, J.2
  • 31
    • 0037380318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A corpus-based speech synthesis system with emotion
    • (doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00081-X)
    • Iida, A. 2003. A corpus-based speech synthesis system with emotion. Speech Communication, 40 (1-2): 161-187. (doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00081-X)
    • (2003) Speech Communication , vol.40 , Issue.12 , pp. 161-187
    • Iida, A.1
  • 32
    • 80054834131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective and physiological responses to emotional content of synthesized speech
    • July 7-9. Edited by: Magnenat-Thalmann, N. Joslin, C. and Kim, H. Geneva: Computer Graphics Society
    • Ilves, M., and, Surakka, V. Subjective and physiological responses to emotional content of synthesized speech. Proceedings of the CASA 2004 international conference on computer animation and social agents. July 7-9. Edited by: Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Joslin, C. and Kim, H. pp. 19-26. Geneva: Computer Graphics Society.
    • Proceedings of the CASA 2004 International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents , pp. 19-26
    • Ilves, M.1    Surakka, V.2
  • 33
    • 80054845815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotions, anthropomorphism of speech synthesis, and psychophysiology
    • Edited by: Izdebski, K. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc
    • Ilves, M., and, Surakka, V. 2009. " Emotions, anthropomorphism of speech synthesis, and psychophysiology ". In Emotions in the human voice. Volume III: culture and perception, Edited by: Izdebski, K. 137-152. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc.
    • (2009) Emotions in the Human Voice. Volume III: Culture and Perception , pp. 137-152
    • Ilves, M.1    Surakka, V.2
  • 34
    • 80054838227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of emotionally worded synthesized speech on the ratings of emotions and voice quality
    • Edited by: D'Mello, S. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
    • Ilves, M., Surakka, V., and, Vanhala, T. 2011. " The effects of emotionally worded synthesized speech on the ratings of emotions and voice quality ". In ACII 2011, Part I, lecture notes in computer science, 6974, Edited by: D'Mello, S. 588-598. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2011) ACII 2011, Part I, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6974 , pp. 588-598
    • Ilves, M.1    Surakka, V.2    Vanhala, T.3
  • 35
    • 0023359350 scopus 로고
    • Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving
    • (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122)
    • Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., and, Nowicki, G. P. 1987. Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52 (6): 1122-1131. (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122)
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 1122-1131
    • Isen, A.M.1    Daubman, K.A.2    Nowicki, G.P.3
  • 37
    • 0036473090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This computer responds to user frustration: Theory, design, and results
    • PII S0953543801000534
    • Klein, J., Moon, Y., and, Picard, R. W. 2002. This computer responds to user frustration: theory, design, and results. Interacting with Computers, 14 (2): 119-140. (doi:10.1016/S0953-5438(01)00053-4) (Pubitemid 34199155)
    • (2002) Interacting with Computers , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-140
    • Klein, J.1    Moon, Y.2    Picard, R.W.3
  • 38
    • 84855684776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the Internet for speech research: An evaluative study examining affect in speech
    • [online] [Accessed 29 August 2011]
    • Knoll, M. A., Uther, M., and, Costall, A. 2011. Using the Internet for speech research: an evaluative study examining affect in speech. Behaviour and Information Technology,. [online]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2011.577192 [Accessed 29 August 2011]
    • (2011) Behaviour and Information Technology
    • Knoll, M.A.1    Uther, M.2    Costall, A.3
  • 40
    • 85047685155 scopus 로고
    • Remembering what you feel: Effects of emotion on memory
    • (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.646)
    • Laird, J. D. 1982. Remembering what you feel: effects of emotion on memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (4): 646-657. (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.646)
    • (1982) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 646-657
    • Laird, J.D.1
  • 41
    • 84965512043 scopus 로고
    • A motivational analysis of emotion: Reflex-cortex connections
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00255.x)
    • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., and, Cuthbert, B. N. 1992. A motivational analysis of emotion: reflex-cortex connections. Psychological Science, 3 (1): 44-49. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00255.x)
    • (1992) Psychological Science , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-49
    • Lang, P.J.1    Bradley, M.M.2    Cuthbert, B.N.3
  • 42
    • 0027523286 scopus 로고
    • Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
    • Lang, P. J. 1993. Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30 (3): 261-273. (doi:10.1111/j.1469- 8986.1993.tb03352.x) (Pubitemid 23108336)
    • (1993) Psychophysiology , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 261-273
    • Lang, P.J.1    Greenwald, M.K.2    Bradley, M.M.3    Hamm, A.O.4
  • 43
    • 0141761550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii
    • DOI 10.1111/1469-8986.00078
    • Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., and, Cacioppo, J. T. 2003. Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii. Psychophysiology, 40 (5): 776-785. (doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00078) (Pubitemid 37128041)
    • (2003) Psychophysiology , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 776-785
    • Larsen, J.T.1    Norris, C.J.2    Cacioppo, J.T.3
  • 44
    • 77955413905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling user experience - An agenda for research and practice
    • (doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.006)
    • Law, E. L.-C., and, van Schaik, P. 2010. Modeling user experience-An agenda for research and practice. Interacting with Computers, 22 (5): 313-322. (doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.006)
    • (2010) Interacting with Computers , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 313-322
    • Law, E.L.-C.1    Van Schaik, P.2
  • 45
    • 60749113917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measures of emotion: A review
    • (doi:10.1080/02699930802204677)
    • Mauss, I. B., and, Robinson, M. D. 2009. Measures of emotion: a review. Cognition and Emotion, 23 (2): 209-237. (doi:10.1080/02699930802204677)
    • (2009) Cognition and Emotion , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-237
    • Mauss, I.B.1    Robinson, M.D.2
  • 46
    • 0016100368 scopus 로고
    • Effects of noise on people
    • (doi:10.1121/1.1903322)
    • Miller, J. D. 1974. Effects of noise on people. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56 (3): 729-764. (doi:10.1121/1.1903322)
    • (1974) Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 729-764
    • Miller, J.D.1
  • 47
    • 54849420682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directed forgetting of emotional words
    • (doi:10.1037/a0013441)
    • Minnema, M. T., and, Knowlton, B. J. 2008. Directed forgetting of emotional words. Emotion, 8 (5): 643-652. (doi:10.1037/a0013441)
    • (2008) Emotion , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 643-652
    • Minnema, M.T.1    Knowlton, B.J.2
  • 48
    • 33745438171 scopus 로고
    • Bukimi no tani (The uncanny valley)
    • (MacDorman, K.F. and Minato, T. Translated)
    • Mori, M. 1970. Bukimi no tani (The uncanny valley). Energy, 7 (4): 33-35. (MacDorman, K.F. and Minato, T., Translated)
    • (1970) Energy , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 33-35
    • Mori, M.1
  • 49
    • 0027447292 scopus 로고
    • Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: A review of the literature on human vocal emotion
    • DOI 10.1121/1.405558
    • Murray, I. R., and, Arnott, J. L. 1993. Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: a review of the literature on human vocal emotion. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 93 (2): 1097-1108. (doi:10.1121/1.405558) (Pubitemid 23059837)
    • (1993) Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 1097-1108
    • Murray, I.R.1    Arnott, J.L.2
  • 50
    • 0029325035 scopus 로고
    • Implementation and testing of a system for producing emotion-by-rule in synthetic speech
    • (doi:10.1016/0167-6393(95)00005-9)
    • Murray, I. R., and, Arnott, J. L. 1995. Implementation and testing of a system for producing emotion-by-rule in synthetic speech. Speech Communication, 16 (4): 369-390. (doi:10.1016/0167-6393(95)00005-9)
    • (1995) Speech Communication , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 369-390
    • Murray, I.R.1    Arnott, J.L.2
  • 52
    • 85006544659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction
    • DOI 10.1037//1076-898X.7.3.171
    • Nass, C., and, Lee, K. M. 2001. Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7 (3): 171-181. (doi:10.1037/1076-898X.7.3.171) (Pubitemid 33595084)
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 171-181
    • Nass, C.1    Lee, K.M.2
  • 54
    • 2942738991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of anthropomorphism and agency on social judgment in virtual environments
    • [Accessed 3 June 2011]
    • Nowak, K. L. 2004. The influence of anthropomorphism and agency on social judgment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [online], 9. Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ fulltext/120837918/HTMLSTART [Accessed 3 June 2011]
    • (2004) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [Online] , vol.9
    • Nowak, K.L.1
  • 55
    • 27744489943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the avatar on online perceptions of anthropomorphism, androgyny, credibility, homophily, and attraction
    • (doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00308.x)
    • Nowak, K. L., and, Rauh, C. 2005. The influence of the avatar on online perceptions of anthropomorphism, androgyny, credibility, homophily, and attraction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11 (1): 153-178. (doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00308.x)
    • (2005) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 153-178
    • Nowak, K.L.1    Rauh, C.2
  • 56
    • 42249095630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choose your "buddy icon" carefully: The influence of avatar androgyny, anthropomorphism and credibility in online interactions
    • DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.005, PII S0747563207000933
    • Nowak, K. L., and, Rauh, C. 2008. Choose your "buddy icon" carefully: the influence of avatar androgyny, anthropomorphism and credibility in online interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 24 (4): 1473-1493. (doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.005) (Pubitemid 351551476)
    • (2008) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 1473-1493
    • Nowak, K.L.1    Rauh, C.2
  • 57
    • 1542304765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of affective interventions in human-computer interaction
    • (doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2003.12.001)
    • Partala, T., and, Surakka, V. 2004. The effects of affective interventions in human-computer interaction. Interacting with Computers, 16 (2): 295-309. (doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2003.12.001)
    • (2004) Interacting with Computers , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 295-309
    • Partala, T.1    Surakka, V.2
  • 59
    • 13444283583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using human physiology to evaluate subtle expressivity of a virtual quizmaster in a mathematical game
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.11.009, PII S1071581904001235, Subtle Expressivity for Characters and Robots
    • Prendinger, H., Mori, J., and, Ishizuka, M. 2005. Using human physiology to evaluate subtle expressivity of a virtual quizmaster in a mathematical game. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 62 (2): 231-245. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.11.009) (Pubitemid 40206245)
    • (2005) International Journal of Human Computer Studies , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-245
    • Prendinger, H.1    Mori, J.2    Ishizuka, M.3
  • 61
    • 84866166112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thesis (PhD). University of Turku [Accessed 11 January 2012]
    • Saarni, T. 2010. Segmental durations of speech, Thesis (PhD). University of Turku. Available from: https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/52552 [Accessed 11 January 2012]
    • (2010) Segmental Durations of Speech
    • Saarni, T.1
  • 62
    • 0002427146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory attention: The psychoacoustical approach
    • Edited by: Pashler, H. Hove: Psychology Press
    • Scharf, B. 1998. " Auditory attention: the psychoacoustical approach ". In Attention, Edited by: Pashler, H. 75-117. Hove: Psychology Press.
    • (1998) Attention , pp. 75-117
    • Scharf, B.1
  • 64
    • 70450186552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to emotional expressivity in synthetic speech
    • Edited by: Izdebski, K. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc
    • Schröder, M. 2009. " Approaches to emotional expressivity in synthetic speech ". In Emotions in the human voice. Volume III: culture and perception, Edited by: Izdebski, K. 307-321. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc.
    • (2009) Emotions in the Human Voice. Volume III: Culture and Perception , pp. 307-321
    • Schröder, M.1
  • 65
    • 84855714085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supporting dictation speech recognition error correction: The impact of external information
    • [online] [Accessed 30 August 2011]
    • Shi, Y., and, Zhou, L. 2009. Supporting dictation speech recognition error correction: the impact of external information. Behaviour and Information Technology,. [online]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10. 1080/01449290903353039 [Accessed 30 August 2011]
    • (2009) Behaviour and Information Technology
    • Shi, Y.1    Zhou, L.2
  • 66
    • 0002942410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct manipulation vs. interface agents
    • (doi:10.1145/267505.267514)
    • Shneiderman, B., and, Maes, P. 1997. Direct manipulation vs. interface agents. Interactions, 4 (6): 42-61. (doi:10.1145/267505.267514)
    • (1997) Interactions , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. 42-61
    • Shneiderman, B.1    Maes, P.2
  • 68
    • 31144465525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of emotions in complex problem-solving
    • (doi:10.1080/02699930500304886)
    • Spering, M., Wagener, D., and, Funke, J. 2005. The role of emotions in complex problem-solving. Cognition and Emotion, 19 (8): 1252-1261. (doi:10.1080/02699930500304886)
    • (2005) Cognition and Emotion , vol.19 , Issue.8 , pp. 1252-1261
    • Spering, M.1    Wagener, D.2    Funke, J.3
  • 69
    • 0031781767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial and emotional reactions to Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles
    • DOI 10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00088-3, PII S0167876097000883
    • Surakka, V., and, Hietanen, J. K. 1998. Facial and emotional reactions to Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 29 (1): 23-33. (doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00088-3) (Pubitemid 28243134)
    • (1998) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-33
    • Surakka, V.1    Hietanen, J.K.2
  • 70
    • 9644270575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring speech quality for text-to-speech systems: Development and assessment of a modified mean opinion score (MOS) scale
    • (doi:10.1016/j.csl.2003.12.001)
    • Viswanathan, M., and, Viswanathan, M. 2005. Measuring speech quality for text-to-speech systems: development and assessment of a modified mean opinion score (MOS) scale. Computer Speech and Language, 19 (1): 55-83. (doi:10.1016/j.csl.2003.12.001)
    • (2005) Computer Speech and Language , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-83
    • Viswanathan, M.1    Viswanathan, M.2
  • 72
    • 1542327567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-voluntary and voluntary processing of emotional prosody: An event-related potentials study
    • DOI 10.1097/00001756-200403010-00034
    • Wambacq, I. J., Shea-Miller, K. J., and, Abubakr, A. 2004. Non-voluntary and voluntary processing of emotional prosody: an event-related potentials study. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, 15 (3): 555-559. (Pubitemid 38328159)
    • (2004) NeuroReport , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 555-559
    • Wambacq, I.J.A.1    Shea-Miller, K.J.2    Abubakr, A.3
  • 73
    • 70449535457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between affective states and decision-making
    • (doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.010)
    • Werner, N. S., Duschek, S., and, Schandry, R. 2009. Relationship between affective states and decision-making. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74 (3): 259-265. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.010)
    • (2009) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 259-265
    • Werner, N.S.1    Duschek, S.2    Schandry, R.3
  • 74
    • 33748541066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromyographic responses to static and dynamic avatar emotional facial expressions
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00451.x
    • Weyers, P. 2006. Electromyographic responses to static and dynamic avatar emotional facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 43 (5): 450-453. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00451.x) (Pubitemid 44370047)
    • (2006) Psychophysiology , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 450-453
    • Weyers, P.1    Muhlberger, A.2    Hefele, C.3    Pauli, P.4
  • 75
    • 85008852557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple resources and performance prediction
    • (doi:10.1080/14639220210123806)
    • Wickens, C. D. 2002. Multiple resources and performance prediction. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 3 (2): 159-177. (doi:10.1080/ 14639220210123806)
    • (2002) Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-177
    • Wickens, C.D.1
  • 76
    • 45449083916 scopus 로고
    • Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences
    • (doi:10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151)
    • Zajonc, R. B. 1980. Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35 (2): 151-175. (doi:10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151)
    • (1980) American Psychologist , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-175
    • Zajonc, R.B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.